Protection Techniques Research Articles

Using the 3D Protein Structure as Key to Encrypt Images

In the digital world, information is exposed anytime, anywhere, to everybody, hence itsprivacy is a crucial matter. No matter how complicated the encryption algorithm is, itrequires a strong and hard-to-break encryption key. Since the three-dimensional proteinsequence structures are usually highly conserved, even better than DNA sequences, thiswork presents an innovative scheme for implementing the protein sequence andstructural to build protein data tables that are then used to generate extremely strongencryption-keys. An image-encryption scheme designed to implement such encryptionkeys is developed and produced compatible security strength with existing encryptionschemes. Prototype experiments resulted in an average normalized mean absolute errorof 66.84%, an average peak signal to noise ratio of 6.85 dB, and comparable entropywith other cryptosystems. The obtained results make this scheme a promising colorimage protection technique for various applications.

A study on vulnerability of the Wickr login system in windows from a live forensics perspective

Secure instant messengers employ various techniques to ensure secure communication for users, such as eavesdropping denial, data leakage prevention, and privacy protection. While robust data protection techniques are generally considered beneficial, they may interfere with evidence collection during digital forensics investigations. As this is a known fact, secure instant messengers are often used by criminals to conduct clandestine communications. Therefore, identifying potential ways to collect data from secure instant messengers is crucial for digital forensic investigations. We analyzed Wickr, a secure instant messenger, to determine possible data collection methods. We considered various cases that might be encountered during digital forensics investigations and listed the main data that can be collected for each case, much of which was encrypted, or the data for encrypting the data. We analyzed the collected data and the log-in process of Wickr in detail, through which we succeeded in logging in without knowing the password of the account used on the target computer, because the password was verified on the client, not the server, after the first login. Based on our analysis results, we showed that it is possible to log in to Wickr without password even from devices that have never been logged in, when certain conditions are met. It was performed through reverse engineering. Our results indicate that there may be various data collection methods for secure instant messengers from a digital forensics investigation perspective, and that more study is needed.

A Survey on Air-to-Sea Integrated Maritime Internet of Things: Enabling Technologies, Applications, and Future Challenges

Future generation communication systems are exemplified by 5G and 6G wireless technologies, and the utilization of integrated air-to-sea (A2S) communication infrastructure is employed to extend network coverage and enhance data throughput to support data-driven maritime applications. These ground-breaking techniques have promoted the rapid development of the maritime internet of things (MIoT). In particular, the integration of air base stations (ABSs) in the MIoT can achieve broadband, low-delay, and reliable wireless transmissions. Considering the potential of ABS-enabled communications, this survey presents the state of the art in the A2S integrated MIoT. More specifically, relevant A2S integrated MIoT architectures are discussed together with the role of their building blocks. Next, we introduce the enabling technologies, including the sensor, communication, data processing and storage, and security and privacy protection techniques. Then, resource allocation, cloud/edge computing and caching, routing protocols, and spatial location optimization in the maritime environment are discussed and grouped based on their performance targets. Additionally, we also show the potential applications of the A2S integrated MIoT in marine environment monitoring, traffic, navigation safety, and resources management. Finally, several future challenges in the area of the A2S integrated MIoT are given, related to the technical security, reliability, and energy efficiency, etc.

ANALISA PEMBERIAN JENIS PUPUK ORGANIK DAN PEMASANGAN SUNGKUP TERHADAP PENINGKATAN PRODUKSI BAWANG MERAH (Allium ascalonicum L.)

Onion plant growth is often limited by nutrient availability and environmental influences. In addition, the use of hoods as a plant protection technique is expected to create microenvironmental conditions favorable to growth. The purpose of the study was to assess the effectiveness of using various kinds of organic fertilizers and the application of hoods in increasing shallot production. Factorial Randomized Group Design (RAK) was used, which consisted of two factors. The first factor was the type of organic fertilizer, namely bokashi fertilizer, guano fertilizer, and cow fertilizer. The second factor was the hood, namely control, waring hoods, and plastic hoods. Observation parameters observed in the vegetative phase consisted of: number of leaves, plant height. While the generative phase consisted of: number of tubers, wet weight of tubers per sample, wet weight of tubers per plot, dry weight of tubers per sample, and dry weight of tubers per plot. The results of variance analysis showed significant differences in the parameters of plant height at 14, 21, 28 days, and the number of leaves at 14, 21 days. In all parameters observed, the hoods treatment in the generative phase showed no significant results. The results of the study obtained that the treatment of guano fetilizer without a hoods produced the best tuber weight.

Submental intubation in complex maxillofacial trauma: Pilot balloon protection

AimsThis study aims to describe our refined technique of submental intubation to avoid the recorded intraoperative complications related to tube passage and pilot balloon rupture. Case seriesThis is a retrospective case series of 21 patients with complex maxillofacial trauma who underwent submental intubation from January 2019 to January 2023. All the patients underwent to the same procedure with a new technique of pilot balloon protection: the pilot balloon was not deflated because, once the connector was removed, only the tube was curved and passed through the incision extraorally while the cuff remained inflated. The wire of the pilot balloon was passed behind the last tooth so as not to interfere with the maxillary-mandibular fixation, remaining extraorally under the anesthetist's view. DiscussionOnly 2 patients (9.5%) reported complications related to submental intubation: in particular a patient (4.8%) reported oral floor infection, and in another patient (4.8%) an unesthetic skin scar was observed. No patients reported intraoperative complications related to the procedure. ConclusionThe technique of pilot balloon protection that we have proposed seems to be effective in reducing the intraoperative complications related to the passage of the pilot balloon, such as rupture, damage or early extubation.

Engineered Living Biofilm with Enhanced Metal Binding Ability for Corrosion Protection in Seawater

AbstractEngineering living functional biofilms offers an ecofriendly and efficient technique for the corrosion protection of metallic materials in marine environments. Its firm attachment to the metal surface is a key step to effectively improve the corrosion protection. Herein, engineered Escherichia coli biofilm with strong metal binding ability is constructed by genetically appending a metal binding domain (MBD) to extracellular amyloids. The engineered living biofilm improved the corrosion resistance of X70 carbon steel. Moreover, a biofilm‐induced mineralization layer, mainly composed of calcite, is formed on the X70 surface, which provided a stable corrosion barrier. At the end of 7‐days immersion, the icorr decreased from 5.1 ± 0.4 µA cm−2 without biofilm to 0.5 ± 0.1 µA cm−2 with E. coli MBD biofilm, resulting in a corrosion inhibition efficiency of 90.2%. It also demonstrated the corrosion protection effect for 304 stainless steel, suggesting possible broad applications of the engineered biofilm. The application of synthetic biology offers a novel approach in the development of anti‐corrosion technologies in water environments.

Corrosion and protection of friction stir welding of magnesium alloy

Purpose The high specific strength makes magnesium alloys have a wide range of applications in aerospace, military, automotive, marine and construction industries. However, its poor corrosion resistance and weldability have limited its development and application. Friction stir welding (FSW) can effectively avoid the defects of fusion welding. However, the microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of FSW joints in magnesium alloys vary among different regions. The purpose of this paper is to review the corrosion of magnesium alloy FSW joints, and to summarize the protection technology of welded joints. Design/methodology/approach The corrosion of magnesium alloy FSW joints includes electrochemical corrosion and stress corrosion. This paper summarizes corrosion protection techniques for magnesium alloys FSW joints, focusing on composition, microstructure changes and surface treatment methods. Findings Currently, this research is mainly focused on enhancing the corrosion resistance of magnesium alloy FSW joints by changing compositions, structural modifications and surface coating technologies. Refinement of the grains can be achieved by adjusting welding process parameters, which in turn minimizes the effects of the second phase on the alloy’s corrosion resistance. Originality/value This paper presents a comprehensive review on the corrosion and protection of magnesium alloys FSW joints, covering the latest research advancements and practical applications. It aims to equip researchers with a better insight into the field and inspire new studies on this topic.

Exploring the Convergence of Design, Security, and Human Dynamics in Social Networks in India

This Exploration dives into the complex exchange between social networks, zeroing in on their design, security measures, and the impact of human factors. As social networks keep on molding present day correspondence and connection, understanding their elements turns out to be progressively pivotal. The examination investigates the architecture and user-focused design rules that improve user experiences, encourage community associations, and empower self-expression. All the while, the review tends to the squeezing security challenges presented by these platforms, dissecting risks like identity theft and misinformation dispersal, and proposing techniques for powerful encryption and data protection. Moreover, the review digs into the domain of human behavior and brain research, clarifying how individual inspirations, cognitive biases, and social standards add to content creation, sharing, and commitment inside social networks. The bits of knowledge acquired give a complete perspective on what user activities mean for network elements and the development of online networks. By exploring these aspects, the review expects to illuminate platform developers and policymakers, offering important direction on upgrading design, carrying out powerful security measures, and figuring out user behavior. Eventually, this examination adds to an all-encompassing comprehension of social networks, introducing a diverse investigation of design, security, and human factors. The discoveries guide the advancement of more user-centric, secure, and socially significant social organization platforms that line up with user inclinations and contribute decidedly to the digital landscape.

Fault Identification and Protection of Induction Motor Using PLC and SCADA

If not properly maintained, AC induction motors are prone to malfunction. A protective system is put in place to keep an eye on the motor's performance under both normal and trip conditions to remedy this. The system may either modify the input voltage and current to restore normal performance in the event of faults like stator, rotor, bearing, or eccentricity issues or shut down the motor before irreparable harm is done. This guards against sudden shutdowns that could endanger employees, prevents unexpected motor failure, and reduces unforeseen costs. Due to their extensive industrial use, protecting induction motors from overvoltage, overcurrent, under-speed, and overheating is essential. Voltage and current relays, timers, contractors, and other traditional protection techniques are mechanical devices. Both computer-based and PIC-based techniques have fewer mechanical components, although the former needs analog-to-digital conversion cards while the latter does not display the observed electrical parameters. In this work, a PLC based protection technique that does away with contractors, relays, and conversion cards is presented. It keeps an eye on system errors, motor voltages, currents, speed, and temperature while showing alerts on a computer screen. In comparison to conventional, computer, and PIC-based systems, experimental findings show that this PLC-based approach is more precise, efficient, and offers a safer and more visible environment.

Differential Reactor Voltage Based Fault Detection and Classification for Smart DC Microgrid

The primary challenges in the implementation of differential protection techniques are Time Synchronization Error (TSE) due to communication delay and low sensitivity towards High Resistance Faults (HRFs). In this paper, a new technique utilizing the difference in voltage measured across the external reactors connected at opposite ends of the cable is proposed for fault detection and classification of HRFs in islanded and grid connected mode of operation of DC microgrid. Further, to overcome the challenges associated with TSE, which causes differential schemes to mal-operate, the proposed technique determines reactor voltage polarity at opposite ends of the cable to distinguish between internal and external faults. The proposed technique is tested for different types of internal faults and system transients such as external faults, load switching, generation uncertainties etc. to demonstrate sensitivity and accuracy of the proposed technique. Finally, a comparative analysis of the proposed technique is performed with the schemes reported in the literature, which confirms the fast fault detection, high sensitivity for internal HRFs, selectivity and stability of the proposed technique for different operating conditions.

Analyze textual data: deep neural network for adversarial inversion attack in wireless networks

Deep neural networks (DNN) are highly effective in a number of tasks related to machine learning across different domains. It is quite challenging to apply the information gained to textual data because of its graph representation structure. This article applies innovative graph structures and protection techniques to secure wireless systems and mobile computing applications. We develop an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) with DNN and Support Vector Machine (SVM) to identify adversarial inversion attacks in the network system. It employs both normal and abnormal adversaries. It constantly generates signatures, creates attack signatures, and refreshes the IDS signature repository. In conclusion, the assessment indicators, including latency rates and throughput, are used to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of the recommended framework with Random Forest. The results of the proposed model (SVM with DNN) based on adversarial inversion attacks were better and more efficient than traditional models, with a detection rate of 93.67% and 95.34% concerning latency rate and throughput. This article also compares the proposed model (SVM with DNN) accuracy with other classifiers and the accuracy comparison for feature datasets of 90.3% and 90%, respectively.

Awareness of Biological Hazards and Radiation Protection Techniques of Dental Imaging Among Dental students in South Chennai-A Questionnaire study

Abstract: Aim and objectives: To assess the attitude and awareness about Biological Hazards of dental X-rays and appropriate radiographic protection techniques of dental imaging among dental students in South Chennai. Materials and methods: The study participants comprised of 100 undergraduate dental students (pre-clinical & clinical) in South Chennai, whose curriculum includes X-ray physics. The information was collected via an online 15 structured multiple choices questionnaires. Statistical analysis was performed using Pearson correlation co-efficient test to know the validity of questionnaire and any P≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Of all the 100 undergraduate dental students enrolled in this study, 80% of dental students were aware of harmful effects of dental X-rays. While majority of dental students (25%) were unaware about which speed film used to reduce radiation exposure. It was found less percentage of dental students (47%) were aware of the contraindication of radiography during first trimester of pregnancy. However, majority of dental students (68%) were aware of position-distance rule and remaining were unaware about this rule. Conclusion: This study highlights significant awareness among dental students in South Chennai regarding biological hazards and radiation protection techniques in dental imaging. The majority demonstrated a commendable understanding of crucial aspects, such as the harmful effects of dental x-rays, radiation protection recommendations, and the composition of the intensifying screen. However, variations in knowledge were observed, particularly concerning radiation dosage and contraindications during pregnancy. This underscores the importance of continuous education and training in radiation safety within the dental community.

Edge AI and On-Device Machine Learning For Real Time Processing

Edge Artificial Intelligence (Edge AI) and on-device machine learning represent significant advancements in computing paradigms, enabling real-time data processing directly at the edge of the network. This approach minimizes the need for centralized cloud-based processing, thereby reducing latency, enhancing privacy, and improving operational efficiency. This paper provides a comprehensive review of Edge AI and on-device machine learning, focusing on their applications, challenges, and future directions. Key applications include smart home devices, healthcare monitoring, autonomous vehicles, and smart city infrastructure, where local data processing facilitates immediate responses and decision-making. However, deploying AI models on edge devices introduces challenges related to model compression, limited computational resources, and power constraints. Security and privacy concerns also arise, necessitating robust data protection and privacy-preserving techniques. Furthermore, the paper explores emerging technologies such as 5G integration and advances in AI hardware, which are expected to drive future developments in Edge AI. Research directions are highlighted, emphasizing the need for new algorithms tailored to edge environments and enhancements in system robustness and reliability. By addressing these challenges and leveraging emerging technologies, Edge AI is poised to transform a wide range of sectors, offering enhanced real-time processing capabilities and paving the way for innovative applications.

Investigating Potential Applications of Machine Learning Techniques for Personal Data Protection in E-commerce

Investigating Potential Applications of Machine Learning Techniques for Personal Data Protection in E-commerce

Influence of different protection systems on phytosanitary situation in plantings of colored potato varieties

The results of the studies on the influence of various protection systems on the phytosanitary situation in planting colored potato varieties in the conditions of the Novosibirsk region are presented. It has been established that the chemical protectant Celest Top more effectively reduces the development of rhizoctoniosis (black scab) in comparison with the biological preparation Bactofort. On average, this indicator when using the chemical system was significantly lower by 4.8 times in the germination phase, and 2.0 times lower in the period of budding-beginning of flowering of the culture. A significant influence of the optimization of mineral nutrition for the biological preparation Bactofort was established, in this case, against the background of mineral fertilizers, the development of rhizoctoniosis is 1.2 times lower. In the phase of budding – the beginning of flowering the disease development on the fertilized background with the use of chemical system of protection is marked significantly higher by 1.4 times in comparison with the background of natural fertility, with the biological system in this period this indicator has no differences. The number of the Colorado potato beetle when using the chemical system was significantly lower by 3.6 times in comparison with the biologized one. Optimization of mineral nutrition with the use of a chemical protection system significantly increased the number of the pest by 5.0 times in comparison with the background of natural fertility, while with a biological system this indicator does not have significant differences. The productivity of the culture is significantly higher when using a chemical protection system in comparison with a biologized one by 1.5 times. On a fertilized background, when using a chemical protection system, the productivity of potatoes is significantly higher by 1.2 times in comparison with the background of natural fertiity. At the same time, with a biologized system, this indicator does not have significant differences. Individual reaction of the varieties to the studied protective techniques has been noted. Among the four varieties studied, All Red should be singled out, in which the development of rhizoctoniosis on the stems on both protection systems at both levels of mineral nutrition was generally the smallest among all variety samples. The varieties All Red and Violet were the least populated by the Colorado potato beetle – an average of 0.50–0.55 ind./plant. The highest yield was obtained when growing the Rosemaria variety (average factor 22.3 t/ha). To control rhizoctoniosis and Colorado potato beetle on potatoes, it is possible to use biological protection systems, but taking into account the biological characteristics of the varieties.

Effect of freeze drying and spray drying on physical properties, morphology and in vitro release kinetics of vitamin D3 nanoparticles

Encapsulation is a viable and effective technique for protection and stability of vitamin D3 during processing. In the present experiment, the effect of ultrasonication on encapsulation of vitamin D3 using gum arabic was studied. Nanoreduction of gum arabic emulsion largely increased the encapsulation profile of the process. Freeze drying and spray drying methods were employed for the drying of vitamin D3 nanoemulsions to obtain powdered encapsulates. Powders obtained by both techniques were analyzed in terms of physical properties, surface morphology, encapsulation efficiency and in vitro release kinetics. Parameters such as moisture content, product yield, encapsulation efficiency, particle size and zeta potential showed significant difference (p ≤ 0.05). While comparing release behavior, spray dried encapsulates presented better controlled release performance than freeze dried encapsulates. The findings revealed that spray drying technique present a better scope for encapsulating vitamin D3 due to its better encapsulation efficiency and release than freeze drying technique.

Cardiac protective techniques in left breast radiotherapy: rapid selection criteria for routine clinical decision making

ObjectiveIn left breast radiotherapy (RT) desired heart doses may be achieved without heart-sparing RT techniques in some patients. We aimed to examine the existence of predictive factors and cutoff points to determine which patients are the main candidates for heart-sparing RT techniques.Material and methodDosimetric data for left breast cancer was examined. RT plans were made at conventional doses to the breast and peripheral lymph nodes. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 22.0 (SPSS Inc., IBM Corp., Armonk, NY).Result114 cases were evaluated by ROC (Receiver operating characteristic) analysis in the breast-conserving surgery (BCS) and mastectomy groups. While only left lung volume (AUC: 0.74, 95% CI 0.61–0.87, p = 0.002) was significant in BCS cases, in cases with mastectomy, left lung volume (AUC: 0.81, 95% CI 0.69–0.94, p = 0.002) and lung/heart volume ratio (AUC: 0.83, 95% CI 0.70–0.96, p = 0.001) had a significant relationship with the relevance of heart doses. The cutoff point of 1.92 was selected for the lung/heart volume ratio for the mastectomized patients. Moreover, the cutoff point 1154 cc and 1208 cc was determined for the left lung volume for the BCS and mastectomized patients, respectively.ConclusionVarious cutoff points in left breast RT can be used to predict whether RT plans will meet QUANTEC (Quantitative Analysis of Normal Tissue Effects in the Clinic) heart dose limits. Evaluating only these few cutoff points before planning makes it possible to eliminate 70% of patients with BCS and 40% of patients with mastectomy from respiratory-controlled methods, which require time and effort. Patients with lung volume and lung/heart volume ratio smaller than the cutoff values can be considered primary candidates for heart-sparing techniques.

Enhancing photocathodic protection with Bi quantum dots and ZIF-8 nanoparticle co-sensitized TiO2 nanotubes

Since hole trapping agents do not persist in the marine environment, it is more practical to test metal protection in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution so that the photocathodic protection (PCP) technique can be effectively applied in an actual marine environment. In this paper, Bi quantum dots (QDs) and ZIF-8 nanoparticles (NPs) were successfully deposited on TiO2 by hydrothermal and impregnation methods. The PCP performances of ZIF-8/Bi/TiO2 composites in the marine environment without hole trapping agents were evaluated, and compared with the performances of pure TiO2, Bi/TiO2 and ZIF-8/TiO2. The electrochemical impedance spectrum (EIS) fitting results demonstrate that the R ct value of the ZIF-8/Bi/TiO2 composite coupled with 316 stainless steel (SS) decreased from 7678 Ω cm2 to 519.3 Ω cm2 in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution, which is a decrease of about 14.8-fold compared with TiO2 under the same conditions. This indicates that the deposition of Bi QDs and ZIF-8 NPs on TiO2 nanotubes can improve the electron transport efficiency, which in turn slows down the rate of corrosion of 316 SS and significantly improves the PCP performance. This is not only attributable to the Schottky junction and heterojunction structures formed by Bi QDs and ZIF-8 NPs with TiO2, but also to the surface plasmon resonance effect of Bi QDs and the N–Ti–O bond structure formed between ZIF-8 and TiO2, leading to a lower electron–hole recombination efficiency and a higher electron transfer efficiency.

Sternal protection technique for open chest management

On some occasions, postoperative mediastinal bleeding or right ventricular failure forces surgical teams to pursue a strategy of open-chest management and delayed sternal closure. One notable source of postoperative bleeding is the sternum, either due to medullar bleeding or bone margin oozing, which may be difficult to control. Furthermore, in cases with right ventricular failure or dilatation needing an open-chest strategy, sternal margins might erode and injure the right ventricular anterior wall. We propose a simple but effective sternal protection technique during open-chest management and further delayed chest closure. Using leftover tubing from the cardiopulmonary bypass circuit or a mediastinal 32 Fr drain, both sternal margins are covered and secured with sutures. Moreover, in case of profuse bleeding, a thrombin-derived haemostatic agent can be applied between the bone marrow and the tube for an additional level of haemostasis. The sternal wound is isolated with a latex membrane and covered with transparent sterile adhesive sheets to achieve vacuum sealing.

Attacks on Recent DNN IP Protection Techniques and Their Mitigation

With the rapid increase in the development of Deep Learning methodologies, Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) are now being commonly deployed in smart systems (e.g. autonomous vehicles) and high-end security applications (e.g. face recognition, biometric authentication, etc.). The training of such DNN models often requires exclusive valuable training datasets, enormous computational resources, and expert fine-tuning skills. Hence, a trained DNN model can be regarded as valuable proprietary Intellectual Property (IP). Piracy of such DNN IPs has emerged as a major concern, with increasing trends of illegal copying and redistribution. A number of mitigation approaches targeting DNN IP protection have been proposed in recent years. In this work, we target two recently proposed DNN IP protection schemes: (a) Chaotic Map theory based encryption of the weight parameters, and (b) traditional block cipher based encryption of the weights. We demonstrate attacks on two recent DNN IP protection techniques, with one technique each belonging to the above-mentioned schemes, under a pragmatic attack model. We also propose a novel DNN IP protection technique based on selective encryption of the weight parameters, termed LEWIP to mitigate the exposed weaknesses, while having low implementation and performance overheads. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the LEWIP technique against state-of-the-art DNN implementations.