Protection Of Monuments Research Articles

Evaluating protection against lightning for historical buildings and cultural heritage monuments

A review on the lightning risk management and lightning protection of historical buildings and cultural heritage monuments is presented. Cases of lightning-related damages to historical monuments worldwide are presented with emphasis given to cases in Greece. Recorded incidents stress the need for an effective lightning protection system (LPS) design, ensuring sufficient protection of the monument against lightning, including its installations and contents, as well as persons. External LPS of several monuments and historical buildings worldwide are also presented. An external LPS has been designed for the Parthenon monument in Greece in accordance with IEC 62305. The LPS design has been evaluated based on a stochastic lightning attachment model. Revisions to the risk management of IEC 62305 with special focus on historical buildings and cultural heritage monuments are suggested. As this special category of structures is most commonly subject to constraints with respect to aesthetic intervention and construction, dedicated studies employing alternative methods for LPS design, based however on physical grounds, are required.

Citizen participation and acceptance in the context of urban events. An investigation on regional garden shows in Germany

ABSTRACT Citizen participation and acceptance play an increasingly relevant role in urban and regional development. This also applies to the success and sustainability of urban events. While research on participation is growing rapidly, participation in the context of events is underrepresented. Therefore, I investigate the role of participation and acceptance conditions regarding German regional garden shows using a mixed-methods research design (quantitative survey, multiple case studies). Citizen participation is a central factor for public acceptance. The active participation of volunteers is highly relevant before, during and after the event. Conflicts arise mainly concerning financing, environmental and monument protection.

Effects of simulated atmospheric nitrogen deposition on the bacterial community structure and diversity of four distinct biocolonization types on stone monuments: a case study of the Leshan Giant Buddha, a world heritage site

AbstractAtmospheric nitrogen deposition may affect the biodeterioration process of stone monuments through direct and indirect pathways, but relevant studies are lacking. Therefore, taking the biologically colonized rocks around the Leshan Giant Buddha (World Heritage - Mixed Property) as the research objects, we studied the effects of multiple nitrogen addition levels (0, 9, 18, 36, 72 kg N hm-2 a-1; N0, N1; N2 ; N3; N4) on the bacterial community structure and soil nutrients on the surfaces of stones with four biocolonization types, including naked rock (NR), and lichen (LR), bryophyte (BS) and vascular plant (VS) colonization, to investigate the potential effect of atmospheric nitrogen deposition on the rock weathering of the Leshan Giant Buddha. The results demonstrated that nitrogen addition impacted soil carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients, as well as bacterial community structure and composition, but the responses to nitrogen input varied among different colonization types. Nitrogen fertilization promoted the accumulation of total organic carbon and total nitrogen in NR and LR, and increased the content of total phosphorus in VS. Bacterial α-diversity decreased with nitrogen addition in NR but increased with nitrogen addition in VS. Nitrogen addition significantly (R > 0.9, p < 0.01) changed the bacterial community composition in the four biocolonization types, and the changes were dominated by species replacement (contributed to 60.98%, 76.32%, 67.27% and 72.14% for bacterial diversity in NR, LR, BS and VS, respectively). Total nitrogen, dissolved organic nitrogen, dissolved organic nitrogen and total phosphorus were the most important ecological factors affecting bacterial community structure in NR, LR, BS and VS, respectively. Nitrogen addition enriched different bacterial taxa in the four biocolonization types. The results of this study provide basic data for the protection of stone monuments and the formulation of sustainable development strategies under a changing climate.

Role of Sustainable Tourism in Preserving Cultural Heritage of Afghanistan

This comprehensive review investigates the role of sustainable tourism in preserving Afghanistan's cultural heritage, given its rich tapestry of traditions, historical sites, and archaeological treasures. The purpose of the study is to assess the potential of sustainable tourism practices to mitigate the challenges faced by Afghanistan's cultural heritage due to decades of conflict and instability while promoting economic development and community engagement. The study employs a systematic analysis of existing literature, case studies, and best practices from around the world to evaluate the effectiveness and applicability of sustainable tourism approaches in the Afghan context. It examines the economic, social, and environmental dimensions of sustainable tourism and their impact on the preservation of cultural heritage. The findings reveal that sustainable tourism offers significant economic benefits for Afghanistan, including job creation, income generation, and economic diversification. Additionally, it has the potential to foster social and cultural impacts through cultural exchange, community pride, and the revitalization of traditional crafts and practices. Furthermore, sustainable tourism can address environmental considerations by promoting the sustainable management and protection of natural landscapes, archaeological sites, and cultural monuments. The implications of this study highlight the importance of implementing sustainable tourism practices to preserve Afghanistan's cultural heritage. It provides valuable insights and practical examples from successful initiatives in other countries, offering recommendations for policymakers, tourism practitioners, and cultural heritage management stakeholders.

A novel application of deep learning approach over IRT images for the automated detection of rising damp on historical masonries

Nowadays, the fusion of Artificial Intelligence (AI) comprises a widespread approach for resolving various types of problems in many scientific domains including Protection of Monuments. Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) approaches and Infra-Red Thermography (IRT) specifically, plays a key role for the diagnosis and the assessment of the monuments’ preservation state. Additionally, IRT comprises a powerful tool for continuous monitoring especially when it concerns the physical and/or chemical processes that take place within or on the material and affect the irradiation of the historical surfaces. This study explores the application of Deep Learning (DL) to IRT images of passive approach, focusing on the automated detection of rising damp in historical masonries. The IRT data were acquired from two monuments, the Holy Aedicule of the Holy Sepulchre and the Historical Building "Msma’a". Exploiting the capabilities of AI for enhancing the non-intrusive nature of passive IRT, this research seeks to provide a cost-effective and non-destructive approach for the early identification of rising damp, contributing significantly to the long-term preservation, conservation, and protection of the cultural heritage. To achieve this, the study takes advantage of a combination of the PSPNet image segmentation model with the ResNet-50 backbone, the PSP_R50 model. The mmsegment framework, renowned for its versatility and effectiveness, serves as the ideal platform for training, evaluating, and fine-tuning the proposed segmentation model. Despite having a relatively small dataset, a highly effective segmentation model (0.93 accuracy, 0.89 IoU), has been successfully developed.

Damnatio Memoriae of Serbian Culture: The Institute for the Preservation of Antiquities of Milan Nedić's Government, Precursor of the Republic Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments

Currently, the conservation activities in Serbia are conducted by the institutions for the protection of cultural monuments. It is widely accepted that the first institute of the kind was The Republic Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments, established in 1947, during the enactment of several heritage laws, which were also presented as the first of their kind. The main contribution for the establishment of the Institute was attributed to its first director, Milorad Panić-Surep.
 During the Second World War, in the spring of 1942, at the initiative of the occupiers, the collaborationist government of Milan Nedić enacted the Regulation on the Preservation of Antiquities. It was the first legal act aimed at protecting cultural heritage in Serbia. On this basis, the Institute for the Protection of Antiquities was established, which actively operated despite the wartime conditions. From its establishment until the founding of the post-war Institute in 1947, there was an uninterrupted continuity, marked by several transformations due to the turbulent post-war events.
 Towards the end of the war, in early 1945, the Institute for the Protection of Antiquities ceased its operations but was not dissolved, it was merged with the Art Museum instead (formerly the Museum of Prince Paul, now the National Museum of Serbia). Thus, both before and after the war, in addition to its regular activities, the Museum also engaged in conservation efforts. The Museum director, Veljko Petrović, insisted that, following the example from the occupation years, an independent institution for conservation activities should be established.
 This was realized in several steps. Firstly, in April, a special committee for creating the Register of Antiquities was formed under the auspices of the Museum, taking over the responsibilities of the former Institute. Subsequently, at the turn of 1945 to 1946, the committee evolved into a separate museum Department for the Protection and Scientific Study of Cultural Monuments, and by mid-1947, it became an independent institution as the Institute for the Protection and Scientific Research of Cultural Monuments. This institution took over all previously created documentation as well as leading experts and in 1960 it changed its name to the Republic Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments.
 Following the given facts, the Institute for the Protection of Antiquities from 1942 is a direct precursor to the Republic Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments, with a continuous legacy. Driven by ideological reasons, the post-war authorities intended to demonstrate that numerous innovative moves of state administration were initiated during their tenure. Consequently, they endeavored to conceal or minimize initiatives undertaken by previous authorities, particularly the ones associated with the collaborationist government during the occupation period, whose entire activity was presented as contrary to the interests of the people.

Pojęcia podrobienia oraz przerobienia zabytku — art. 109a u.o.z. (w perspektywie orzecznictwa)

The undertaken goal of research is to depict the concepts of: a monument, counterfeiting of a monument and remaking of a monument. The analysis is based mainly on – firstly – the views expressed in the jurisprudence, as well as – secondly – on the linguistic understandingof these concepts. The issues of “counterfeiting” or “remaking” of a monument are analyzed in the warp of art.109a of the statute of 23 July 2003 on the protection of monuments and the care of monuments. The literal understanding of the concepts of “counterfeiting” and “remaking” is highly important during making a comprehensive interpretation of the provision of art.109a of the statute of the protection of monuments and the care of monuments.

Monument Protection as a Care Task

Monument Protection as a Care Task

Preservation of cultural diversity and current tools of monument care

This article deals with cultural sustainability, authenticity and one of its basic pillars: the preservation of diversity. It looks at constructions around the world and how they have adapted to local geophysical circumstances, both in the construction methods and materials used. It analyses how diversity has been endangered by globalisation in the territory of Slovakia and elsewhere. Subsequently, the article focuses on monument care and preservation in Slovakia and other countries, comparing the legal instruments used in different countries. The article proposes a system for the categorisation of objects built before 1947 in Slovakia. This is key to better understanding the topic of protection of heritage buildings for professionals and government agencies dealing with monument protection. The proposed categorisation could help significantly in systematising the protection of tangible cultural heritage and building culture in Slovakia.

New Hydrophobic Treatment for the Protection of Gypsum Artifacts

Gypsum has been widely used in traditional and monumental architecture in many countries of the Mediterranean area; however, due to its low water resistance and low mechanical strength, it can be subject to physical, chemical and biological degradation. To improve the preservation of gypsum-based plaster artifacts, a new hybrid inorganic-organic hydrophobic treatment is proposed in this work. This treatment is based on nanometric magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)₂) and organically modified silica (OrMoSil), a class of materials with intermediate performances between ceramic materials and polymers. The behaviour of the product was verified both as a protective on gypsum surface, as well as a consolidant added to the mixture of gypsum-based plasters. The treatment does not alter the aesthetic appearance of the surface, as verified through colorimetric analysis. As demonstrated by capillary water absorption and static contact angle measurements, the new hydrophobic protective coating proved to be very effective. Moreover, the new treatment is effective as a consolidant, leading to an improvement of the mechanical properties and to a reduction of the depth of carbonation. The new hydrophobic nanocomposite product is therefore a promising material for the protection and consolidation of gypsum monuments and artifacts of cultural interest.

The inventory of E. F. Gollerbach. From the history of museumification of the Chinese Palace in Oranienbaum

The museification of the former Oranienbaum residence of the Mecklenburg-Strelitskys, nationalized by the decision of the Northern Labor Commune in 1918, is one of the little-studied pages in Russian museology. One of the documentary evidences of this process is the “Brief Inventory of the Chinese Palace in Oranienbaum”, 1920, currently stored in the Archive of the State Hermitage Museum. The compiler of this document was a senior employee of the Department for the Protection, Accounting and Registration of Monuments of Art and Antiquity, Erich Fedorovich Gollerbach (1895–1942), sent at the end of July 1920 to inspect and register art collections concentrated in the only Oranienbaum Palace-museum operating at that time. The involvement of E. F. Gollerbach, an art critic, an enthusiastic bibliophile and collector, who later became the author of the first post-revolutionary guide to the sights of Tsarskoye (Detskoye) Selo, in the work on the accounting of art collections in the Chinese Palace is a little-known fact, probably had episodic significance in his biography. However, the property inventory compiled by him, even in its unfinished version, is of undoubted interest to researchers of the history of the formation of museum business in Oranienbaum. The works of art included in this list belonged to the historical collection of the Oranienbaum palaces, and the authenticity of this collection was preserved until the official accession of the Administration of the Oranienbaum Palaces-Museums to the Peterhof in October 1925. This study, based on the analysis of the inventory of E. F. Gollerbach and the comments left by him, examines the main methods of work of employees of the Department for the Protection of Accounting and Registration of Monuments of Art and Antiquity when they inventory nationalized private collections. In addition, on the basis of the same document, the problem of the possibility of identifying objects of the historical collection of the Oranienbaum palaces-museums in the funds of the State Museum-Reserve “Peterhof ” is actualized.

Potencjał dziedzictwa kulturowego Kalisza lokacyjnego

The Potential of the Cultural Heritage of the Kalisz Location The aim of the article is to show the potential of cultural heritage in the founding area of location Kalisz as a factor in the city’s development. It presents concepts related to cultural heritage, its protection and dissemination, as well as the positive impact it has on shaping the identity of local communities, which can derive many benefits, both intangible and material, from contact with monuments. Awareness of these values translates into the economic development of the city, which in turn becomes a premise for the protection of monuments and further education about them. The article will discuss monuments of medieval chronology located in the very center of location Kalisz, once a location city surrounded by walls. The following will be analyzed in terms of the attractiveness and potential of activities related to the dissemination of knowledge about cultural heritage: city walls and Dorotka’s Tower, the first three churches in Kalisz: the Franciscan church of Saint Stanislaus, the Cathedral of Saint Nicholas and the sanctuary of Saint Joseph, and the Town Hall and its multimedia exhibition.

Order of the Presidium of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission to all provincial emergency commissions No. 54 (dated April 29, 1920) on provincial commissions “for the protection of monuments of art and antiquity”

Bodies of the Cheka — GPU — OGPU for many years collected and analyzed information about the processes that took place in various social strata, national, confessional, professional groups (in certain regions and across the country as a whole). The efforts of the Chekists were aimed at curbing covert and open opposition to Soviet power on the part of political opponents of the regime. Among other things, the authorities were interested in the mindset among civil servants, as well as among the scientific and creative intelligentsia. On April 29, 1920, the Presidium of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission issued order No. 54, addressed to the territorial bodies of the Cheka, with instructions to collect data on the activities of the provincial commissions “for the protection of monuments of art and antiquity”. The Chekists, first of all, were interested in information about the connections of museum employees with the clergy and teaching staff of the former religious educational institutions. Below is a list of information provided by employees of the Novgorod provincial Cheka and sent by them in parallel to the Secret Department of the Cheka and to the VIII Department of the People’s Commissariat of Justice of the RSFSR. The publication is carried out according to the original copy deposited in the A-353 fund of the State Archive of the Russian Federation. The document is accompanied by detailed comments, in particular, information about the employees of Novgorod museums: A. V. Nikiforovsky, S. K. Matveevsky, V. A. Kvashonkin and others. Particular attention is paid to the ups and downs of the biography of N. G. Porfiridov, a landmark person in the and one of the defendants in a large-scale criminal case initiated in January 1933 by employees of the Plenipotentiary Representation of the United State Political Directorate in the Leningrad Military District against a large group of people, including museum workers and local historians.

Archival Materials from the Legacy of Mehmed Mujezinović

In mid-January 2023, the family of Mehmed Mujezinović, the foremost epigrapher in Bosnia and Herzegovina, a longtime imam of the Hadžijska Mosque, and an employee of the Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments and Natural Rarities of Bosnia and Herzegovina, donated his collection of archival materials to Gazi Husrev-beg’s Library in Sarajevo. This collection holds exceptionally valuable manuscript materials that Mujezinović gathered while working on oriental epigraphic monuments in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Additionally, his published and unpublished works are preserved, along with an invaluable collection of working materials related to our tradition, written heritage, and cultural legacy. This paper provides an overview of Mehmed Mujezinović's archival materials, with a note that these materials have not undergone archival processing yet and are therefore not accessible to researchers.

독일의 연방 문화유산법제에 대한 고찰을 통한 우리나라 문화유산법제 개선에의 시사점

With the enactment of ʻthe Basic Law on National Heritageʼ in Korea, The ʻCultural Property Protection Actʼ will be renamed ʻthe Act on the Preservation and Utilization of Cultural Heritageʼ(acronym: the Cultural Heritage Act) from May 17, 2024. The Cultural Heritage Act shall serve as the basic law related to the cultural heritage legislation. The Cultural Heritage Act includes such as contents; the establishment and promotion of the protection of cultural heritage as defined in the Basic Law on National Heritage, the creation of a foundation for cultural heritage protection, and the nationally designated cultural heritage, general movable cultural heritage, and municipal-designated cultural heritage. In the Basic Law on National Heritage, cultural heritage refers only to tangible cultural heritage and intangible cultural heritage is separately classified as intangible cultural heritage. But both tangible and intangible cultural heritage should be considered as the subject of the cultural heritage legislation. Korea had a representative comprehensive cultural property protection legal system in the past, but government recently divided the Intangible Cultural Property Act, the Buried Cultural Property Act, and the Cultural Property Repair Act from the previous Cultural Property Protection Act. Furthermore, Matters related to the preservation and management of natural monuments and scenic spots will be stipulated in newly enacted the “Act on the Preservation and Utilization of Natural Heritage” (acronym: Natural Heritage Act). Although the laws was divided from previous Cultural Property Protection Act, the jurisdiction of the Cultural Heritage Administration remains the same. In order for an effective cultural heritage policy to be activated under the changed legal environment, it is necessary to analyze and examine international agreements related to the globalization of cultural heritage and related legal systems of major countries. And these analysis and examination will be contributed to make legislative and policy improvements to the issues that have been problematic domestically. In this regard, this paper aims to draw implications by examining the German cultural heritage legal system which the federal and state cooperate while maintaining a dual system. In Germany, the protection and management of domestic cultural heritage is protected by the State(Land) in the form of monument protection laws, and the federal government operates the cultural property protection law, which aims to prevent cultural property from being lost by controlling the export, import, and distribution of cultural property. I think it will be a great reference for improving legislation for the globalization of cultural heritage in Korea. In particular, the regulations related to the return of cultural properties illegally leaked abroad and the international exchange of cultural properties are worth referring to. Germany's Cultural Property Protection Act as a federal law has detailed regulations that control the export, import, and distribution of cultural properties, so I think it will be a great reference for improving legislation to globalize Korea's cultural heritage. In particular, regulations related to the return of illegally leaked cultural properties overseas, the guarantee of return of international loans, and the international exchange of cultural properties are worth referencing in Korea's legislative improvement.

System ochrony zabytków – studium ewolucji w latach 1918–2023

The system for the protection of historical monuments has evolved continuously. Its origins in the Polish lands date back to the time of the Partitions of Poland. They are connected with the distinctiveness of the approach to "memento" in the Austrian, Prussian and Russian partitions. The Austrian partition was dominated by a collegial mode for resolving conservation issues and the use of public opinion. This model was largely the basis for the creation of the preservation system in 1918, in free Poland. In the course of 105 years, its organisation and functioning have changed many times. It still requires constant improvement and reflection in such dynamically changing social, political, scientific and technical conditions. These are not the only factors that indicate the directions in which change is sought. The social factor is also important, evident both in the need to protect monuments and in the increasingly strong need for broadly interpreted care for monuments, contemporary cultural assets and cultural and landscape heritage. The legal factor, related to the codification of the issues of monument protection, building law and space conditions, was and is also extremely important. A 'standardisation' and integration of the system of protection of monuments and cultural heritage seems to be needed. It may also be worth considering a so-called Conservation Code that would standardise the whole issue.

Novi nalazi i perspektive arheoloških istraživanja urbanog i upravnog središta municipija Aquae / New findings and perspectives of archaeological research of the urban and administrative c enter of the Aquae municipium

The introduction of this paper gives a short overview of the results of archaeological, historiographic, and epigraphic research of the Roman municipium Aquae. The urban center of the municipium Aquae was in Ilidža, one of nine municipalities of the Sarajevo Canton. In 2022, at the right bank of the Željeznica river, an unpublished Roman-period monument was recorded. Analysis has determined that this is a fragment of a tombstone (cippus) or an honorary inscription (tituli publici). Moreover, this paper addresses the issue of unregistered archaeological material from the Roman period that is recorded in the Željeznica riverbed and near previously corroborated archaeological sites in Ilidža. In this context, two fragments of honorary bases stand out. One of these fragments has preserved indentations that served to attach the statue or bust to the base. Finally, the paper includes maps made as the result of systematic research in 1979. This research was conducted by the Sarajevo City Institute for the Protection and Organization of Cultural Monuments (today’s Cantonal Institution for the Protection of Cultural, Historical and Natural Heritage of Sarajevo).

Fortune and glory: motives for modern day treasure hunting in Poland

In 2018, an amendment to the Act on the Protection and Care of Monuments of 2003 was introduced in Poland, aimed at combating the problem of treasure hunting and its impact on national heritage. Despite the consequences, especially a potential penalty of up to eight years in prison, treasure hunting remains an attractive pastime for some. The article aims to find motives of treasure hunters through literature review and studying online forums, including a Facebook groups, to gather information for further action to protect the archaeological heritage. The author identifies seven main motivators of individual treasure hunters, which include: passion for history, adventure seeking, intellectual challenge, collecting, need for fame and recognition, personal satisfaction, and finally financial gain. Each of the above is explained and showed though treasure hunters own public admissions.

On the issue of codification of urban planning legislation

The subject matter of the article is conditioned by the discourse on the necessity to codify the urban planning legislation, approve the Ukrainian Urban Planning Code, and align its provisions with the norms of related branches of the legislation.
 The purpose of the study is to specify the subject matter of the Urban Development Code's regulation and the sectoral affiliation of urban development relations, to define the structure of the codified act, and to change the requirements of the Commercial Code of Ukraine.
 The research methods are based on the concepts and theories that describe the current state of the problem of the current urban planning and economic legislation in Ukraine and summarize the content of scientific works to conduct a broad analysis of the codification of the urban planning legislation while taking into account the existing legal system in Ukraine.
 Results. The codification of the urban planning legislation, it is argued, provides for: increased transparency and ease of use of the norm; equivalent integrated nature of spatial planning; achievement of consistency of spatial planning and development in decision-making and regulation; decentralization and limitation of discretionary powers; and optimization of governing bodies in the urban planning sphere. The structured act of the Code will solve the problems of inconsistency and uncertainty of the conceptual apparatus in the field of urban planning, inconsistency with the land, environmental, and monument protection legislation, problems of technological support of urban planning activities, procedures for spatial planning, and public control over the development and adoption of urban planning documentation, with the maximum reduction in the number of acts of the current legislation.
 Conclusions. It is proposed that the subject matter of regulation of the Urban Development Code of Ukraine should include social relations arising, changing, and terminating in connection with urban development activities based on the principles of a comfortable living environment and life cycle management of construction objects

Restoration of Monumental Painting in Ukraine in the 1950–1960s. Social Aspirations and Ideological Collisions

The purpose of the article is to consider the peculiarities of restoration of sites of monumental painting of Ukraine in the post-war years 1945-1960s in the context of the influence of social, economic, and ideological factors. The research methodology consists in the application of general scientific and special research methods, in particular, analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction, generalisation and abstraction, semitic, descriptive, which together made it possible to obtain well-founded conclusions. The scientific novelty consists in outlining the general directions and approaches in preserving the artistic heritage of the post-war period of the 1950s-1960s, identifying gains and losses. Conclusions. Against the background of the global scale of the destruction of cultural heritage monuments, which required the implementation of complex monument protection and restoration tasks, the foundations of scientific methodology in the field of restoration of wall paintings were formed. The increase in the pace and volume of the restoration of cultural and artistic monuments after the Second World War was affected by new challenges caused by the lack of a material, technical and methodological base, qualified human resources, and shortcomings in the organisation of work. At the same time, deep destructive manifestations caused by atheistic state policy with a pronounced totalitarian colour have become fatal for a number of Ukrainian historical and cultural monuments, introducing a contradictory character into the establishment of the restoration work in the country. Thanks to the active position of leading cultural figures and the founders of the new Ukrainian restoration school of monumental art – Luka Kalenichenko, Olha Plihusch, Yevhen Mamolat, the first post-war decades became decisive in the formation of the national restoration and monument protection industries. Keywords: monumental painting, restoration, restoration workshop, preservation of monuments.