Protective Packaging Research Articles

Mechanically robust, thermal insulating sustainable foams fully derived from bamboo fibers through high temperature drying

The development of lignocellulosic foams has been gaining momentum due to their sustainability and biodegradability. However, lignocellulosic foams often have low preparation efficiency and poor mechanical properties, especially compression performance. Here, we constructed mechanically robust and thermal insulating cellulosic foams through high-temperature drying, in which all bamboo-sourced lignin-containing pulp fibers (LPF) and steam explosion fibers (SEF) were chosen as a skeleton and high solid fibrillated cellulose (HSFC) as a binder. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the characteristics of bamboo fibers and the HSFC addition on the formation, and mechanical- and thermal insulation performances of the resulting foams. The HSFC incorporation endowed the foams with excellent mechanical performance, the stress at 10 % strain and compressive modulus were 0.29 MPa and 4.4 MPa, respectively, which were 10-fold and 44-fold compared to LPF foam without HSFC. The LPF/HSFC possessed excellent energy absorption capacity (170 kJ/m3 under 40 % strain) as well as good thermal insulating performance (0.054 W/(m·K)). The LPF/HSFC foam with a much more homogeneous cellular structure outperformed the SEF/HSFC foam. This work suggests that the developed bamboo fiber foams hold promise for use in protective packaging and thermal insulation applications.

Eco-friendly lignin nanocomposite films as advanced UV protective and antimicrobial sustainable packaging materials

Lignin is a renewable, biodegradable, and cost-effective biopolymer present in agri-biomass. This bioresource could be utilized as a sustainable alternative for biomaterial development. Bio-based and biodegradable polymers are ideal for sustainable polymer packaging too. In this study, lignin was extracted from wheat straw using the soda method with 18–20% yield followed by its characterization. The purified soda lignin was utilized for the synthesis of lignin nanoparticles (PNSL) and copper oxide nanoparticles (L@CuONPs) followed by their incorporation into the PVA-PEG film (PVA-PEG-PNSL-L@CuONPs nanocomposite films). The antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Bacillus megaterium, and Candida albicans of nanocomposite films reached up to 5 log reduction (∼99.999%). Furthermore, the UV protective activity of these lignin-based biodegradable nanocomposite films was validated which paves its way as an eco-friendly, cost-effective, and sustainable biomaterial. Moreover, lignin-based films derived from renewable sources have potential applications in the food packaging industry because of their low cost, biocompatibility, flexibility, and transparency.

Analysis of Vibration Transmission Path in Packaging System and Design of Teaching Experiment

It is essential for realizing the most suitable product buffer packaging design to quantify the vibration transmission characteristics of the product packaging system. The experiment system for the vibration transmission path of protective packaging is designed in this paper. The practical system is used to analyze the vibration transfer path of the product packaging system and identify the critical transfer path. The concepts of the cushions’ contribution rate and the cushions’ weighted contribution rate are introduced. The product cushioning based on the weighted equal contribution rate of the cushions is proposed. It has been verified by experiments that the system can accurately identify the transfer path with the weighted contribution rate of the cushions as a reference for the design of product buffer packaging, which improves the utilization rate of buffer packaging materials and reduces the cost of packaging materials. The weighted equal contribution rates of buffer pads 1, 2, 3, and 4 are 40%, 27%, 22%, and 11%, respectively. For the needs of experiment teaching, the teaching content based on the protective packaging transfer path testing system is designed, which provides a reference for the practical education of the packaging specialty.

Review on Toxicity, Mechanisms and Health Effects of Herbicides and Prevention Mechanisms

In agricultural crop production, herbicides are typically used to prevent or control weeds and other plant pathogens by reducing crop losses and maintaining high product quality. This brief overview sheds light on the level of toxicity, mechanisms of toxicity, health effects and prevention strategies. Three main levels of toxicity have been identified in herbicides: acute (short-term exposure), sub-chronic (medium-term exposure), and chronic (long-term exposure). These levels of toxicity have detrimental effects on humans, animals, and the environment. Herbicides must be handled and administered appropriately to minimize or completely prevent their negative side effects. It is recommended to manage herbicide to its minimum residue level while using them in agriculture. On the hand, certain mechanisms of action must be followed including contact, absorption, movement, toxicity, and death in order to be effective in management of weed by herbicides. This mechanism of actions of herbicides are also applied to humans and animals too. Improper usage of herbicides has adverse health effects on humans such as carcinogenic, cardiovascular, respiratory, hormonal, metabolic, cellular and neurological effects. In order to eliminate or minimize their effect the preventive safety mechanisms/strategies such as employing alternative and less herbicide-dependent cropping systems, properly using all certified personal protective equipment (PPE), proper packaging and package leaflet, proper labeling and giving general awareness about the use or handle of herbicide for farmers or any others who are not familiar with the use of herbicides must applied before or after handling of herbicides. In order to minimize or totally avoid the negative impacts of herbicides on humans, animals, and the environment, it is not just the responsibility of farmers but also of other stakeholders (agricultural experts, policymakers, etc.).

Study on the Influence of Environmental Protection Packaging of Green Cosmetics on Consumer Preference

The concept of environmentalism is gradually integrated into various fields, including the food industry, daily necessities and even industrial production. Similarly, the cosmetics industry has subsequently incorporated environmental protection concepts into the industry's products and formed a green cosmetics industry chain. In recent years, environmental protection concepts have been reflected in the cosmetics industry in the form of green product ingredients and green production industrial chains. However, many companies have embodied the green concept in their packaging, introducing the concept of "green packaging". Although there are many academic studies on the impact of packaging design on consumers' purchase intention and behavior, there needs to be a unified review to summarize and specifically consider the mutual influence of the combination. This study aims to fill this research gap. This paper will review the relevant literature and summarize the influential relationship between the latest consumer behavior research in the cosmetic industry and the latest advances in green packaging for cosmetics based on the latest developments in the cosmetic industry. This research followed the PRISMA guidelines to search and summarize the literature on these two areas. The most common factors that determine consumers' choice of green cosmetic products are branding, their own health needs, the degree of consumers' awareness of environmental protection, and the collective effect. Green packaging materials and design were integrated into these factors. It was finally confirmed that green packaging materials and design had a choice-promoting effect on cosmetic consumers' behavioral preferences.

A simple approach to produce hydrophobic biobased coatings using methylcellulose and organosolv lignin.

Substituting plastics with circular and sustainable alternatives has increasingly become a priority. Protective coatings, crucial components in numerous industries, are now in demand for biodegradable options to replace their plastic-based counterparts. Being one of nature's most abundant components, lignin remains underutilized, and this study focuses on investigating its potential for the production of biobased coatings. The method used here involved formulating coating suspensions by mixing methylcellulose and organosolv lignin powders and adding water to the mixture. Glass wafers were coated with the formulated suspensions using spin-coating. The morphology of the coated surfaces was assessed using optical and scanning electron microscopy. In addition, the wettability of the surfaces was examined through water contact angle experiments, and a numerical model was introduced to predict the water contact angle evolution over time. The results revealed that the sample coated with a 2.5 wt% lignin suspension exhibited the highest initial contact angle (114°), with a decreasing trend as the lignin fraction increases. Moreover, coatings with 3.5 wt% lignin and above exhibited lower surface coverage due to lignin particle aggregation and surface defects. By approximating the water droplet on the surface as a spherical cap, the introduced numerical model successfully predicted the time-dependent evolution of the water contact angle by showing strong alignment with experimental results. Taken altogether, we have showcased here a method for modifying coating properties-in a practical sense from water-absorbent to splash-proof-using readily available forest-based materials. This advancement is paving the way for sustainable protective packaging, aiming to replace styrofoam in the electronics and food industries.

Analysis of the Work Environment and Occupational Health, Safety (K3) in the Carton Box Packaging Industry Using the Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) Method (Case Study of Pt. Carton Box Manufacturing Bekasi Regency)

The cardboard box packaging industry is a form of innovation in paper-based packaging products which includes outer protective packaging for food, automotive and other finished products, PT. Cikarang Cardboard Box Manufacturing is a multi-national company that operates in the field of manufacturing paper-based packaging sourced from paper recycling processing, so that in its operations it still pays attention to environmental aspects for the continuation of the next generation. As a provider of large-scale cardboard packaging, the company certainly has business ethics and occupational health and safety (K3) regulations that must be adhered to by all employees and guests who visit it, however there are still cases of work accidents that occur every year, the measurement of the level of work accident cases is based on data obtained based on direct observation, Therefore, work health and safety (K3) analysis research was carried out using the Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) method. From the analysis carried out by researchers, it was found that the cause of work accidents that occurred was due to employee understanding, bad habits that occurred (unsafe action). and the work environment is in an unsafe condition. So the solution to this problem is that it is hoped that the company can tighten K3 regulations in the company environment in order to improve company performance and reduce the number of work accidents that occur in the company environment.

Experimentation and simulation study of electromechanical response characteristics of a 2-2 type cement-based piezoelectric composite sensor

In the manuscript, the piezoelectric functional element was prepared by slicing and adding method using piezoelectric ceramic PZT-5H and ordinary silicate cement 42.5 was as base materials, and then a 2-2 type cement-based piezoelectric composite sensor was prepared by an encapsulated epoxy resin. The experimental and simulation analysis was carried out to obtain the quasi-static linear sensitivity of the electromechanical response of the sample under conditions of compressive loading. The development process of the sample from local failure to overall fragmentation was observed using a high-speed camera. Found that the electrical nonlinear threshold of 35 MPa appeared before the mechanical nonlinear threshold. Further, the results showed that when the loading frequency was increased from 5 to 15 Hz under equal amplitude, the response waveform remained unchanged, however, the electrical displacement was attenuated by 19.7%. Packaging schemes using various lengths and thicknesses of an epoxy layer were conducted by using simulation. It is indicated that, under the premise of ensuring the protection package and considering the manufacturing process, the length of the package side could increase appropriately, and the single-side package side length is set to 4 mm. When the thickness of the package layer becomes less, it would be better.

A Commentary on Co-Processed API as a Promising Approach to Improve Sustainability for the Pharmaceutical Industry

Pharmaceutical products represent a meaningful target for sustainability improvement and emissions reduction. It is proposed here that rethinking the standard, and often linear, approach to the synthesis of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API) and subsequent formulation and drug product processing will deliver transformational sustainability opportunities. The greatest potential arguably involves API that have challenging physico-chemical properties. These can require the addition of excipients that can significantly exceed the weight of the API in the final dosage unit, require multiple manufacturing steps to achieve materials amenable to delivering final dosage units, and need highly protective packaging for final product stability.Co-processed API are defined as materials generated via addition of non-covalently bonded, non-active components during drug substance manufacturing steps, differing from salts, solvates and co-crystals. They are an impactful example of provocative re-thinking of historical regulatory and quality precedents, blurring drug substance and drug product operations, with sustainability opportunities. Successful examples utilizing co-processed API can modify properties with use of less excipient, while simultaneously reducing processing requirements by delivering material amenable to continuous manufacturing. There are also opportunities for co-processed API to reduce the need for highly protective packaging. This commentary will detail the array of sustainability impacts that can be delivered, inclusive of business, regulatory, and quality considerations, with discussion on potential routes to more comprehensively commercialize co-processed API technologies.

A qualitative assessment on the acceptability of providing cash transfers and social health insurance for tuberculosis-affected families in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

To achieve the Sustainable Development Goal's targets of universal health coverage (UHC) and poverty reduction, interventions are required that strengthen and harmonize both UHC and social protection. Vietnam is committed to achieving financial protection and over 90% of the general population has enrolled in its social health insurance (SHI) scheme. However, an estimated 63% of tuberculosis (TB)-affected households in Vietnam still face catastrophic costs and little is known about the optimal strategies to mitigate the costs of TB care for vulnerable families. This study assessed the acceptability of a social protection package containing cash transfers and SHI using individual interviews (n = 19) and focus group discussions (n = 3 groups). Interviews were analyzed through framework analysis. The study's main finding indicated that both conditional and unconditional cash transfers paired with SHI were acceptable, across six dimensions of acceptability. Cash transfers were considered beneficial for mitigating out-of-pocket expenditure, increasing TB treatment adherence, and improving mental health and general well-being, but the value provided was inadequate to fully alleviate the economic burden of the illness. The conditionality of the cash transfers was not viewed by participants as inappropriate, but it increased the workload of the TB program, which brought into question the feasibility of scale-up. SHI was viewed as a necessity by almost all participants, but people with TB questioned the quality of care received when utilizing it for auxiliary TB services. Access to multiple sources of social protection was deemed necessary to fully offset the costs of TB care. Additional research is needed to assess the impact of cash transfer interventions on health and economic outcomes in order to create an enabling policy environment for scale-up.

American Chemistry Council issues reports on plastics and reacts to proposed EPA plastics-rules

On December 7, 2023, the American Chemistry Council issued a new report, spanning data from 2005 to 2017, showing a decline in greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) and energy consumption during the production of plastic resins. The plastics manufacturing industry reportedly showed a significant reduction in global warming potential even though consumers and businesses demanded the material for cars and trucks, new homes, packaged goods, and other products that rely on plastics. The new report, “A Decreasing Footprint: A Review of Resin Life Cycle Assessments,” the second in a series of three of life cycle assessment reviews, looks at trio of thermoplastics (HIPS, GPPS and ABS) commonly used in automotive, construction, protective packaging and household items.

Preparation of antistatic and biodegradable packaging of PLA/PHBV blend‐based glassy carbon and graphene nanoplatelets composites

AbstractGlassy carbon (GC) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) were used as fillers for the preparation of antistatic and biodegradable composites based on poly (lactic acid)/poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate) (PLA/PHBV) blend. In this work, PLA/PHBV (80/20) blends with the addition of different GC contents (0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 wt%) were prepared by melt mixing using a twin‐screw extruder, and specimens were injection molded. Furthermore, hybrid composites were prepared with the addition of 5 wt% of GNP and different GC contents (0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 wt%) using the same processing. The effect of the addition of GC and GNP on the mechanical, electrical, and electromagnetic properties and its effect on the biodegradability of the PLA/PHVB blend was evaluated. The simultaneous addition of GC (0.3 and 0.5 wt%) and GNP (5 wt%) significantly increases the elastic modulus and decreases the electrical resistivity, becoming suitable for electrostatic discharge protection packaging applications. The hybrid composite GC0.5/GNP5 reached a maximum value of total attenuation (4.5 dB), which corresponds to 60% EMI shielding. The degree of crystallinity affects biodegradability more than the type or presence of carbon material. After 110 days of anaerobic biodegradation, the hybrid composite exhibited 10% biodegradability due to the high degree of crystallinity that hinders the biodegradability process. The hybrid composites with the addition of GC and GNP are very promising for use in antistatic packaging.

Tunable and recoverable energy absorption of foam-embedded architected cellular composite material at multiple strain rates

Cellular multistable architected material has been widely studied for its promising energy absorption applications for personnel protection, protective packaging, and crash mitigation. Despite the tailorable properties enabled by their geometric features, a major issue in the actual application is their lower strengths in the elastic behavior of the multistable architected material. Herein, a novel design strategy of strain rate-dependent architected cellular composite material (FACCM) is proposed, aiming to achieve enhanced energy-absorbing properties with the proposed composite system than the single material constituent. Guided by numerical simulations and experimental tests, the compressive behaviour of FACCM at multiple strain rates and the effect of filled foam on it with specific geometric parameters are characterized. The quasi-static performances of the FACCM specimens were evaluated both at the cell level and planar array level. Our results indicate that the strength, stiffness, and snap-through behaviour of multistable architected material can be significantly improved by the filled foam at elevated loading rates regardless of quasi-static loading or impact tests. The current study offers a new strategy for developing novel packing, shock absorption, and impact protection systems.

Advanced Test Technologies for Heterogeneous & 2.5D/3D Packaging

Automotive, AI/ML and 5G markets are demanding increasing levels of integration with respect to memory and compute density. To meet the demand for high-performance products in mission-critical, high-bandwidth applications, the semiconductor industry must look for innovative technologies to continue scaling beyond the silicon manufacturing processes. This is often referred to as “More than Moore”, and one of the most promising methods is heterogenous integration of multiple dies inside the same package (System in Package, or SiP). These dies are typically referred to as chiplets and their interfaces are optimized to operate within a multi-die package for both power, drive strength, interface mechanics and ESD protection. Heterogeneous packages at manufacturing test are faced with quality and reliability challenges due to the accessibility and visibility of traditional test approaches. Dies are assembled over the silicon interposer using very small micro-bumps which may suffer from latent defects such as voids or cracks, potentially posing a reliability risk to the assembled product. On organic substrates, rare resistive shorts, known as bridging shorts, can cause signal integrity and performance degradation. These types of latent defects, although rare, could cause a system failure over time if not screened out during final test or detected during in-field operation. To address these challenges, proteanTecs and Advantest have deployed a joint solution at manufacturing test. proteanTecs provides a monitoring solution for heterogeneous packaging based on chip telemetry, combining deep data with machine learning algorithms. proteanTecs’ patent-protected solution is comprised of small-footprint, digital-only agents for monitoring the performance of the parallel interface. These agents (monitoring IP) are designed for analytics. The fact that they have a small footprint, allows them to be placed next to each pin inside the parallel die-to-die (D2D) PHY, to achieve 100% coverage and with no impact on the signal behavior, quality, or timing. proteanTecs’ data analytics platform then trains models that are deployed at test or in the field. To achieve the highest levels of performance, proteanTecs has partnered with Advantest on the ACS Edge™ for real-time decision-making. ACS Edge™ is a high-performance, highly secure edge compute and analytics solution that enables ultra-fast algorithmic AI decision-making with millisecond latencies during test execution. It connects to the user’s test equipment via a private, high-speed encrypted link and uses the advanced container hub to run the user’s protected applications while protecting and keeping secure the user’s data and analytics. Another key piece of the ACS ecosystem is the ACS Solution Store which provides ease of access to ACS real-time data infrastructure solutions. In this paper, we will provide details for the integrated solution and silicon results. We will highlight how the solution provides new levels of visibility for real-time adaptive testing.

Modular design of curved beam-based recyclable architected materials

Advances in manufacturing technologies have enabled architected materials with unprecedented properties. These materials are typically irreversibly designed and fabricated with characteristic geometries and specific mechanical properties, thus rendering them suitable for pre-specified requests. However, these materials cannot be recycled or reconstructed into different shapes and functionalities to economically adapt to various environments. Hence, we present a modular design strategy to create a category of recyclable architected materials comprising elastic initially curved beams and rigid cylindrical magnets. Based on numerical analyses and physical prototypes, we introduce an arc-serpentine curved beam (ASCB) and systematically investigate its mechanical properties. Subsequently, we develop two sets of hierarchical modules for the ASCB, thus expanding the constructable shape of architected materials from regular cuboids to complex curved surfaces. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the magnets attached to the centers of specific serpentine patterns of the modules allows the effective in-situ recycling of the designed materials, including sheet materials for non-damage storage, bulk materials for tunable stiffness, and protective package boxes for reshaping into decorative lampshades. We expect our approach to improve the flexibility of architected materials for multifunctional implementation in resource-limited scenarios.

Facile fabrication of cellulose-based hydrophobic paper via Michael addition reaction

The inherent highly hydrophilic feature of cellulose-based paper hinders its application in many fields. Herein, a cellulose-based hydrophobic paper was fabricated based on surface chemical modification. Firstly, the hydrophobic acrylate components were bonded to the cellulose acetoacetate (CAA) fibers to obtain CAA graft acrylate (CAA-X) fibers through Michael addition reaction. Subsequently, CAA-X fibers were processed into paper via wet papermaking technology. The resulting paper exhibited good hydrophobic performance (water contact angle was up to 135°) with an air permeability of 24.8 μm/Pa·s. The hydrophobicity of paper was very stable and remained even after treating with different solvents. Moreover, the hydrophobic properties of this paper could be adjusted by changing the type of acrylate component. It should be noted that the surface modification strategy has no obvious effects on the whiteness (79.8%), writing, and printing properties of the cellulose fibers. Thus, it is a simple, benign, and efficient strategy for the construction of cellulose-based hydrophobic paper, which has great potential to be used in paper tableware, oil-water separation, watercolor protection, and food packaging fields.

Morphological, physical, thermal, and mechanical properties with the aspect ratio effects of bio loose-fill packaging from corn stalk

Protective packaging, such as loose-fill material, is commonly used for void filling in packages during transportation and handling. Due to environment concerns about packaging materials, alternative materials derived from agricultural residues, such as corn stalks (CS), are of attention. Dried internodal CS without rind (DCS-R) were prepared as a cylindrical-shaped bio loose-fill packaging pieces (DCS-RP) at three different aspect ratios [length/diameter (L/D) of 0.4, 0.8, and 1.2]. The morphological, physical, and thermal properties of the DCS-RP were investigated and the effect of the L/D ratio of the DCS-RP was examined under compression loading. The DCS-RP exhibited a porous structure with a low density and bulk density, while the packing efficiency at all L/D ratios was less than 1. Different compressive resistance and failure patterns of the DCS-RP were obtained, depending on the direction of compression loading (parallel and perpendicular) to the DCS-RP. In addition, the L/D ratio of bulk DCS-RP also affected the compressive resistance. The results of this study provide important information for future investigations on the protective ability of DCS-RP to the products inside the packages during transportation and handling.

Reduction of the microbial load in meat maturation rooms with and without alkaline electrolyzed water fumigation.

Dry aging is a process during which meat is stored within maturation chambers at low temperatures and low relative humidity, resulting in improved tenderness and flavor development. The cuts are exposed to the atmosphere by hanging them or setting them on racks in the maturation chamber without any protective packaging. Animals and humans are usually the major sources of bacterial food contamination in the meat industry, but other routes might be involved. Therefore, procedures to reduce or eliminate pathogens from surfaces are crucial for an effective hazard analysis critical control point program in the food industry and other environments. This study aimed to assess the survival of Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Staphylococcus aureus on the inner surface of dry aging chambers. Moreover, we tested the efficacy of alkaline electrolyzed water (REW) for its application within a procedure aimed at reducing foodborne pathogens during meat storage. Environmental conditions inside the dry aging cabinet determine a reduction of circa 3 log CFU/cm2 of the considered microorganisms on the inner surface in 24 hours. Additionally, the nebulization of REW with the smoking system increased the count reduction in 24 hours due to environmental conditions for L. monocytogenes (~1 log CFU/cm2) and for S. aureus (~2 log CFU/cm2). In this context, the use of REW can be justified for routine cleaning procedures of the surfaces, with the added value of being safe to handle, not containing environmental pollutants, and making it unnecessary to rinse surfaces due to its instability.

Sustainable polylactide materials with the function of blocking a specific wavelength of light based on aloe-emodin

Polylactide, a biodegradable polymer, can alleviate white pollution, but the use of polylactide in food packaging is limited by high transmittance to light with a specific wavelength, UV (185–400 nm) and short-wavelength visible (400–500 nm) light. Herein, the polylactide end-capped with renewable light absorber aloe-emodin (PLA-En), is blended with commercial polylactide (PLA) to fabricate the polylactide film with the function of blocking light with a specific wavelength, PLA/PLA-En film. Only 40 % of light around 287 and 430 nm transmits through PLA/PLA-En film incorporating 3 mass% of PLA-En, while the film still maintains good mechanical properties and high transparency more than 90 % at 660 nm because of the good compatibility with PLA. The PLA/PLA-En film exhibits stable light-blocking properties under light irradiation and anti-solvent migration under the immersion of fat simulant. Almost no PLA-En migrated out of the film with the molecular weight of PLA-En only 2.89 × 104 g/mol. Compared with PLA film and commercial PE plastic wrap, the designed PLA/PLA-En film exhibits a better preservative effect on riboflavin and milk for inhibiting the production of 1O2. This study offers a green strategy for developing UV and short-wavelength light protective food package film based on renewable resource.

Metaheuristic inverse analysis on interfacial mechanics of distributed fiber optic sensors undergoing interfacial debonding

Distributed fiber optic sensors with protective packages have shown unique capabilities in measuring strain and crack distributions for structural health monitoring. However, the mechanics at the fiber-package interface remain unclear when debonding occurs. This paper investigates the interfacial mechanics for distributed fiber optic sensors undergoing debonding through mechanical analysis and metaheuristic-based inverse analysis. First, the governing equation of the interfacial mechanics is established and solved with assistance from metaheuristic-based inverse analysis on the interfacial properties of fiber optic cables. Then, experiments were conducted to validate the analysis results by measuring the strain distributions in distributed fiber optic sensors based on optical frequency domain reflectometry. The results showed that the proposed approach accurately quantified the interfacial mechanics, interfacial properties, strain transfer, and debonding behavior in distributed fiber optic sensors. This research advances the fundamental understandings of the sensing mechanisms of distributed fiber optic sensors undergoing inelastic behaviors for structural health monitoring.