Protection Of Territory Research Articles

The Sovereignty of the Air Space and Its Protection in the Perspective of International Law: Some Aliens Intervention in Southeast Asian Countries

State sovereignty in international law is not a solution, in the international world as a legal entity that acts as a subject of international law. This also happens between one country or another, which can then be announced the deeds agreed to by each country are not appropriate, because they must be approved by the deeds of other countries or we can call it the Relativity of State.There are three thoughts in understanding the concept of state sovereignty over developing air space. The first is that air space cannot be used or used by anyone because in principle, the state does not have sovereignty. Secondly, special rights such as freedom of air that do not limit the height of the airspace boundary are obtained by the State of the Netherlands. And finally, the principle that the state has freedom of airspace, but there is a territory or territorial zone that gives certain rights to the under the state that can be implemented. This research has the purpose of being able to know and analyze how the regulation and accountability of the state in an effort to protect and maintain the country's sovereignty over air space viewed from the perspective of international law. The research method used in this study is the normative juridical library method, where this normative juridical research is a study using literature with primary data such as laws and regulations, the scientific work of scholars, as well as from several books. Then it will be explained or described in a deductive description supported by literature study. Based on the results of research and discussion, we can find out that the thinking on the concept of state sovereignty territory starts from the three theoretical ideas mentioned earlier. Then put together in international agreements as stated in the 1944 Chicago International Civil Aviation Convention especially the definition of state sovereignty over air space, paragraph 1 which reads "the contracting states recognize that every state has complication and exclusive sovereignty over the airspace above its territory". The state is fully responsible for the maintenance and protection of the country's sovereign territory over air space.

An Explainable Evolving Fuzzy Neural Network to Predict the k Barriers for Intrusion Detection Using a Wireless Sensor Network.

Evolving fuzzy neural networks have the adaptive capacity to solve complex problems by interpreting them. This is due to the fact that this type of approach provides valuable insights that facilitate understanding the behavior of the problem being analyzed, because they can extract knowledge from a set of investigated data. Thus, this work proposes applying an evolving fuzzy neural network capable of solving data stream regression problems with considerable interpretability. The dataset is based on a necessary prediction of k barriers with wireless sensors to identify unauthorized persons entering a protected territory. Our method was empirically compared with state-of-the-art evolving methods, showing significantly lower RMSE values for separate test data sets and also lower accumulated mean absolute errors (MAEs) when evaluating the methods in a stream-based interleaved-predict-and-then-update procedure. In addition, the model could offer relevant information in terms of interpretable fuzzy rules, allowing an explainable evaluation of the regression problems contained in the data streams.

Editorial Introduction

Editorial Introduction

РОЛЬ ОРГАНІВ ЕКОЛОГІЧНОГО КОНТРОЛЮ У ФІКСАЦІЇ ВОЄННИХ ЗЛОЧИНІВ ПРОТИ ДОВКІЛЛЯ НА ТЕРИТОРІЇ УКРАЇНИ

The article is devoted to the study of the role of environmental control bodies in recording war crimes against the environment in Ukraine and calculating damage, which will help Ukraine properly submit a case to the International Court of Justice to obtain reparations from the Russian Federation to restore the environment. The article analyzes the powers of the State Environmental Inspectorate of Ukraine in martial law as well as features of the Operational Headquarters at the State Environmental Inspectorate of Ukraine, created to ensure the formation of a list of all violations in the field of environmental protection and to help bring the Russian Federation to justice for environmental damage in Ukraine. The current issues in the recording of war crimes against the environment, which require both legislative and organizational solutions, are identified, including the following: improvement of the existing methodology for calculating environmental damage caused to the environment as a result of hostilities; inclusion in the calculation of environmental damage caused to the environment as a result of hostilities, loss of the ability of the environment to provide ecosystem services; features of international cooperation in the protection of territories in the framework of active hostilities under the protection of international conventions. It is proved that the amount of damage due to the loss of the ability of the environment to provide goods and services (ecosystem services) should be taken into account when calculating environmental damage. The need for international cooperation of Ukraine, in particular with the Secretariat of the Ramsar Convention on the territories of wetlands under occupation, is substantiated by the fact that such a cooperation can help to obtain data from satellites concerning the current situation of wetlands to capture environmental changes that could be caused by activities of Russian Federation on the occupied territories. In view of the case law of the International Court of Justice, it is proposed to amend the bylaws on the calculation of environmental damage, taking into account the damage caused by the loss of the ability of the environment to provide ecosystem services. Ukraine is currently developing a legal framework that will contribute to the formation of a list of all violations in the field of environmental protection in connection with the armed aggression of the Russian Federation and a full calculation of environmental damage in Ukraine.

History of Amalgamation of Northern and Southern Protectorates of Nigeria

This paper discusses the History Of Amalgamation Of Northern And Southern Protectorates. This research work will be divided into various parts. Firstly, we shall start with preliminary definition of terms. According to Chambers Everyday Dictionary, Legal means “pertaining to”, according to law, “lawful”. Regime means administration amalgamation means “the blending of different things a close union”.1 According to Price, “colonies are territories which has been acquired by the Crown either by settlement, by cession, by purchase or by conquest, and were thus Crown property in which British authority was unassailable in domestic and international law. Nwabueze contends: that the effect of annexation of territory is to divest the sovereign of the territory so annexed of his sovereignty and to transfer it to the British Crown who then becomes the new sovereign of the colony with unlimited powers of Government and a complete dominion over its territory, the inhabitants of which becomes the Crown subjects. A protectorate on the other band implies primarily jurisdiction over the external affairs of the protected territory.

Challenges for sustainable regional development in Russia after the constitutional reform 2020.

Equilibrium of centralization and decentralization is one of the sustainable development drivers for regions in federal countries. The constitutional reform 2020 in Russia was an important political development relevant both for Russia and international discussion. Constitutional amendments made an important contribution to the center-region relations promising to understand better the needs of regions by means of State Council and introducing new actors - federal territories, initially meant for better ecological protection of certain territories. The study allows to conclude that the representation of regions in legislative power is diminished after the reform 2020, but the upgraded State Council opens new opportunities for better center-region communications. Another finding is that the new constitutional phenomenon “federal territories” is unclear and not aimed for ecological needs. It is likely to cause unjustified inequalities in redistributions of finance and revenues between the territories in Russia. Spontaneous creation of federal territories is likely to cause uncertainties in the sustainable development of regions.

Construction of ecological security pattern in national land space from the perspective of the community of life in mountain, water, forest, field, lake and grass: A case study in Guangxi Hechi, China

Under the influence of global ecosystem changes, the coordinated development of all natural elements has become a top priority in maintaining ecological security. In this context, China has put forward the concept of “mountain, water, forest, field, lake and grass as a community of life”, with a systemic thinking and holistic concept to promote spatial protection and restoration of the national territory. This study uses the logical line of “Diagnosing the all-natural elements base - Guarding the natural security boundaries- Integrated conservation and restoration of natural elements” to comprehensively construct a spatial ecological security pattern in the typical karst area of Hechi, China. We extract ecological sources based on ecosystem service functions and ecological sensitivity. And then considering the effects of both habitat quality and anthropogenic activities to construct ecological resistance surface. The key ecological elements such as ecological corridors, pinch points and barriers are identified according to circuit theory, and the ecological conservation and restoration pattern of mountain, water, forest, field, lake and grass is optimized on the basis of the ecological security pattern, identifies priority areas for protection and restoration, delineates ecological control zones and proposes zoning strategies for ecological control. The study shows that there were 22 ecological sources in Hechi, covering an area of 4886.40 km2, accounting for 14.59% of the study area, mainly distributed in areas with higher habitat quality, such as the west and south; Using 7000 as the cumulative resistance threshold, 34 ecological corridors were identified with an area of 1873.19 km2, radiating in a spider web pattern across the whole area; 32 pinch points, mostly concentrated in the northeastern region, and identified barriers covering an area of 1,966.91 km2, which is the focus of future restoration. And constructed the ecological conservation and restoration pattern of “three axis, five belts, six zones and multiple cores”. The results of the study can provide scientific guidance for the protection of ecological security in the ecologically fragile areas of karst and the comprehensive restoration and management of regional ecosystems, which are of great significance for the sustainable development of global ecosystems.

Application Studies for the Implementation of the Sustainability Charter in the Metropolitan City of Genoa

Starting from Agenda 2030 and existing tools in the field of sustainability, this research defines the guidelines for a new Sustainability Charter created for a metropolitan-level city. These guidelines are then applied to the case study of the metropolitan city of Genoa. The paper reports, therefore, application studies for the implementation of the Sustainability Charter in the metropolitan city of Genoa. Funded by the Ministry of the Environment and the Protection of Territory and Sea, the Sustainability Charter of the Metropolitan City of Genoa, which we present here, is developed as part of “Agenda 2030, the Sustainable Metropolitan Agenda of the Metropolitan City of Genoa: moving towards sustainable metropolitan spaces”. This research has led to the implementation of a concrete product the entire citizenship can benefit from. The new proposed tool is oriented towards the application of sustainability in urban planning and management in order to reduce environmental impacts and promote a proper and better quality of life: a driving force for sustainable urban development. Sustainability as a tool to safeguard the cultural and environmental heritage and the economic system, which can represent a new opportunity for the development of competitiveness, innovation and employment.

CONTRIBUTION OF PRIVATE LANDS TO BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION OF LATVIA. CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES

INTRODUCTION
 A significant amount of biodiversity occurs on private lands of Latvia. About 88% of grassland habitats and 19% of forest habitats of EU importance are located on private properties. Most of the biodiversity values are located outside the Natura 2000 network and other types of protected areas. In order to reach biodiversity conservation goals of the European Union and Latvia, it is important to integrate private lands into nature conservation strategies as well. There are different mechanisms in Latvia available for biodiversity conservation on private land: protected nature territories; micro-reserves; general legal requirements of nature protection; support payments under the Rural Development Programme; tax exemptions for landowners in protected areas, and others. Economic restrictions related to biodiversity conservation measures also tend to create tension in society and cause socio-economic conflicts that might influence the success of reaching biodiversity goals.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 In order to explore private landowners’ attitudes towards biodiversity conservation measures on their land, a literature review was carried out including the analysis of research articles, reports of projects, reports of landowner surveys, and others. Only studies from Baltic Sea region countries were reviewed, selecting 18 articles and reports analysing factors influencing landowners’ attitudes towards biodiversity conservation on private lands. Identified factors and conservation approaches in other countries were analysed in the context of nature conservation system of Latvia, discussing the possible improvements of existing conservation strategies.
 RESULTS
 Private landowners are a very heterogeneous community, with various attitudes towards biodiversity conservation measures. There are many factors influencing landowners’ attitudes regarding biodiversity conservation on private lands, e.g., property size, field of education and education level, general conservation values of the landowner, income proportion from land management, and others. In general, landowners of Latvia support biodiversity conservation measures on private land; however, they are concerned about possible related restrictions on economic activity and the respecting of their rights to own property. Landowners highlight the importance of effective compensation mechanisms, respectful communication with environmental institutions, and landowners’ participation in conservation related decision-making.
 DISCUSSION
 In the process of searching for improvements of biodiversity conservation strategies, it is important to take into account the needs and concerns of private landowners. According to analysis, there is a potential and demand for voluntary biodiversity conservation mechanisms in Latvia, which could complement the existing (regulatory) biodiversity conservation strategies. Significant proportion of landowners would be ready to take an active part in the biodiversity conservation process if an effective support system (consultative and financial) were provided.

MANAGEMENT OF LANDSCAPES WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF NATURE PROTECTION

INTRODUCTION
 In Latvia, the most important landscape areas and sites have historically been included in various categories of specially protected nature territories (SPNT). This approach is also established in the regulatory framework. According to the law “On Specially Protected Nature Territories”, the common goal of protected territories is to include the protection and conservation of unique, beautiful and Latvian-characteristic landscapes. However, only half of the eight identified categories of protected territories – national parks, biosphere reserve, nature parks and protected landscape areas – take landscape-related aspects into consideration. Practically all of these specially protected nature areas were also included in the network of Natura 2000 sites, the main purpose of which is to ensure the protection of protected biotopes and specially protected species habitats. To assess issues of whether nature conservation creates synergies with landscape management and to what extent, we performed quantitative and qualitative data analysis.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 The calculation uses data from the European Environment Agency's NATURA 2000 database for these areas – (SPNT area) and biotopes (the area of protected habitats). For the map display of the proportion of specially protected nature areas and the included protected biotopes, ArcGIS mapping software was used. The spatial data layers on SPNT’s are derived from the nature data management system OZOLS. Likewise, an analysis of the long-term protection targets of SPNT’s has been carried out by summarising the keywords therein. The descriptive words are displayed with text visualisation tools that illustrate the words according to their frequency of mention.
 RESULTS
 The proportion of protected biotopes is determined for all 55 landscape-related SPNT’s in line with the law “On Specially Protected Nature Territories” (4 national parks, 42 nature parks, and 9 protected landscape areas). The average proportion of protected biotopes in the landscape-related SPNT’s is 21%; however, its range is very wide – from 5% to 98%. When assessing the proportion of protected biotopes by SPNT category, there are no significant differences between nature parks, national parks and protected landscape areas – the proportion of protected biotopes varies from 20% in nature parks to 23% in protected landscape areas. The most frequently mentioned descriptive word in the long-term protection targets of SPNT’s is biotope protection, while in one fifth of the considered SPNT’s, the long-term protection targets don’t even include landscape-related aspects.
 DISCUSSION
 The study results revealed the different approach to defining SPNT’s in Latvia, the individual non-conformities in relation to the regulatory framework, as well as a number of challenges to landscape management. The analysis of nature conservation targets shows that the main emphasis is on the protection of habitats and species; however, landscape-related aspects are also defined generally. Characteristics such as socio-economic development, recreation, cultural and historical heritage, landscape values, tourism, nature education are mentioned. In the context of landscapes, the long-term goals most often mention cultural and historical heritage, landscape conservation, landscape structure and aesthetic value; however, these goals are general, mostly only detecting that the site has a landscape value and expressing the need to preserve it. The performed analysis of the targets and the relatively small proportion of biotopes in the Natura 2000 areas indicate that the ecological network in Latvia should be improved, not only by specifying the protected areas, but also by a more targeted separation of conditions for nature protection and for landscape management in the regulatory framework. In particular, in view of the fact that landscape management in Latvia is primarily implemented through spatial planning.

РАЗВИТИЕ ЗАПОВЕДНЫХ ТЕРРИТОРИЙ В РОССИИ В XVI–XXI ВВ.

The development of the reserve management and studies is considered in a historical retrospective from the 16th century to the present. The study of archival sources and studies of allied researchers (geographers, historians, biologists, ecologists, specialists in the field of conservation), it was reveals that the development of protected areas in Russia took place in five stages. At the first stage (XVI-XVII centuries), the formation of a general idea of the value of untouched natural complexes is considered, which is associated with the spiritual and religious conservation of territories. At the second stage (the end of the 19th -beginning of the 20th centuries), the organization and formation of the first nature reserves are being studied. At the third stage (the middle of the 20th century - the Great Patriotic War and the post-war period) is studied the functioning of the reserves, which took place under the conditions of their mass liquidation in the war and post-war period. The fourth stage (the end of the 20th century) can be characterized as the final formation of the reserve management and studies as a unique system of reserves in Russia, the features of this stage are being studied. At the fifth stage (the beginning of the 21st century to the present), the development of reserves is considered from the side of updating the conservation of natural complexes, as well as the promotion of ecological tourism through the formation of scientific and tourist-recreational clusters on the basis of protected areas and adjacent territories.

Právní úprava ochrany volně žijících živočichů

This article contains the main conclusions of a dissertation on legal regulation of wild animal protection, which was written within a doctoral study at the Faculty of Law, Charles University (Department of Environmental Law). The main goal of the dissertation was to comprehensively describe and analyse the legal regulation in detail, including its current legislative development, and to process a complete set of the international, EU, and Czech legal regulation in the field of wild animal protection. Wild animals are protected within the biodiversity protection and nature and landscape conservation, which can be divided into territorial and species protection, when this article focuses mainly on the species one. The article consists of three main parts, which focus on the international, European Union and Czech legal regulation. The text of the article was completed on 15 October 2021.

Characteristics and optimization strategies of territorial space zone in Fujian Province, China based on carbon neutrality.

Under the background of urban low-carbon transformation, a study on regionalization can provide a refe-rence for achieving optimization of territorial protection and high-quality development. We examined carbon emission and spatial differentiation characteristics of land use in 79 counties of Fujian Province. From the perspective of carbon neutral, reasonable division of region of Fujian Province was gotten after a comprehensive evaluation combined with economy contributive coefficient of carbon emission, ecological support coefficient of carbon absorption and priority function zoning. Then, we proposed the low-carbon optimization strategy for differentiated land space. The results showed that the total carbon emission in Fujian Province was 62.0416 million t and the total carbon absorption was 49.0971 million t in 2017, indicating that Fujian was at a state of carbon deficit. The spatial distribution of carbon emission and carbon absorption was opposite from coastal to inland. The six territorial space zones were low-carbon development-ecological function zone, low-carbon development-main producing area of agricultural products zone, low-carbon development-urban optimization zone, carbon sink function-main producing area of agricultural products zone, carbon intensity control-urban optimization zone, and high-carbon optimization-urban optimization zone. We proposed the corresponding low-carbon optimization strategies of territorial space for each zone.

The Problems of Lithuanian Landscape in the Context of Sustainable Development

The landscape of any country is the reflection of territorial expression of its socio-economical and ecological processes. Several problems regarding Lithuania’s landscape could be distinguished: a) problems of land parcels; b) problems of forests; c) problems of protected territories and natural frameworks; d) problems of Curonian spit; e) problems of coastal sands. Self contained renaturalization of Lithuanian landscape, implementation of programs from the strategic documents of the government and active participation of local communities, could lead to at least partial restoration of the impoverished Lithuanian landscape and increase of its stability.

Эволюция правил и судейства спортивных соревнований по киргизской национальной спортивной борьбе куреш

Research relevance: article discusses problems in evolution of rules and refereeing of sports competitions in Kyrgyz national wrestling kuresh in connection with the Kyrgyz people folk physical culture, in which the Kyrgyz richest folk art should be mentioned. Research objectives: to determine functions and problems in evolution of rules and refereeing at sports competitions in the Kyrgyz national sports wrestling kuresh. Research materials and methods: analysis of rules, circumstances and recommendations from organizations during sports competitions in national wrestling kuresh. Research results: physical exercises have become a necessary and more effective preparation of student youth for social activities (protection of territories and population from foreigners, physical labor associated with the extraction of food, preparing the younger generation for work and protection in difficult climatic and geographical conditions, change of residence, etc.). Conclusions: competitive process and objective refereeing of sports competitions opened the way to sports glory, violating objective and subjective obstacles.

PSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII (MIRB.) FRANCO ON PROTECTED AREAS OF UKRAINIAN POLISSYA

In Europe, including Ukraine, a serious consideration is given to Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, as a prospective species for the creation of various types of plantations. The use of this tree species in plantations looks advantageous. The species composition of rare exotic arboreal plants, including P. menziesii, their representation and state of preservation were studied in the protected territories of the Steppe, Forest Steppe, and Ukrainian Polissya. Presently, it is relevant to study the age-class composition, quantitative and qualitative characteristics of P. menziesii, species condition and representation in various types of plantings in the protected areas of Ukrainian Polissya. The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution, status, biometric indicators, and age-class distribution of P. menziesii in the protected areas of the Ukrainian Polissya. Three research methods were utilized: field (route), analytical, and comparative analysis. In the Ukrainian Polissya, P. menziesii was first introduced in Vozdvizhenskyi Garden Art Park Monument (PMLA) in 1903. Mass introduction of the species into reserves in most locations took place in the 1960-70s. Among the areas that accepted introductions, 53.3% were concentrated in Volyn Polissya, 26.7% in Zhytomyr Polissya, and 20% in Novhorod-Siverskyi Polissya. The results of our research revealed that P. menziesii grew in 14 protected areas in groups, strip plantations, and as a single tree (a total of 107 specimens were found, of which 17% were P. menziesii var. glauca (Beissn) Franco). In the Radomska Dacha reserve district, P. menziesii plantation was created. In the age-class distribution, 53% of trees fell into 41-60-year-old category, with age categories of 1-40 and 61-80-year-old containing 33% and 7% of trees, respectively. P. menziesii produced viable seeds in 14 locations (seed production score varied between 2 and 5 at the maximum score of 5). In one other location trees did not produce seeds because reproductive age was not reached. Three locations were characterized by viable natural regeneration in the amount of 2 specimens per 1 m2 . Among seedlings, 83.2% were in good condition. The obtained results could be used to compare quantitative and qualitative indicators of P. menziesii in various types of plantations created in the Forest-Steppe and Steppe, representing the deciduous forests of Ukraine belt.

ГОРЕЧАВКА ЛЕЖАЧАЯ GENTIANA DECUMBENS L. FIL. (GENTIANACEAE) – РЕДКИЙ РЕЛИКТОВЫЙ ВИД ФЛОРЫ ЮЖНОГО УРАЛА

The article presents a review of data on the rare Pleistocene relict species of the Siberian origin of the flora of the South Ural – Gentiana decumbens L. fil. (Gentianaceae Juss.). The species is included in the third edition of the Red Data Book of the Republic of Bashkortostan (RB) [2021] in the conservation status: category 2 – a species that is declining in abundance and/or distribution; vulnerable species (VU); II priority (Bashkir Trans-Urals). In the RB there is an isolated relict fragment of the range of G. decumbens on the eastern slope of the Southen Urals – in the Baymak district. Currently, 10 locations of the species are known. The known populations of the species are small, fragmented, which makes the species vulnerable. Populations are subject to negative anthropogenic and natural influences, to which the species is weakly resistant. Only one population of G. decumbens has territorial protection, which is located within the limits of the botanical natural monument "The population of Allium hymenorhizum near Bogachevo village" in the Baymak district. The necessity of a set of additional measures for the protection of G. decumbens in situ and ex situ is substantiated.

Agroecology and communal innovation: LabCampesino, a pedagogical experience from the rural youth in Sumapaz Colombia

In Colombia, rural youth face multiple challenges and social gaps, so the main option is to leave rural areas and migrate to urban environments in search of better living conditions. Instigating collective processes that enhance prospects for rural permanence is crucial. The research gap that we face in this article is the limitation of research in knowledge co-creation dynamics based on the Citizen-Labs framework in rural environments located in the Global South. This article presents the systematisation of a LabCampesino, a space aimed at collaborative creating innovations for territorial management and alternatives to development from the rural youth in the Colombian countryside, as a new theoretical and methodological framework to examine knowledge generation. By applying a case study approach, this article explores the axes of agroecology, co-creation, and community organisation from a transdisciplinary and participatory action research lens. For this, sessions on exploration, experimentation, and prototyping were created in the province of Sumapaz, which led to learning around technologies and knowledge dialogue practices for the protection and reconstruction of peasant territories. The results demonstrate that the young participants can build, document and disseminate innovations at the community level related to situated technologies, processes and reflections on local socio-ecological processes. Thus, rural laboratories make possible practical, experimental, and situated rural education as a communal innovation experience in the territory, hand in hand with agroecological dynamics and political and social organisation, becoming places of articulation and advocacy for territorial actors and interests that seek a transformation of rurality.

ЗОВНІШНЯ ПОЛІТИКА КАНАДИ НА СУЧАСНОМУ ЕТАПІ: ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ВЗАЄМОДІЇ З КЛЮЧОВИМИ ПАРТНЕРАМИ

Ключові слова: Канада, зовнішня політика, США, Велика Британія, Мексика, СUSMA. The article is devoted to the comprehensive research of foreign policy of Canada at the modern stage. The article is aimed to research and analyze the peculiarities of the realization of foreign policy of Canada. In this article, the authors consider the main features of Canada’s foreign policy at the current stage, taking into account new reality. The authors focus on the main aspects of Canada’s foreign policy, namely the explanation of the concept of the “middle power”, usage of “soft power”, and relations with the United States, Mexico, and Great Britain. Canada-US relations as one of the most prominent are analyzed from the economic and security points of view. It is shown that these two countries maintain close relations in these spheres through the system of bilateral agreements and partnerships. Also, Canada and the USA have a special security program, aimed at the protection of aerospace territory. CanadaUK relations are characterized as constantly developing. Canada-Mexico relations are based on both bilateral and multilateral agreements, such as CUSMA, and bilateral agreements. Cooperation with Mexico plays an important role in Canadian foreign politics. In relations with the United States and Mexico, CUSMA (Canada-United StatesMexico) agreement plays an important role, which forms the basis of economic relations between these countries at the current stage. In relations with Great Britain, the Agreement on Continuity of Trade between Canada and Great Britain plays an important role. Canada’s interaction with mentioned countries in international agreements and joint projects is also highlighted in the article. Particular attention is paid to Canada’s participation in international organizations, namely NATO and the United Nations, and Canada's role in the activities of these organizations. As an active member of both these international organizations, Canada is actively involved in special activities devoted to helping those countries, that are suffering due to different reasons, or promoting ideas of peace and stability in regions, that are in or after the conflict period.

Territorial nature protection system of Siberia and Mongolia

The large territory, including Mongolia and Russian Siberia, discussed in the article, has similarities in physical, geographical, and socio-demographic parameters, as well as the attitude to them as "resource colonies". But these Siberian and Mongolian components differ significantly politically, which affects their institutional and managerial characteristics, which in turn affects the process of forming the structure of territorial nature protection. The article analyses the existing systems of protected areas in Siberia and Mongolia, their structure, and legislative bases. In this study, Siberia is considered within the boundaries of the natural geographic territory between the Urals and the Far East and includes 14 regions of Russia. Of these, the Siberian Federal District includes the Altai Republic, Altai Krai, Irkutsk Oblast, Kemerovo Oblast, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Novosibirsk Oblast, Omsk Oblast, Tomsk Oblast, Tuva Republic, Khakassia Republic. The Far Eastern Federal District includes the Buryatia Republic, the Trans-Baikal Krai, Sakha (Yakutia) Republic; the Tyumen Oblast is located in the Ural Federal District.