Protein Deposition Rate Research Articles

The effect of dietary protein content and feeding level on the rate of protein deposition and energy utilization in growing Iberian pigs from 15 to 50 kg body weight.

The effects of dietary protein content and feeding level on the utilization of metabolizable energy (ME) and on the rates of gain, protein and fat deposition have been studied in seventy-two Iberian pigs growing from 15 to 50 kg body weight (BW) by means of comparative slaughter experiments. The animals were fed on six diets providing 223, 192, 175, 156, 129 and 101 g crude ideal protein ( CP)/kg DM and 14.64, 14.14, 14.37, 14.80, 15.36 and 15.53 MJ ME/kg DM respectively. Each diet was offered at three levels of feeding: 0.60, 0.80 and 0.95xad libitum intake. Protein deposition (PD) increased significantly (P<0.01) with each decrease in dietary CP content and reached a maximum value (74.0 g) when the diet providing 129 g CP/kg DM (6.86 g digestible ideal protein/MJ ME) was offered at the highest feeding level. This feeding regimen resulted in average values for live-weight gain and retained energy (RE) of 559 g/d and 10.9 MJ/d respectively. RE increased significantly (P<0.001) from 480 to 626 kJ/kg BW0.75 with each decrease in dietary CP content from 192 to 129 g/kg DM. Raising the level of feed intake led to significant linear increases in PD and RE irrespective of the diet fed (P<0.001). When diets approaching an adequate supply of CP were given, the net efficiency of use of ME for growth (kw) and the maintenance energy requirements were 58.2 % and 422 kJ/kg BW0.75 per d respectively.

The effect of dietary protein content and feeding level on the rate of protein deposition and energy utilization in growing Iberian pigs from 15 to 50kg body weight

The effects of dietary protein content and feeding level on the utilization of metabolizable energy (ME) and on the rates of gain, protein and fat deposition have been studied in seventy-two Iberian pigs growing from 15 to 50 kg body weight (BW) by means of comparative slaughter experiments. The animals were fed on six diets providing 223, 192, 175, 156, 129 and 101 g crude ideal protein (N×6·25; CP)/kg DM and 14·64, 14·14, 14·37, 14·80, 15·36 and 15·53 MJ ME/kg DM respectively. Each diet was offered at three levels of feeding: 0·60, 0·80 and 0·95×ad libitum intake. Protein deposition (PD) increased significantly (P&lt;0·01) with each decrease in dietary CP content and reached a maximum value (74·0 g) when the diet providing 129 g CP/kg DM (6·86 g digestible ideal protein/MJ ME) was offered at the highest feeding level. This feeding regimen resulted in average values for live-weight gain and retained energy (RE) of 559 g/d and 10·9 MJ/d respectively. RE increased significantly (P&lt;0·001) from 480 to 626 kJ/kg BW0·75 with each decrease in dietary CP content from 192 to 129 g/kg DM. Raising the level of feed intake led to significant linear increases in PD and RE irrespective of the diet fed (P&lt;0·001). When diets approaching an adequate supply of CP were given, the net efficiency of use of ME for growth (kw) and the maintenance energy requirements were 58·2 % and 422 kJ/kg BW0·75 per d respectively.

Protein and lipid deposition rates in male broiler chickens: separate responses to amino acids and protein-free energy

Two experiments of similar design were conducted with male broiler chickens over two body weight ranges, 200 to 800 g in Experiment 1 and 800 to 1,600 g in Experiment 2. The data were used to test the hypothesis that protein deposition rate increases (linearly) with increasing amino acid intake, until energy intake becomes limiting for protein deposition rate. Additional amino acid intake above this point would be deposited less efficiently. An increase in energy intake would increase lipid deposition rate, but should, at low amino acid intakes, not affect protein deposition rate. Each experiment consisted of 18 treatments: two levels of protein-free energy (energy(pf)) intake, combined with nine amino acid to energypf ratios. Protein was balanced for amino acid content and lysine was the first limiting amino acid in the diet.Protein deposition rate increased with additional amino acid intake. No evidence was found that energy(pf) intake limited protein deposition rate at high amino acid intake. Extra intake of energy(pf) increased lipid deposition rate, which was independent of amino acid intake. Where amino acid intake was limiting, additional intake of energy(pf) had generally no effect on protein deposition rate. The marginal efficiency of amino acid utilization for protein deposition did not depend on body weight. The facts are relevant to the modeling of the growth of broiler chickens.

Effect of dietary betaine on nutrient utilization and partitioning in the young growing feed-restricted pig.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of dietary betaine over a range of concentrations (between 0 and 0.5%) on growth and body composition in young feed-restricted pigs. Betaine is associated with decreased lipid deposition and altered protein utilization in finishing pigs, and it has been suggested that the positive effects of betaine on growth and carcass composition may be greater in energy-restricted pigs. Thirty-two barrows (36 kg, n = 8 pigs per group) were restrictively fed one of four corn-soybean meal-skim milk based diets (18.6% crude protein, 3.23 Mcal ME/kg) and supplemented with 0, 0.125, 0.25, or 0.5% betaine. Feed allotment was adjusted weekly according to BW, such that average feed intake was approximately 1.7 kg for all groups. At 64 kg, pigs were slaughtered and visceral tissue was removed and weighed. Carcasses were chilled for 24 h to obtain carcass measurements. Subsequently, one-half of each carcass and whole visceral tissue were ground for chemical analysis. Linear regression analysis indicated that, as betaine content of the diet was elevated from 0 to 0.5%, carcass fat concentration (P = 0.06), P3 fat depth (P = 0.14) and viscera weight (P = 0.129) were decreased, whereas total carcass protein (P = 0.124), protein deposition rate (P = 0.98), and lean gain efficiency (P = 0.115) were increased. The greatest differences over control pigs were observed in pigs consuming 0.5% betaine, where carcass fat concentration and P3 fat depth were decreased by 10 and 26%, respectively. Other fat depth measurements were not different (P > 0.15) from those of control pigs. In addition, pigs consuming the highest betaine level had a 19% increase in the carcass protein:fat ratio, 23% higher carcass protein deposition rate, and a 24% increase in lean gain efficiency compared with controls. Dietary betaine had no effects (P > 0.15) on growth performance, visceral tissue chemical composition, carcass fat deposition rate, visceral fat and protein deposition rates, or serum urea and ammonia concentrations. These data suggest that betaine alters nutrient partitioning such that carcass protein deposition is enhanced at the expense of carcass fat and in part, visceral tissue.

Protein and lipid deposition rates in growing pigs following a period of excess fattening

The objective of this experiment was to test the proposition that fatter pigs, when fed a high crude protein (CP) diet, would attempt to correct the effects of excess fattening on body composition by returning to a state that is consistent with pigs grown under non-limiting nutritional conditions. The experiment was divided into two phases: Phase 1 was from 15 to 30 kg in which 72 of the 96 Large White x Landrace x Duroc pigs (equal male and female) were made fatter by consuming a low CP food (LP1) (181 g/kg (as fed)). The remaining 24 pigs were fed a high CP food (HP1) (223 g/kg (as fed)) to provide the rate and composition of growth associated with unrestricted or normal growth. Phase 2 was the rehabilitation phase and was divided into two periods: 30 to 45 kg and 45 to 60 kg. Pigs that were fed LP1 were randomly allocated to one of a high CP (HP2) (204 g/kg (as fed)), low CP (LP2) (159 g/kg (as fed)) or medium CP (MP2) (181 g/kg (as fed)) food, respectively. Pigs fed HP1 in Phase 1 continued to be fed HP2 in Phase 2. During Phase 1, pigs fed HP1 consumed less food but grew at a similar rate to pigs fed LP1. Pigs fed LP1 were significantly fatter, had less body water and had a higher lipid:protein ratio (0.86±0.04 vs. 0.67±0.09 g/g, respectively) at the end of Phase 1. Between 30 and 45 kg, pigs fed HP2 and previously fed LP1, retained significantly less lipid and had the lowest lipid growth:protein growth ratio (0.38±0.05) than all other treatments. By 45 and 60 kg, there were no significant differences in the lipid content and lipid:protein ratio of pigs across all treatments. It can be concluded that nutritionally induced, fat pigs will attempt to restore their body lipid contents, to those levels in animals not previously nutritionally deprived, by reducing their rate of lipid retention when fed a higher crude protein food. South African Journal of Animal Science Vol.32(2) 2002: 97-105

Níveis de Treonina em Rações para Leitoas com Alto Potencial Genético para Deposição de Carne Magra dos 30 aos 60 kg

Este experimento foi conduzido para avaliar níveis de treonina total em rações para leitoas dos 30 aos 60 kg. Quarenta fêmeas, com peso inicial médio de 29,2 ± 1,4 kg, foram utilizadas em delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos (0,60; 0,65; 0,70; 0,75; e 0,80% de treonina total), quatro repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental. A ração basal com 18% de proteína bruta e 0,928% de lisina total, atendeu as exigências das leitoas, de acordo com o NRC (1988), exceto de treonina. A ração basal foi suplementada com L-treonina, resultando em rações experimentais que proporcionaram relações treonina digestível:lisina digestível calculadas de 62, 68, 74, 80 e 86%, respectivamente. Ao final do experimento, quando os animais atingiram peso médio de 59,98 ± 2,9 kg, foram coletadas amostras de sangue, para análise de uréia no soro sangüíneo, e um animal por unidade experimental foi abatido para avaliar a taxa de deposição de proteína na carcaça. Observou-se efeito dos níveis de treonina sobre o ganho de peso dos animais, que aumentou de forma linear. O consumo de ração aumentou quadraticamente até o nível de 0,66% de treonina da ração. Os tratamentos influenciaram a conversão alimentar (CA), que reduziu até o nível de 0,70%. A relação estimada da treonina digestível:lisina digestível verdadeira, no nível que proporcionou os melhores resultados de conversão alimentar, correspondeu a 75%. Não foi observado efeito dos tratamentos sobre o teor de uréia no soro sangüíneo. Os níveis de treonina também influenciaram a taxa de deposição de proteína na carcaça, que aumentou de forma quadrática até o nível de 0,70%. Concluiu-se que leitoas com alto potencial genético dos 30 aos 60 kg exigem 0,70% de treonina total, correspondente a 0,62% de treonina digestível, e a uma relação estimada treonina digestível:lisina digestível verdadeira de 75%.

Níveis de proteína bruta para leitoas dos 30 aos 60 kg mantidas em ambiente de alta temperatura (31ºC)

O experimento foi conduzido para avaliar níveis de proteína bruta (PB) para leitoas em crescimento, mantidas em ambiente de alta temperatura. A temperatura interna da sala foi mantida em 30,7 ± 0,61°C; a umidade relativa, em 66,4 ± 7,7%; e o índice de temperatura de globo e umidade (ITGU) foi calculado em 81,1 ± 1,36. Foram utilizadas 40 leitoas mestiças, com peso inicial médio de 29,7 ± 1,60 kg, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso com cinco tratamentos (16, 17, 18, 19 e 20% de PB), quatro repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental. As rações experimentais isoenergéticas (3400 kcal de ED/kg de ração) foram formuladas para satisfazer as exigências dos animais, exceto em PB. Ração e água foram fornecidas à vontade até o final do experimento, quando os animais atingiram peso médio de 60,0 ± 1,93 kg. Os tratamentos não influenciaram o ganho de peso. Entretanto, a conversão alimentar melhorou de forma quadrática até o nível de 18,26%. Os consumos diários de proteína e lisina aumentaram linearmente em razão do nível de PB da ração, porém não se observou efeito dos tratamentos sobre os consumos de ração e de energia digestível diários. A taxa de deposição diária de gordura (TDG) na carcaça variou de forma quadrática, reduzindo até o nível de 19,48% de PB, enquanto a de proteína (TDP) aumentou de forma linear. Apesar dos efeitos quadrático e linear dos tratamentos sobre a TDG e a TDP, respectivamente, o modelo "Linear Response Plateau" (LRP) foi o que melhor se ajustou aos dados, estimando-se em 18,38 e 18,12% os níveis de PB, a partir dos quais a TDG e a TDP permaneceram em um platô. Leitoas em crescimento, mantidas em ambiente de alta temperatura, exigem 18,26% de PB na ração para melhor desempenho e composição de carcaça.

Avaliação do crescimento de tecidos e órgãos de novilhos mestiços Holandês-Gir durante o ganho compensatório. 1. Carcaça

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar os efeitos da restrição alimentar anterior ao confinamento sobre o crescimento e a composição química da carcaça e seus componentes em bovinos. Foram utilizados vinte e quatro novilhos mestiços Holandês-Gir com idade de 19,3 ± 5,1 meses e peso vivo de 202,1 ± 49,1 kg, ao início do experimento. Quinze animais foram confinados após um período de restrição de pasto (grupo ganho compensatório), enquanto nove deles tiveram livre acesso ao pasto (grupo ganho contínuo). Foram abatidos três animais de cada grupo, no início, aos 28 e aos 112 dias do confinamento e, aos 56 e 84 dias de confinamento, foram abatidos três animais do grupo de ganho compensatório. Durante o confinamento, os animais do grupo de ganho compensatório e do grupo de ganho contínuo receberam alimentação ad libitum, composta por silagem de milho e 26% de concentrado, na matéria seca. As taxas de crescimento relativo foram avaliadas por meio de equações alométricas. As taxas de deposição de proteína, gordura e energia na carcaça, em relação ao ganho de peso de corpo vazio, não diferiram entre os tratamentos. A deposição de proteína na carcaça, em relação ao ganho de peso vivo, foi maior nos animais em ganho compensatório que nos de ganho contínuo. O ganho de peso compensatório causou redução na deposição de proteína no tecido adiposo e aumento na deposição de gordura nos ossos da carcaça.

Avaliação do crescimento de tecidos e órgãos de novilhos mestiços Holandês-Gir durante o ganho compensatório. 2. Tecidos e órgãos

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar os efeitos da restrição alimentar anterior ao confinamento sobre o crescimento e a composição química de tecidos e órgãos corporais em bovinos. Foram utilizados 24 novilhos mestiços Holandês-Gir com idade de 19,3±5,1 meses e peso vivo de 202,1±49,1 kg, ao início do experimento. Quinze animais foram confinados após um período de restrição de pasto (grupo ganho compensatório), enquanto nove deles tiveram livre acesso ao pasto (grupo ganho contínuo). Foram abatidos três animais de cada grupo, no início, aos 28 e 112 dias do confinamento e, aos 56 e 84 dias de confinamento, foram abatidos três animais do grupo de ganho compensatório. Durante o confinamento, os animais do grupo de ganho compensatório e do grupo de ganho contínuo receberam alimentação ad libitum, composta por silagem de milho e 26% de concentrado, na matéria seca. As taxas de crescimento relativo foram avaliadas por meio de equações alométricas. As taxas de deposição de proteína, gordura e energia na carcaça, em relação ao ganho de peso de corpo vazio (PCVZ), não diferiram entre os tratamentos. A deposição de proteína nos órgãos, em relação ao aumento do PCVZ, foi mais elevada nos animais do grupo ganho compensatório do que nos animais de ganho contínuo, tendo os valores mais elevados sido observados em todas as partes corporais. O crescimento dos músculos Biceps femoris e Tensor fascia latea, o peso e os teores de proteína, cálcio e fósforo do fêmur e da oitava costela não foram afetados pela restrição alimentar anterior ao confinamento.

The relationships between plasma glucose and insulin concentrations, and growth performance in German Pietrain and Large White porcine genotypes

Insulin is a central regulatory factor in the control of nutrient partitioning during growth and development. It has been demonstrated that the rate of protein deposition is elevated in porcine muscle following insulin infusion (WrayCahen 1998), and that the degree of adiposity is positively associated with plasma insulin concentration (Wood et al., 1977; Polonsky 1995). The objective of the study was to examine the effect of plasma glucose and insulin concentrations on growth performance in two porcine genotypes.

Digestive protease activities and free amino acids in white muscle as indicators for feed conversion efficiency and growth rate in Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.)

The aim of the present experiment was to screen several biochemical indices in fish and their interrelations in order to select variables for future studies of growth rate and feed conversion. Several parameters [trypsin activity, chymotrypsin activity, free amino acids (FAA) in plasma and white muscle, and RNA and RNA/protein ratio in the white muscle] were measured together with specific growth rate (SGR), feed intake and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) in four groups of diploid or triploid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) reared under different light regimes. SGR was measured on individually tagged fish, whereas feed intake and feed conversion was estimated on tank basis. A principal component analysis (PCA) explained 80.6% of the variance in the data, using all measured parameters, regardless of ploidy and light regime. Muscle free hydroxyproline showed the highest correlation, alone explaining 55% of SGR variability. The SGR also significantly correlated with trypsin activity (r=0.34), the activity ratio of trypsin to chymotrypsin (T/C) (r=0.39), plasma essential FAA (EAA) (r=0.39), plasma total FAA (TFAA) (r=0.37), the ratio of essential to non-essential FAA (EAA/NEAA) in the white muscle (r=−0.45), muscle RNA (r=−0.45) and RNA/protein ratio (r=−0.41). Tank FCE correlated positively (r=0.97) with SGR, T/C ratio and muscle free hydroxyproline, and negatively (r=−0.90) with muscle EAA/NEAA. The groups reared under continuous light (LL) regime showed significantly higher SGR than simulated natural photoperiod (SNP) groups, and with an apparently higher FCE. A higher growth rate was associated with either a higher consumption rate and/or a higher feed utilization. A negative correlation between muscle RNA concentration and SGR may indicate that increased growth rate under LL regime was not caused by an increased protein deposition rate.

Muscle protein turnover during early development in chickens divergently selected for growth rate

To explore the mechanisms involved in the genetic control of muscle growth and protein gain, protein metabolism was assessed in the pectoralis major muscle of two chicken lines selected for either fast or slow growth. Protein synthesis was measured in vivo at various ages from 1 to 4 wk, using a flooding dose of L-[4-3H] phenylalanine. Protein degradation was estimated as the difference between synthesis and deposition. Over the experimental period, BW were about 2-fold greater (P < 0.001), and pectoralis major muscle weights were 2.4- to 3.6-fold higher (P < 0.001), in chicks from the fast-growing line (FGL) than those from the slow-growing line (SGL). Independent of age, absolute rates of protein deposition, synthesis, and breakdown were higher in FGL than in SGL chickens. Fractional rates of muscle protein synthesis clearly decreased with age. When comparing birds of the same age, fractional rates of muscle protein synthesis tended to be lower in the FGL. Fractional degradation rates (KD) were significantly lower in FGL chickens during the first 2 wk of post-natal growth, whereas KD were similar between lines in older chickens. In this experimental model of chicken lines divergently selected for BW, the greatest line-related difference in muscle protein metabolism was in KD, and was observed in the early growth phases.

Effects of dietary protein quality on protein turnover in growing pigs

To estimate the long‐term effects of dietary protein quality (AA pattern) on whole‐body protein synthesis and degradation in growing pigs two experiments were carried out each using four barrows per treatment group, which were fed semisynthetic isoenergetic diets based on either casein or soy protein isolate at 1875 kJ ME/(kg (BW)0.62× day). Casein was tested with (CAS+) amino acid (AA) supplementation and soy protein isolate was tested with (SPI+) and without (SPI−) AA supplementation, respectively. The effects of dietary protein quality were studied at the recommended protein supply of 100% (normal protein level (NP), experiment 1 and at a protein supply of 50% of NP (low protein level (LP), experiment 2. In experiment 1 measurements were carried out with pigs of 40–90 kg BW and in experiment 2 with pigs of 40–60 kg BW. During the experiments pigs were housed individually in metabolic cages at 23 ± 1°C. Protein deposition was determined by the nitrogen balance method during 8 days. The whole‐body protein synthesis was derived from the cumulative urinary 15N excretion up to 48 h after application of a single dose of [15N]glycine. Calculations were based on a three compartment model. At both protein supply levels, feeding of SPI− with the lower biological value resulted in significantly lower protein deposition than feeding of CAS+. This was a result of a simultaneous decrease of protein synthesis and degradation. Due to the lower requirement for essential AA of the older pigs, the differences in protein deposition and turnover rates between CAS+ and SPI− decreased with increasing BW. Because the efficiency of protein synthesis (ratio of deposition to synthesis) was not altered in response to the dietary protein quality at both protein supply levels, it is concluded that with inadequate AA supply the protein turnover runs on a lower basal level than with adequate AA supply. Intravenous [15N]glycine administration caused approximately 30% higher estimates of whole‐body protein synthesis than oral [15N]glycine administration did in identical CAS+‐fed pigs of about 90 kg BW. This finding is consistent with literature data. However, because this relation is not yet verified in SPI−‐fed and in younger pigs, the effect of dietary protein quality on protein turnover can only be compared within both protein levels.

Estimation of Protein Deposition Rate of Growing-Finishing Pigs Reared in Commercial Conditions in Korea

Estimation of Protein Deposition Rate of Growing-Finishing Pigs Reared in Commercial Conditions in Korea

Níveis dietéticos de lisina para suínos da raça Landrace dos 15 aos 30 kg

Com o objetivo de determinar a exigência nutricional de lisina total para suínos da raça Landrace, machos inteiros e fêmeas, de 15 a 30 kg de peso, foram conduzidos dois experimentos. Utilizaram-se 50 fêmeas no experimento I e 50 machos inteiros no experimento II, em delineamento em blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos, cinco repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental, em cada experimento. Os tratamentos consistiram de uma ração basal suplementada com cinco níveis de L-lisina.HCl, resultando em rações com 0,85; 0,95; 1,05; 1,15; e 1,25% de lisina, em ambos os experimentos. No experimento I, o consumo de ração médio diário não foi influenciado pelo nível de lisina das rações. Ganho de peso médio diário, consumo de lisina médio diário e taxa de deposição de proteína na carcaça aumentaram de forma linear com o nível de lisina da ração. Os tratamentos influenciaram de forma quadrática a conversão alimentar, que melhorou até o nível de 1,08% de lisina. No experimento II, os tratamentos não influenciaram o consumo de ração médio diário e a conversão alimentar. Constatou-se efeito quadrático dos níveis de lisina sobre ganho de peso médio diário, consumo de lisina médio diário e taxa de deposição de proteína na carcaça. Os melhores resultados de ganho de peso foram observados no nível de 1,08% de lisina. A exigência de lisina total na ração, para a fase inicial de desenvolvimento (15 a 30 kg), foi de 1,08%, para ambos os sexos.

Proteína bruta para suínos machos castrados mantidos em ambiente de conforto térmico dos 15 aos 30 kg

RESUMO - Este experimento foi realizado para determinar a exigência de proteína bruta para suínos mestiços (Landrace x Large White), machos, castrados dos 15 aos 30 kg, mantidos em ambiente de conforto térmico. Durante o período experimental, a temperatura da sala manteve-se em 23,1±1,19°C, com umidade relativa de 80,6±4,59% e índice de temperatura do globo e umidade de 69,85±1,38. Foi usado um total de 60 leitões mestiços, machos castrados, com peso médio inicial de 14,8±0,85kg e final de 29,3±2,42 kg. Foi usado delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos (17,0; 18,0; 19,0; 20,0; e 21,0% de proteína bruta), seis repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental. O nível de proteína bruta na ração influenciou o ganho de peso diário e os consumos de proteína e lisina diários, que aumentaram linearmente. Entretanto, a conversão alimentar diminuiu linearmente. Não houve efeito do nível de proteína sobre os consumos de ração e energia diários. A taxa de deposição de gordura não foi influenciada, enquanto a taxa de deposição de proteína aumentou quadraticamente até o nível de 20,0% de proteína bruta. Os pesos absolutos do fígado e do intestino e o peso relativo do fígado aumentaram linearmente com o crescente nível de proteína bruta da ração. A concentração de uréia plasmática não foi influenciada pelos níveis de proteína bruta da ração. Suínos mestiços, machos, castrados de 15 a 30 kg, mantidos em ambiente de conforto térmico exigem 20,0% de proteína bruta na ração, correspondente a 0,90% de lisina total ou 57 g de proteína/Mcal ED. O nível de uréia no plasma sangüíneo não foi um parâmetro adequado para estimar a exigência de proteína bruta.

The response of growing pigs to amino acids as influenced by environmental temperature. 2. Lysine

AbstractTwo experiments were conducted to measure the effects of a range of dietary lysine concentrations and environmental temperatures on the performance of pigs grown from 13 to 25 kg live weight. In both experiments 48 Large White x Landrace entire male pigs were assigned at 13 kg to one of six dietary lysine treatments (13·8 (L1), 11·8 (L2), 9·6 (L3), 7·6 (L4), 5·6 (L5) g/kg and L5 + supplemented lysine (L6)) and one of four temperature treatments (18, 22, 26 and 30°C). Animals were given ad libitum access to food until 25 kg live weight. There were significant differences in the rates of growth between dietary and temperature treatments with the highest gains on L2 (0·597 (s.e. 0·020) kg/day) and at 18°C (0·549 (s.e. 0·018) kg/day). Food intake (FI) increased significantly (P &lt; 0·001) with decreasing lysine content, reached a maximum (L4) and then declined (L5). An increase in the supply of lysine in the diet resulted in significant increases (P &lt; 0·001) in the gain per unit of food (FCE). There was an indication (P &lt; 0·10) that the response in FCE to dietary lysine was dependent on the temperature, with maximum FCE being obtained at 22°C on LI (647 (s.e. 18·5) g gain per kg food). Dietary treatment had a significant effect (P &lt; 0·001) on both the rate of protein (PR) and lipid deposition (LR) irrespective of the temperature. There was a 0·60 reduction in PR and a 1·36 increase in LR in pigs given L5 compared with those given L1. Similar trends occurred in the empty body protein and lipid contents at 25 kg live weight. Both temperature and dietary lysine levels had a significant (P &lt; 0·05) effect on total heat loss (THL). The response in THL was similar to that observed in FI. The efficiency of lysine utilization at 22°C was significantly (P &lt; 0·05) higher than at the remaining temperatures. The mean efficiency for pigs between 13 kg and 25 kg live weight was 0·64 (s.e. 0·05). In general, growth and food intake responses to dietary lysine level were independent of environmental temperature.

Modelling the relation between energy intake and protein and lipid deposition in growing pigs

AbstractWhen modelling the effect of a changing nutrient supply to growing animals, it is important to distinguish the individual response curve of an animal from the change in this response that may occur during growth. A data analysis model is proposed where, for an individual animal, the relation between protein deposition (PD) and metabolizable energy (ME) intake above maintenance (MEp) is curvilinear, so that PD intersects the origin and reaches its maximum at the maximum protein deposition rate (PDmax). An increase of MEp beyond that required to attain PDmax would not change PD. The MEp not used for protein synthesis can be used for lipid deposition (LD). The relation between PD and LD on the one hand and ME on the other hand can then be described as a function of the maintenance energy requirement (MEm), PDmax, the level of ME required to attain PDmax (F; as a multiple of MEm) and the energetic efficiencies of PD (kp) and LD (kf). Of these statistics, only kp and kf were assumed to be independent of body weight (BW), age or genotype. Variation in PDmax was described as a Gompertz function (of age) whereas variation in F was assumed a linear function of BW. Maintenance energy requirement was expressed as a power function of BW. To evaluate the model, 145 nitrogen and energy (indirect calorimetry) balances were obtained from three types of pigs (Large White castrated males (cLW) and Piétrain × Large White castrated males (cPP× ) and males (bPP×)) ranging in BW between 45 and 100 kg and housed under thermoneutral conditions. Animals were allotted to one of four energy levels ranging from 0·70 to 1·00 of ad libitum intake. The MEm was not different between genotypes (849 kJ/kg BW0·60) whereas the kp and kf were 0·56 and 0·75, respectively. For castrated animals on ad libitum intake, PDmax started limiting PD at approximately 130 days of age (78 and 86 kg BW for cLW and cPP×, respectively). Before this age and for bPP×, PD was limited by MEp. In bPP×, the difference between PD and PDmax was small (less than proportionately 0·05). The F did not change with BW for bPP× (2·85 × MEm) whereas for the other genotypes, it decreased linearly from 4·47 at 45 kg to 2·00 at 100 kg of BW. Due to its nature, the model allows estimation of PDmax even when energy is restricting PD.

Stochastic simulation of growth in pigs: relations between body composition and maintenance requirements as mediated through protein turn-over and thermoregulation

AbstractA dynamic model for simulation of growth in pigs, extended to describe thermoregulatory processes, was made stochastic to simulate groups of pigs with between-animal variation in mature body protein (Pα) and lipid mass (Lα), in the potential rate at which mature mass is attained (B⋆), and in the distribution of body protein and lipid over pools and depots. The resulting variation in body composition leads to variation in energy requirements for protein turn-over and thermoregulation, causing between-animal variation in maintenance requirements (MEmaint).Simulated population means for Pα, Lα/Pαand B⋆were varied in three steps each. Excluding unrealistic parameter combinations this led to 33 – 6 = 21 simulated genotypes. Simulated within-population coefficients of variation (CV) were 7, 15 and 3%. Random replicates of each genotype were simulated five times, in climatic conditions that were in turn severely cold, mildly cold (about 5 and 1ºC below lower critical temperature), thermoneutral, mildly hot and severely hot (about 1 and 5ºC above upper critical temperature), during the entire growth period of 23 to 100 kg live weight. Simulated food intake was ad libitum.Simulated thermoneutral within-population standard deviations of body protein and lipid content were 0·21 to 0·46 kg and 0·78 to 2·14 kg at 100 kg body weight. On average, the corresponding values in cold and hot conditions were slightly higher.MEmaintshowed a protein-turn-over-related within-population CV of 1·5% at thermoneutrality. Thermoregulatory action contributed about 4% extra variance in cold and hot conditions but CV values were not affected. A genetic increase in the maximum protein deposition rate from 100 to 250 g/day would increase MEmaintas related to protein turn-over and thermoregulation by 11% at thermoneutrality, and by 6 to 11% in cold or hot conditions. Two relevant groups of genotypes could be distinguished based on the within-population regression coefficients of MEmainton daily or cumulative protein deposition (bdailyPdep, bcumPdep). These ranged from 0·250 to 0·428 kJ/kg0·75 per day per g/day and from 2·77 to 5·45 kJ/kg0·75per day per kg, respectively, in 12 ‘conventional’ genotypes at thermoneutrality. On average, bdailyPdepwas increased by 48%, 20%, –11% and –36% in the other climatic conditions mentioned above, respectively. The corresponding increase of bcumPdepwas 32%, 14%, 8% and 48%. Three fast-growing lean genotypes showed similar bdailyPdepand bcumPdepat thermoneutrality, but much more pronounced increases in cold and hot conditions: 137%, 49%, –12% and + 88% for bdailyPdepand 248%, 108%, 17% and 196% for bcumPdep.It is concluded that differences in body composition traits between pig genotypes do not cause important between-genotype differences in thermoregulatory MEmaint, and that thermoregulatory processes contribute little body-composition-related variation to hot or cold MEmaintwithin most genotypes.The inferences to be made from this with regard to experimental design are discussed. The verification of the above predictions will require a very elaborate and large-scale experiment.

Influência da temperatura ambiente sobre o desempenho e os parâmetros fisiológicos de suínos machos castrados dos 30 aos 60 kg

RESUMO - O presente trabalho foi realizado para avaliar a influência de ambientes térmicos constantes (termoneutro e calor) sobre o desempenho e as variáveis fisiológicas de suínos machos castrados dos 30 aos 60 kg PV. Cem animais foram distribuídos em delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos (3100, 3250, 3400, 3550 e 3700 kcal de ED/kg de ração), cinco repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental. Ganho de peso, consumo de ração, proteína e energia, conversão alimentar e eficiência de utilização da proteína e da energia foram reduzidos no ambiente de calor. A relação peso jejum/peso vivo foi maior no ambiente de calor e a relação peso carcaça/peso jejum não foi influenciada pela temperatura ambiente. A taxa de deposição de proteína elevou e a de gordura decresceu com o aumento da temperatura no ambiente. A temperatura ambiente reduziu o peso dos órgãos internos e aumentou a freqüência respiratória, nos animais mantidos no ambiente de calor. Embora a conversão alimentar tenha piorado no ambiente de calor, os animais mantidos neste ambiente apresentaram maior taxa de deposição de proteína na carcaça.