Protection Of Territory Research Articles

Recognition of protected areas as legal entities as a way to stop protected area genocide

The definition of protected areas as legal entities is not defined at the legislative level, which significantly reduces the range of tools for protecting the corresponding territories from abuses and loopholes in the current legislation regarding the scope and methods of utilizing their natural potential. The study focuses on an analysis of the concept of the “legal personality” of protected areas in Ukraine, considering the requirements of current legislation to address the restoration and protection of the rights of the protected areas through judicial and extrajudicial procedures. For a comprehensive analysis of market dynamics with minimal variations between studies, a quantitative literature review, including meta-analysis, was conducted. The main directions of post-war market revival were identified and the feasibility of adapting these strategies to the Ukrainian economy was evaluated using a comparative method. The research asserts that granting legal personality status to protected areas would contribute to the protection of their rights, as it would enable their identification as independent participants in economic relations and provide them with the necessary mechanisms to protect their territories. The necessity of introducing the concept of “legal personality” at the legislative level for protected areas is substantiated, which would not only help identify the most violated rights of protected areas but also promote increased investments in this sector. The practical significance of the study is determined by recommendations regarding the legitimizing protected areas as legal entities and having a clear normative and legal basis would ensure the establishment of a transparent form of judicial and extrajudicial protection and restoration of violated rights of protected territories.

Impact of Major Function-Oriented Zone Planning on Spatial and Temporal Evolution of “Three Zone Space” in China

Major function-oriented zone (MFOZ) planning is an important blueprint for the spatial development and protection of the Chinese national territory. The “Three Zone Space” (TZS) perspective, including agricultural space, ecological space, and urban space, is an important principle and method for the transformation and diffusion of MFOZ planning to implement territory planning from the central government to local branches. More than ten years have passed since the release of the MFOZ plan in 2010 in China, but there is still a lack of comprehensive and systematic analysis of the dynamic characteristics of the TZS under the impact of MFOZ planning. Therefore, based on high-resolution remote sensing land use data from 2010 to 2020, this paper systematically analyzes the changing characteristics of the TZS on the national scale by reasonably determining TZS areas in China. The main results are as follows: in 2020, the proportions of ecological space, agricultural space, and urban space in China were 78.635%, 20.083%, and 1.282%, respectively. The TZS areas reflected the spatial pattern of MFOZs in China. From 2010 to 2020, the spatial heterogeneity of the TZS changes was significant. In China, agricultural space and ecological space as a whole showed a decreasing trend, with dynamic degrees of −0.05% and −0.04%, respectively, while urban space showed a significant expansion trend, with a dynamic degree of 4.69%. The temporal change processes of the TZS in the periods of 2010–2015 and 2015–2020 were noticeably different. The agricultural space first showed an increasing trend and then a decreasing trend. The ecological space showed a decreasing trend in the two periods, while the urban space showed a significant expansion trend in the two periods. From 2010 to 2020, the urban spatial structure of the optimized development zones tended to be stable, and the ecological space reduction in the key ecological function zones has gradually been curbed, but the agricultural space in the main agricultural production zones has shown a slight decline. On the whole, the dynamic changes in the TZS from 2010 to 2020 in China are basically in line with the governance objectives of territorial space. The reasonable allocation and development of the “three zone space” is of great significance for protecting the natural and ecological environment.

СТІЙКІСТЬ ҐРУНТОВИХ СПОРУД З УРАХУВАННЯМ ПРОСТОРОВОГО ЕФЕКТУ

Problems of stability of soil structures and the development of landslides, including the Black Sea coast, pose a significant danger to the population and existing buildings and structures. The development of landslides and landslide-prone slopes requires careful and detailed study, the results of which should be the basis for the implementation of measures for engineering protection of territories, taken into account in the design and construction of new facilities. When calculating the stability of slopes, there is a difference in the calculated values of the coefficients of stability in two-dimensional and three-dimensional problem statements. Analysis of the research indicates the need to take into account the influence of topographic conditions of the entire slope when calculating it in two-dimensional schemes within the designated areas. Determination of the coefficient of stability can be carried out by both analytical and graph-analytical methods. In most cases, the calculation of the stability of slopes and escarpment and the determination of the coefficient of stability is performed for two-dimensional sections constructed on lines that coincide with the most probable direction of shift of the shear body. The most common methods used in calculating the stability of slopes in a two-dimensional problem statement are the most used because of their simplicity, but these methods are based on the acceptance of some assumptions described above. Based on the analysis of a number of works on two-dimensional and three-dimensional modeling of soil slopes, it is shown that the assessment of the stability of landslides is a complex, responsible and poorly studied task. Performing calculations of soil slopes in the three-dimensional formulation of the problem gives results close to reality, in contrast to the results obtained by conventional and common engineering methods for two-dimensional schemes. This is due to the fact that the three-dimensional formulation of the problem takes into account the combination of engineering and geological conditions of the entire slope. Three-dimensional modeling of soil slopes also allows taking into account factors that have a significant impact on stability, which cannot be taken into account in two-dimensional modeling (features of topography, the presence of trimming slopes, ravines, point structures, etc.).

Application of Geo-Positioning and Monitoring Technologies for Blocking and Extinguishing Fires in Steppe and Grain Areas

Introduction. The relevance of this study is determined by the increasing need to ensure reliable protection of steppe and agricultural territories from possible fires with the help of innovative monitoring methods, the use of fire equipment, fire water supply systems and modern fire extinguishing means. Despite the introduction of new, modern and safe for the environment and people technical solutions aimed at preventing and extinguishing fires, there is still a need to improve the technologies used in the field of fire safety, which is a serious problem for the country. The work objective is to assess the technical feasibility of effective application of geo-positioning technologies and monitoring based on a set of special devices, model calculation of conditions for reliable fire blocking on steppe and agricultural territories, in particular, in fields with grain areas. Materials and Methods. The main research methods are the analysis of sources of normative-methodological and scientific-technical information, mathematical modeling, extrapolation to computational and graphic materials, physical experiment. Results. The data are presented for the development and implementation in the practical activities of fire departments of new technical solutions and technologies for monitoring and extinguishing steppe fires and fires in grain areas, the creation and development of material, technical, methodological and information base for the system of blocking geoecological fires. Discussion and Conclusion. The analysis of the causes of fires in steppe and agricultural territories allowed us to outline the main methods of their monitoring. Based on the study of prototypes, changes in the technical and layout characteristics of the main elements, a rational solution (know-how) for extinguishing fires in steppe and grain areas is proposed — a tractor-soil-thrower-fire-break maker. At the same time, it is concluded that it is also possible to increase the efficiency of multifunctional tracked or wheeled robotic complexes due to elements of navigation systems (geo-positioning) and monitoring using automatic process control systems.

Биомная дифференциация российской Арктики

The article discusses various aspects of the biome division of the Russian Arctic and its significance for assessing climatic and anthropogenic changes in ecosystems. Different authors base the biome differentiation of the Arctic on the zonal-provincial principle, which takes into account the latitudinal temperature gradient and the meridional gradient of the continentality of the climate. As a result, from 6 to 20 or more biomes are allocated directly for the Russian Arctic to assess conveniently biodiversity, the response of ecosystems to climate change, to form a representative network of protected natural areas, etc. To characterize the climate and biodiversity, the authors use the schemes of biome division of the Russian Arctic, presented on the existing versions of maps of Russian biomes [10; 18]. They give quantitative characteristics of biomes that are important in relation to the regulation of economic activity and optimization of the territorial protection of biota and ecosystems in the Arctic.

Media Representation: Coverage of the Nepali Army's Rescue and Relief Operations


 This paper explores the media representation of the Nepali Army in its efforts of rescue and relief operations at home and abroad. In recent decades, the Nepali Army personnel have been directly involved in multiple public–welfare affairs along with their primary responsibilities of national security and territorial protection. Media representation of the Nepal Army has been examined from the perspective of Stuart Hall's classification of representation of meaning through language works. To unfold the media representation of the Nepali Army in its significant roles and core principles, I have taken a sample of the Nepali mass media content from the coverage of the Sankatmochan rescue and relief operations launched by the Nepal Army in two major national dailies, Kantipur and Nagarik in the aftermath of the 2015 Gorkha earthquake, for a period of a fortnight. The Nepali Army’s effective manoeuvre of the earthquake relief embodies the institution’s relevance in serving the cause of humanity along its core tasks of maintaining security, peace and order at home and abroad. In this paper, the coverage of different activities run by the Nepal Army is characterized as either reflective, intentional or constructionist. Moreover, the content concerning such rescue and relief operations has been contributing to shaping the image of the institution.

MODERN REGULATORY AND ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS TO THE RECONSTRUCTION OF QUARTERS OF MASS HOUSING BUILDING 60-70 RR. LARGE AND MEDIUM CITIES OF UKRAINE

MODERN REGULATORY AND ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS TO THE RECONSTRUCTION OF QUARTERS OF MASS HOUSING BUILDING 60-70 RR. LARGE AND MEDIUM CITIES OF UKRAINE

Assessing Inundation Risks and Protection of Residential Territories in River Floodplains

Assessing Inundation Risks and Protection of Residential Territories in River Floodplains

ОСОБЕННОСТИ СОХРАНЕНИЯ И РАЗВИТИЯ ИСТОРИЧЕСКИХ АРХИТЕКТУРНЫХ КОМПЛЕКСОВ ЖЕЛЕЗНЫХ ДОРОГ

The article considers and analyzes the main features of the formation of architectural ensembles of railways, which determine the principles of their preservation and development. The method of system analysis was applied on the materials of archival and bibliographic sources, field studies, legal acts and project documentation in the field of state protection of cultural heritage objects. 
 The main historical stages of the construction of railways and their types - mainline, suburban, urban were studied. The connection of historical stages and types of railways with the principles of station placement is revealed. The main types of station placement are identified - in existing settlements or in previously uninhabited areas, which determine their object composition and protection features - as mono-complexes or polycentric complexes at various urban planning levels - a separate object, a station complex, a set of railway stations. It has been established that the main basic characteristic of railway stations, which determine their historical and cultural value, especially in small towns, is the complexity of their development. At the same time, the most common type of development is based on standard projects, in connection with which each building separately does not have an independent historical and cultural value, and it does not seem appropriate to protect individual buildings.
 On the example of the historical station Nyandoma of the Northern Railway, such a tool for the integrated protection and development of historical territories as a place of interest is considered. The principles of the formation of historical railway stations and scientific and methodological issues in the field of their integrated protection and development on the basis of the type of cultural heritage object - a place of interest are established.

An Assessment of the Possibility of Restoration and Protection of Territories Disturbed by Thermokarst in Central Yakutia, Eastern Siberia

Rapid permafrost degradation is observed in northern regions as a result of climate change and expanding economic development. Associated increases in active layer depth lead to thermokarst development, resulting in irregular surface topography. In Central Yakutia, significant areas of the land surface have been deteriorated by thermokarst; however, no mitigation or land rehabilitation efforts are undertaken. This paper presents the results of numerical modeling of the thermal response of permafrost to changes in the active layer hydrothermal regime using field data from the village of Amga, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), and mathematical analysis. The results suggest that restoring a thick ice-enriched layer will require increasing the pre-winter soil moisture contents in order to increase the effective heat capacity of the active layer. Snow removal or compaction during the winter is recommended to maximize permafrost cooling. The thickness of the restored transition layer varies from 0.3 to 1.3 m depending on soil moisture contents in the active layer. The modeling results demonstrate that damaged lands can be restored through a set of measures to lower the subsurface temperatures. A combination of the insulating layer (forest vegetation) and the high heat capacity layer (transition layer) in the atmosphere–ground system would be more effective in providing stable geocryological conditions.

Проблемы и пути решения вопросов инженерной защиты и восстановления прибрежных нарушенных земель городских территорий

The problems of engineering protection of territories from flooding and flooding by flood waters of rivers are relevant for many regions of Russia, including for the Moscow region, where the project of creating the science town «Big Serpukhov» is being implemented. At the same time, serious obstacles arose related to the flooding of a significant part of the territories of the coastal zones of the Serpukhov region. Here, most of the agricultural land is in a disturbed and degraded state, it needs to be restored using phytomeliorative measures. In order to solve the problems and obstacles that have arisen, scientific programs have been drawn up to study and survey the existing state of all territories and objects of the science city being formed. And also – water bodies (Oka and Nara rivers), which are sources of flooding of coastal areas and settlements. The results of the analysis of materials previously made by the authors of developments and inventions on the engineering protection of coastal territories and objects are presented from the point of view of the possibility of their use in solving the problems of fl ooding the lands of the science city. The developments and inventions that can be effectively used in solving the issues of engineering protection and environmental arrangement of the flooded territories of the science city are briefly demonstrated. The results of preliminary studies confirm the high efficiency and manufacturability of the use of bioengineering systems for the protection and development of coastal zones. The creation and implementation of bioengineering systems based on natural and safe artifi cial materials will reduce the material costs of construction and will contribute to the restoration of water protection and other disturbed zones in compliance with environmental requirements. A preliminary assessment of the impact of the dam on the Nara River in a hydrodynamic accident on the parameters of the fl ood zone in the left-bank part of the clusters and districts of Serpukhov showed that in the implementation of the most likely accident scenario, the emergency situation may be local in terms of material damage and municipal in terms of territoriality.

Training of landscape gardening specialists in the french higher education system

The paper deals the issue of training future specialists in gardening and park management in higher education institutions in France. It is established that the training of these specialists is carried out in institutions of various types, which are integrated into the general system of educational institutions. The main features of training of future specialists in landscape gardening in French higher education institutions are determined: constant development of an extensive and differentiated system of educational institutions; practical and constant interconnection and mutual influence between all levels of education, including professional development; autonomy of educational institutions within the framework of national, regional and local educational programmes; innovation in the educational process and professionalisation of future specialists. Higher education in France is aimed at shaping a new vision of the nation and the worldview of young people: innovation and scientific research; environmental protection and agro-ecological development of national territories; highly professional, multidisciplinary and demanded young specialists in the labour market; integration of scientific and educational achievements into the development of local territories; use of regional potential by combining the efforts of scientific, educational and industrial institutions to develop the country's bioeconomy. Higher agricultural education in France provides training, education of engineers, specialists in landscape architecture and design, specialised personnel, teachers, scientists and veterinarians in 26 higher education institutions: 19 institutions are public and 7 are private. To date, new types of educational institutions have been established and are successfully operating in France, providing multi-level and multi-functional professional training of agricultural engineers that optimally meet the interests of the individual and the staffing needs of enterprises and territorial communities. This helps to increase the competitiveness of their graduates, expand their career opportunities, and ensure stability in their professional activities. As a rule, these are professionals of a polyvalent nature who speak two foreign languages. The trend of improving and expanding the short cycle of professional higher education, as well as alternative (non-formal) agricultural education, which is represented by: apprenticeship (formation par apprentissage); continuing education (formation continue); distance education (formation ouverte et à distance); alternative system of assessment (certification) of professional experience (la Validation des Acquis de l'Expérience, VAE), is quite effective for agricultural education in France.

Социально-исторические аспекты создания и развития учебно-научного комплекса гражданской обороны, защиты населения и территорий

The article reveals historical aspects of creating and developing of the educational-research complex of civil defense, protection of population and territories of State Fire Academy of EMERCOM of Russia, and the educational activity of teachers based on modern trends in scientific and technical progress, development of pedagogical science, and practice.

Assessing Inundation Risks and Protection of Residential Territories in River Floodplains

It is shown that the likely damage caused by inundation of residential areas and objects of higher hazard on river floodplains can be evaluated taking into account the inundation depth. A procedure of constructing inundation probability curves with the use of two-dimensional hydrodynamic models (based on the STREAM 2D CUDA software system (Russia)) and field observation data is considered. Data from hydrological gages in several rivers are used to show that the inundation recurrence curves can be approximated by some logarithmic functions. Formulas for determining the inundation risks of residential areas and integral risk characteristics are derived and substantiated. It is shown that, on the average for the objects considered in the study, the maximal risks correspond to inundation levels with exceedance probability of ~2%, and that the effective protection of residential areas in most cases should by designed for inundation levels with much smaller exceedance probability.

СПЕЦИФИКА ПРАВОВОГО РЕЖИМА ПРИБРЕЖНЫХ ТЕРРИТОРИЙ: ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЙ И ПРАКТИЧЕСКИЙ АСПЕКТЫ

The legal regime of coastal territories adjacent to water bodies is considered. Legislative regulation of the use and protection of land and land plots on coastal territories is analyzed, actual problems of establishment and realization of their legal regime are revealed. The tendencies of changes in environmental, land, water, legislation establishing requirements for the use of coastal territories are highlighted. On the basis of studying the current legislation and materials of prosecutor’s practice the conclusions about necessity of improvement of legal regulation of use and protection of coastal territories are made.

Study of floods on the rivers of the Kaliningrad region at the beginning of 2020 in the absence of snow cover and ice

To develop measures for engineering protection of territories from flooding, it is necessary to identify spatiotemporal patterns in the formation of floods, since they are the cause of devastating floods in recent years. The paper presents the results of an analysis of flood phenomena on the rivers of the Kaliningrad region at the beginning of 2020. An array of observational data on daily water flows in rivers was processed, and the main components of the water balance of river basins were assessed by month (amount of precipitation, evaporation layer, monthly river flow layer, change in basin moisture reserves). It was found that the greatest amount of runoff was in February, while the highest amount of precipitation was in June; the highest runoff coefficient was in March and February (0.41), and in June it was only 0.03. Presumably, the main reasons for such phenomena are the distribution of the evaporation layer within the year and a decrease in the permeability of the upper soil layer for precipitation at low temperatures.

СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВО ВОЕННОЙ УКРЕПЛЕННОЙ ЛИНИИ НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ ПАВЛОДАРСКОГО КРАЯ В XVIII В. И ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ РУССКОЙ ТОПОНИМИИ В КРАЕ

The settlement of the northeastern region by the non-ethnic Russian population was a long process, which included the systematic advance of the Cossack and peasant population into the Kazakh steppe, which led to the appearance of specifc Slavic toponyms. Toponymic names refect these processes as in a mirror. So already in the frst quarter of the XVIII century. a number of military fortifcations were built in the Irtysh region, which became part of the Irtysh military line. By the middle of the XVIII century, the Russian Empire had built entire lines of military fortifcations that covered the Kazakh Steppe with a huge horseshoe: Guryev - Uralsk - Verkhneuralsk - Troitsk - Zverinogolovskaya - Omsk - Ust-Kamenogorsk, which opened up opportunities for further advancement into the depths of the steppe. This article discusses some problems: geographical names are evidence and chronicle of historical events. They refect and capture the history of the settlement of the territory and the economic activity of people, ancient migrations and interethnic contacts, the areas of ethnic groups, historical milestones of the protection of territories from external enemies, heroic deeds of ancestors who defended their native land, etc.

Transformasi Teritori berdasarkan Kegiatan Pengunjung di Lapangan Gasibu

Personal space (proxemics) in public spaces should be considered essential to keeping the personal area separate from others. Meanwhile, privatization in public space will divide the area into small personal spaces due to the unclear form of territory in personal spaces. This study will identify and reveal the pattern of visitors’ territory transformation based on visitors’ activities in Lapangan Gasibu, Bandung. The data will be collected through observation and a survey on a weekday (Thursday) and weekend (Saturday). Then, the data will be analyzed using a descriptive analysis method based on mapping activities in the area. The result shows three transformations of spaces based on visitors’ activities and territories in Lapangan Gasibu. The pattern of transformation shows some areas of territorial spaces with unclear protection but need to avoid personal conflicts and some shared areas with low protection of territories. Thus, the thoughtful design of public spaces and physical facilities should be taken into consideration. This result is expected to be taken as a design reference for designing and creating comfortable public spaces that meet the need for personal spaces and activities.

Preservation of the natural diversity of the steppe zone of the south-east of the European part of Russia

The article deals with conditions and formation stages of steppe specially protected natural territories in the south-east of the European part of Russia and Volgograd region. To achieve the goal, the author used methods of field complex landscape-ecological studies, analysis of cartographic, literature and fund materials. Volgograd region is situated in the middle of the south-east of the Russian Plain. It is established that the region is characterized by high diversity of landscapes and ecosystems which belong to three natural zones (forest-steppe, steppe and desert steppes) and nine landscape provinces. This area can become a key territory for building an interregional nature conservation framework with major nuclei of etalon ecosystems and landscapes. The author suggests the following ideas to improve the network of specially protected natural territories in the south-east of the Russian Plain. First of all, it is advisable to establish a number of state nature reserves and national parks of cluster type representing the landscape range of the steppe zone in the south-east of the European part of Russia. Secondly, the idea of initiating new forms of innovative protected territories looks quite promising.

GEOCHEMISTRY OF FLUORINE OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS OF DIFFERENT MASSES OF THE CARPATIAN BIOSPHERE RESERVE

Carbonate rocks of the territory of the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve (limestones, dolomites, marls) were studied — their mineral composition, carbonation and fluorine content were determined. The average fluorine content was calculated — in limestones (0.038%), dolomites (0.056%), marls (0.06%). It has been proven that an increase in clay mineral impurities in carbonate rocks will contribute to an increase in the total fluorine content. The maximum fluorine content of 0.18% was recorded in the clay fraction (<0.001 mm) of the marl of the Chornohirsky massif, the minimum — 0.08% in the clay fraction of the limestone of the Marmara massif. The results of the obtained research made it possible to establish that the content of fluorine in carbonate rocks is inversely correlated with the degree of carbonation. It has been proven that the increase in the fluorine content in carbonate rocks occurs in the following sequence: limestone-dolomite-marl. According to the kinetic curves of the fluorine content in water extracts, equilibrium with the solid phase was established: sandstone and limestone — after 3 hours, marl — after 8.5 hours. This is explained by the presence of a clay component — about 70% in marl, as a result of which fluorine enters the solution very slowly. The study of the desorption processes of fluorine by sediments has applied aspects: geological — to find out the ways and scales of dispersion and accumulation of fluorine in the process of sedimentation; nature protection – for the development of the environmental monitoring system, with the aim of assessing the ecological state of the environmental objects of the protected territories, which is the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve.