Abstract P361: Racial/Ethnic and Age Differences in Dietary Sources of Protein, NHANES, 2011 - 2016

Background: Dietary protein serves a pivotal role in providing the body with essential amino acids, which are required for the maintenance of body proteins, and the assimilation of structural and functional components required for basic survival. Understanding how dietary protein sources potentially vary for different population subgroups will allow for future nutrition interventions to be more targeted for specific needs.Objective: The purpose of this analysis was to identify the top ten food category sources of dietary protein by age and race and ethnicity in a nationally representative sample.Methods: Cross-sectional data on adults (18+ years) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011–2016 with one 24-h dietary recall were analyzed (n = 15,697). Population proportions were calculated based on protein intake (g/day) for What We Eat In America food categories.Results: The analytic sample (n = 15,697) was 15.0% Hispanic (95% CI [12.1, 17.9], 65.0% non-Hispanic White (95% CI [60.8, 69.3]), 11.5% non-Hispanic Black (95% CI [9.1, 13.9]), 5.4% non-Hispanic Asian (95% CI [4.3, 6.6]), and 3.1% other (95% CI [2.5, 3.6]). In all racial and ethnic groups, as well as age categories, chicken (whole pieces) was the top-ranked source of dietary protein. In addition to chicken (whole pieces), beef (excludes ground), eggs and omelets, and meat mixed dishes food categories ranked in the top ten sources of protein for every race/ethnicity. Only two solely plant-based proteins appeared in the top ten sources: beans, peas and legumes for Hispanics, and nuts and seeds for Other. For all age categories, beef (excludes ground) was among the top five sources and egg/omelets appear in the top ten sources.Conclusion: The top ten sources of protein accounted for over 40% of dietary protein irrespective of race/ethnicity or age category, having major implications for the sustainability of our nation's food supply. Public health strategies that encourage diversity in protein sources in food preparation and incorporate legumes and nuts along with poultry have the potential to shift the overall population protein intake distribution toward improving overall diet quality.

Asian Americans consume more sodium than other racial/ethnic groups. The purpose of this analysis was to describe major sources of sodium intake to inform sodium reduction initiatives. Cross-sectional data on adults (aged >18 years) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2012 with one 24-hour dietary recall were analyzed (n=5,076). Population proportions were calculated from "What We Eat in America" (WWEIA) food categories. Asian Americans had a higher sodium density vs adults of other racial/ethnic groups (means in mg/1000kcal: Asian American, 2031.1; Hispanic,1691.6; White: 1666.5; Black: 1655.5; P<.05, all). Half of sodium consumed by Asian Americans came from the top 10 food categories, in contrast to Hispanics (43.6%), Whites (39.0%), and Blacks (36.0%). Four food categories were a top source of sodium for Hispanics, Whites, Blacks, and others, but not among Asian Americans: cold cuts and cured meats; meat mixed dishes; eggs and omelets; and cheese. The top three food category sources of sodium among Asians were soups, rice, and yeast breads accounting for 28.9% of dietary sodium. Asian Americans were less likely to add salt at the table, but used salt in food preparation 'very often' (P for both <.01). Mean sodium consumption and sources vary across racial/ethnic groups with highest consumption in Asian Americans. Given the smaller number of food categories contributing to sodium intake in Asian Americans, results imply that targeted activities on a few food items would have a large impact on reducing sodium intake in this group.

Calibration of Cystatin C in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES)

To identify most commonly consumed foods by adolescents contributing to percentage of total energy, added sugars, SFA, Na and total gram intake per day. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2014. NHANES is a cross-sectional study nationally representative of the US population.ParticipantsOne 24 h dietary recall was used to assess dietary intake of 3156 adolescents aged 10-19 years. What We Eat in America food category classification system was used for all foods consumed. Food sources of energy, added sugars, SFA, Na and total gram amount consumed were sample-weighted and ranked based on percentage contribution to intake of total amount. Three-highest ranked food subgroup sources of total energy consumed were: sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB; 7·8 %); sweet bakery products (6·9 %); mixed dishes - pizza (6·6 %). Highest ranked food sources of total gram amount consumed were: plain water (33·1 %); SSB (15·8 %); milk (7·2 %). Three highest ranked food sources of total Na were: mixed dishes - pizza (8·7 %); mixed dishes - Mexican (6·7 %); cured meats/poultry (6·6 %). Three highest ranked food sources of SFA were: mixed dishes - pizza (9·1 %); sweet bakery products (8·3 %); mixed dishes - Mexican (7·9 %). Three highest ranked food sources of added sugars were: SSB (42·1 %); sweet bakery products (12·1 %); coffee and tea (7·6 %). Identifying current food sources of percentage energy, nutrients to limit and total gram amount consumed among US adolescents is critical for designing strategies to help them meet nutrient recommendations within energy needs.

Allergic sensitization is a key risk factor for but not synonymous with allergic disease

Effects of Sex and Postmenopausal Estrogen Use on Serum Phosphorus Levels: A Cross-sectional Study of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2006

New Findings from the Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study: Data to Inform Action

Microalbuminuria (MA) has been increasingly identified as a marker of cardiovascular risk. Although poor cognitive function has been implicated as a sequelae of increased cardiovascular burden, little is known about the association between MA and cognitive function. Population-based cross-sectional study. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002 in the USA. 2049 noninstitutionalized adults (>/=60 years) with nonmissing values in cognitive test, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) and ankle-brachial blood pressure index (ABPI) was analysed. Participants with UACR >300 microg mg(-1) were excluded. The UACR, in the unit of microg mg(-1), was calculated by dividing the urinary albumin value by the urinary creatinine concentration. MA was defined as UACR between 30 and 300 microg mg(-1). Cognitive function was measured by a 2-min Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). Peripheral artery disease (PAD) was defined as an ABPI <0.9 in either leg. Overall speaking, MA was inversely associated with DSST score after controlling for age, sex, race, body mass index and educational level (regression coefficient = -2.8, P = 0.002). There was an effect modification of PAD on the association between MA and the DSST score. Amongst participants with PAD, the DSST score for those with MA was lower than those without MA (beta = -6.3, P = 0.003) after multivariate adjustment. Moreover, participants with PAD in the highest quartile of UACR had significantly lower DSST score compared to those in the lowest quartile (beta = -8.7, P = 0.001). There was no association between MA and cognitive function amongst participants without PAD. We observed an additive effect of MA and PAD on DSST score. Participants with both MA and PAD had a lower mean DSST score compared to those without both conditions (beta = -6.2, P = 0.003). The presence of MA or a higher level of urinary albumin excretion was inversely associated with cognitive function in participants with PAD.

meal (fibre < 4.5 %)

This Issue at a Glance

BackgroundLifestyle modification is the first-line treatment for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). There are inconsistent findings on the associations between protein intake and the risk of NAFLD. So far, no...

Health hazards of obesity have been recognized for centuries, appearing, for example, in writings attributed to Hippocrates. From the later decades of the 20th century through the present, there have been numerous epidemiological studies of the relationship between excess weight and the total, or all-cause, mortality rate,1 a critical cumulative measure of the public health impact of any health condition. Using body mass index (BMI), an indicator of relative weight for height (weight [kg]/height [m]2) and a frequently used surrogate for assessment of excess body fat, these studies have found linear, U-shaped, or J-shaped relationships between total mortality and BMI. That is, in some studies, both the thin and the obese were more likely to die than those in between. There is, however, always a point at which increasing BMI is associated with increasing mortality risk, but the BMI at which this occurs varies across studies and populations.2 Currently,3 overweight in adults is defined as a BMI of 25.0 to <30.0 kg/m2 and obesity as a BMI of ≥30.0 kg/m2 (Table 1). A number of studies have found no significant relationship between BMI in the overweight range and mortality rate4 and have shown the nadir of mortality risk to be in the overweight range. In particular, commentaries in both the lay press5–7 and scientific literature2,8,9 subsequent to recent reports from National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES)10,11 have highlighted the confusion and controversy regarding this issue. Some have interpreted the recent data to mean that overweight is not detrimental to health and is not in itself a public health concern and that drawing attention to the need for weight loss in this range will have negative effects on the health and well-being of the general population.8 Others have argued …

Four diets containing 15% CP were formulated to study the effects of dietary carbohydrate and protein sources on N metabolism and carbohydrate fermentation by ruminal bacteria. Diets were supplied to eight dual-flow continuous culture fermenters during three experimental periods in a randomized complete block design. Six replications were obtained for each diet. Treatments were arranged as a 2 X 2 factorial with two carbohydrate and two protein sources. Carbohydrate sources were corn and barley and protein sources were soybean meal (SBM) and fish meal (FM). Approximately 40% of the dietary CP was derived from SBM or FM and corn or barley provided 39% of dietary DM. All diets contained 15% grass hay, 20% wheat straw, and 10.1 to 15.3% solka floc (DM basis). Interactions (P less than .05) were observed between dietary carbohydrate and protein sources, resulting in a depression of VFA production (moles/day) and digestion (percentage) of ADF and cellulose when the corn-FM diet was fed. True OM digestion (percentage) was higher (P less than .05) for SBM than for FM diets and for corn than for barley diets. Although dietary CP degradation (percentage) was higher (P less than .05) for SBM than for FM diets, non-NH3 N in the effluent (grams/day) was not different among diets due to a greater (P less than .05) bacterial N flow for SBM than for FM diets. Despite the lower amino acid (AA) intake (P less than .05) for corn than for barley diets and also for FM than for SBM diets, flows (grams/day) of total AA, essential AA (EAA), and nonessential AA (NEAA) were similar (P greater than .05) among diets. However, greater (P less than .05) total AA, EAA, and NEAA flows (percentage of AA intake) were found for corn than for barley diets and for FM than for SBM diets. It is concluded, therefore, that ruminal escape protein derived from corn or FM has a significant effect on manipulating AA leaving the ruminal fermentation.

Adherence to the Mediterranean diet has been linked to better sleep health. However, the relationship between adherence to the alternate Mediterranean diet (aMED) and specific sleep health dimensions remains understudied, particularly among racial/ethnic minority adult populations in the United States (US). The objective was to examine associations between aMED adherence and multiple dimensions of sleep health in US adults and assess differences by race/ethnicity. A cross-sectional analysis using data from the 2017-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), a nationally representative survey of the noninstitutionalized US population, was conducted. Dietary intake was assessed via two 24-hour recalls to calculate a modified aMED score, and sleep health was measured using self-reported dimensions summarized into a composite score. The analytic study sample included 3005 adults (aged 18 years and older) from the 2017-2018 NHANES cycle. Analyses were survey-weighted to yield estimates representative of US adults who completed two 24-hour dietary recalls. Sleep health was assessed using 5 self-reported dimensions (ie, regularity, timing, duration, satisfaction, and alertness) summarized into a composite multidimensional sleep health score, with a score ≥3 indicating overall "good" sleep health. Survey-weighted logistic regression models were used to examine the associations between aMED adherence and sleep health dimensions as well as the overall multidimensional sleep health score, while adjusting for confounding variables. All models incorporated NHANES strata, clusters, and the 2-day dietary recall weight (WTDR2D) to account for the complex survey design and obtain nationally representative estimates. Effect modification by race/ethnicity was assessed using both interaction terms and stratified models. In survey-weighted analyses, the mean (SE) age was 47.1 (0.6) years; 51.3% were male. The weighted mean aMED score was 4.0, and 71% of adults were classified as having good sleep health. Higher aMED scores were significantly associated with greater odds of achieving recommended sleep duration (odds ratio [OR] per 1-point increase 1.1; 95% CI, 1.0 to 1.2; P = .03). Stratified analyses revealed that moderate/high aMED adherence was significantly associated with a greater odds of achieving recommended sleep duration among racial/ethnic minority adults (OR, 1.3; 95%, CI 1.1 to 1.7; P = .01), but not among non-Hispanic White adults (OR 1.1; 95% CI, 0.7 to 1.9; P = .68). No significant associations were observed for other sleep domains or the overall multidimensional sleep health score. Higher aMED adherence was associated with greater odds of achieving recommended sleep duration, with this association observed among racial/ethnic minority adults, but not among non-Hispanic White adults. Given the cross-sectional design, temporality cannot be established. Longitudinal studies incorporating objective sleep measures are needed to further evaluate these associations.

Nutritional studies for aquarium fishes like the neon tetra Paracheirodon innesi are sparse in comparison with those for food fish. To determine the optimum dietary protein level and source for growth of neon tetras, diets were formulated to contain 25, 35, 45, and 55% dietary protein from either marine animal protein or plant protein sources in a 4 × 2 factorial treatment design. Neon tetras (initial weight, approximately 0.12 g) were reared in 5‐L fiberglass tanks (25 fish/tank, 3 tanks/diet) in a freshwater recirculating system. Fish were hand‐fed the experimental diets three times per day for 12 weeks. Average weight gain of neon tetras fed diets with marine protein sources was significantly higher than that for fish fed diets based on plant proteins. Fish fed diets containing 45% or 55% crude protein had significantly greater weight gain than did fish fed 25% crude protein from either protein source. Fish fed 25% crude protein from either source had a significantly higher feed conversion ratio than did those fed 45% or 55% crude protein. Survival ranged from 71% to 84% and was not significantly altered by dietary protein source or level. No significant interactions between dietary protein source and level were found for any of the response variables. As the price of fish meal continues to increase, the formulations of feeds for food fish will probably contain lower amounts of fish meal and higher amounts of plant protein products. If a similar trend occurs for ornamental fish diets, further refinement of nutritional requirements and assessment of palatability of feed ingredients for neon tetras and other aquarium species will be required.