Protection Of Monuments Research Articles

Murat Reis complex


 
 
 At the northern end of the new city of Rhodes, just outside the medie- val city an 8-acre "dead zone" includes the cemetery and the "Murat Reis" com- plex. The paper is based on a diploma thesis prepared in the framework of the interdepartmental postgraduate program "Protection of Monuments", of NTUA. The subject of the diploma thesis was the historical and architectural documen- tation, the constructional analysis, the recording of the pathology and the quali- tative interpretation of damages, the elaboration of a proposal for the restoration of the mosque, as well as of a proposal for the integration of the surrounding area of the cemetery into the modern urban landscape and the life of the city. The main findings of a detailed historical and architectural research are first presented, re- garding the historical development of the city and the zoning rearrangements that took place during the Ottoman period in Rhodes. The work focuses on the long- term development of the area where the Murat Reis complex is located, as well as on the documentation and evaluation of its current characteristics. In the next stage, the historical documentation of the mosque is carried out, as well as its architectural and structural survey, including detailed photographic documenta- tion, in order to record and study its main morphological and structural elements. Moreover, an analytical and systematic understanding of the construction details of the various structural and architectural elements of the building, their pathol- ogy, as well as the qualitative diagnosis of the main causes of damage were at- tempted. On this basis, an intervention proposal was drawn up, aiming at the ar- chitectural and structural restoration of the mosque. The restoration proposal was driven by highlighting the history, function and value of the Murat Reis complex as a single entity and transforming the abandoned area into a cultural park of hyperlocal significance.
 
 

Press-conscious aspects of museum work and monument protection in Ukraine

The article analyzes periodicals of 1922 on monument protection and museum work, stored in the State Printing Archiv of the Book Chamber of Ukraine. Seven journals with a total number of publications of 21 works of printing were discovered. According to the thematic focus, they are divided into 6 groups: natural monumentology and museum studies (10); historical monuments studies (5); archaeological monumentology and museum studies (3); architectural monumentology (1); necropolistic monumentology (1); museum bibliography (1). The articles of M. Belyavska, S. Drannikov, O. Yanata, M. Kotov, P. Stepanov, B. Zavadovsky, M. Redin, D. Krasner, P. Abramovich, O. Fedorovsky, F. Shmit, V. Biriukov-Bogolepov are analyzed. The processed editions make it possible to introduce into scientific circulation unknown and little-known publications on the protection of monuments and museums in 1922 and to reveal the "blind spots" in the activities of various specialists.

Aspects of Significance in the “Dark Heritage” of Thessaloniki, Greece

Located in the north of Greece and boasting an interrupted history of over 2.300 years, Thessaloniki has a wide array of architectural monuments to display. Hellenistic residences, Roman administrative centers, Byzantine churches, and Ottoman communal buildings have shaped for decades the city’s historical profile, leaving limited space for a nonetheless widely acknowledged architectural grouping, namely its “dark heritage”.
 Comprising buildings and sites that have over the years been related to rare phenomena and curious events, Thessaloniki’s “heritage of darkness” fascinates the imagination of its residents, in addition to providing a frequent subject for the writings of local journalists and researchers, and a focal point in the work of the services and bodies involved in monument protection. The above players evidently evaluate its constituents in different manners, thus leading to the emergence of multiple aspects of significance in the appraisal of the city’s “dark heritage”.
 This paper aims to identify these aspects and determine their interrelation and impact on the preservation of the buildings and sites involved. To this end, based on bibliographical research and on-site examination, it begins with a comprehensive overview of the dreaded built assets, followed by the identification of the players involved in their treatment and their respective attitudes. From there on, a discussion of the interaction of these attitudes is pursued, culminating in original conclusions as to the consequences of this interaction for the safeguarding of the tangible and intangible qualities of the city’s “heritage of the dark”.

HOLY INTERCESSION CATHEDRAL, OKHTYRKA: BETWEEN THE PAST AND THE FUTURE

The article attempts to investigate the history of the construction of the Intercession Cathedral in the city of Okhtyrka, Sumy region, which was built in 1753–1768 during the Ukrainian Baroque era. Studying new documents from various archival funds helped reveal changes in the plans of this sacred building aimed at observing the Ukrainian tradition of a three-story church. It is shown that the artistic decoration of the cathedral continued in the 19th century, and the masters of carving, sculpting, wall painting, etc., performed their work without the participation of the architect, which did not interfere with the integrity of the artistic decision. It is confirmed by archival photo documents of the general appearance and interior design of the temple, which are introduced to the scientific circulation for the first time. Some names of the masters who worked on the artistic design of the cathedral in different periods of its history before the Soviet era have been identified and introduced into scientific circulation. Emphasis is placed on the unique regional stylistic features of this Sloboda Ukraine landmark of the Ukrainian Baroque era. An analysis of its condition during Soviet times, when it was used as a wine-vodka warehouse, is accompanied by corresponding photos, which are presented for the first time. In the description of the current state of the Cathedral, already used for divine services, for the first time a number of photos are given, fixing the results of the reconstruction. The need to create a unified state management system for the protection of cultural monuments is emphasized, which is especially relevant under modern conditions, when the aggressor country of the Russian Federation, having attacked Ukraine, mercilessly destroys the objects of our cultural heritage. It is emphasized that due to the lack of state support, local communities, which are trying to restore a sacred building abandoned during the Soviet era, are unable to create a comprehensive program of reconstruction or restoration, and therefore resort to stylization according to a certain historical era, losing their relevance to the individual uniqueness of the artistic image of the lost monument, as can be seen on the example of the reconstruction of the Holy Intercession Cathedral, Okhtyrka. The results of the study have the prospect of continuation and can be used in the future to match the lost identical image of this important sacred monument for Ukrainian culture.

THE HISTORY OF THE RESCUE OF THE MONUMENT OF INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE "SEVERSKAYA DOMNA" IN THE 1960-1980S

The article reconstructs the struggle of the inhabitants of two Ural cities - Sverdlovsk and Polevskoy - for the preservation of a unique monument of industrial heritage - the Severskaya blast furnace - in the 1960s-1980s. The sources for the study were unpublished archival materials, as well as information from the periodical press. The author analyzes the reasons that served as an impetus for this activity, which included a number of stages. The main actors of blast furnace museumification are considered. The author comes to the conclusion that the activities for the preservation of monuments of industrial heritage in the 1960s-1980s. was non-systematic, representing a network of inconsistent actions of different actors. Among the latter, the following should be singled out: representatives of the scientific community, educational institutions, members of the public organization «All-Russian Society for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments», local authorities, representatives of party cells, workers and veterans of the Seversky Pipe Plant. During the specified chronological period, the unique monument of the Sverdlovsk region was museumified twice, with a break for a fierce struggle for its preservation in the 1980s. By the beginning of the 1990s. it became only the second industrial site to undergo serious conservation work within the largest old industrial region of our country.

EVALUATION OF MODERN HERITAGE ASSETS IN POZNAN USING MONOTONIC DECISION RULES

Abstract. The protection of cultural heritage is an important task of communities on various levels of social organization. The institutionalization of the processes of protection of modern heritage assets provides the necessary instruments (legislative, juridical, financial) enabling the actual realization of the assumed tasks. The criterion of age, which is still a dominating premise for monument protection, proved not to be sufficient, especially concerning protection of monuments of Modernism. A step that led to the determination of the value of individual architectural objects of the 20th century was the establishment of 10 evaluation criteria proposed by historians of architecture in Warsaw, and afterwards in Poznan.In this work, we focus on the architectural value of post-war buildings, which are most difficult to evaluate. Furthermore, we wanted to apply AI to objectify the process of decision making. The adequacy of the Dominance-based Rough Set Approach (DRSA) method has been established. This method takes into account preference orders on criteria and models patterns observed in data in terms of monotonic “if …, then …” decision rules.

An Example of the Use of Photogrammetry for Archiving the Shapes of Natural Materials and Creations

We can find cultural monuments everywhere. Smaller ones are often made from available and cheap natural materials - stones. However, due to the weather, due to their smaller dimensions, are often subject to vandalism, damage caused by careless handling or accidental damage. Sometimes they are just pieces of stone, but they have a deeper meaning in connection with cultural value, and for example by studying them in office spaces in the form of 3D models. In our contribution, we focus on the protection, study and preservation of such cultural and artistic monuments made of natural materials or generally stone natural formations or even large stone or brick surfaces. In our article, we want to focus on the practical feasibility rather than the mathematical background, as we believe that this information is much more useful in practice. We point out that it is advisable to use drones to check the condition of materials.

Establishment and development of diplomatic relations of the hetmanate of P. Scoropadsky with the Entant states

The purpose of the study is to analyze the impact of the large-scale local history activities of the outstanding Ukrainian scientist V.B. Antonovych, which took place during the period of cultural and national revival, on the formation of his views on the state-building processes in Ukraine. The methodological basis of the article is a set of principles and methods of knowledge, the choice of which was determined by interdisciplinary approaches to the disclosure of the topic, the tasks set and the specificity of the sources. The principles of historicism and objectivity were used through the use of comparative-historical, analytical-synthetic, retrospective andhistorical-chronological research methods. Scientific novely. The article presents an analysis of the scientific and organizational activities of the prominent Ukrainian scientist and public figure V.B. Antonovych in the field of historical local history. The local history activity of the scientist in the field of Ukrainian science is highlighted, and it is shown that combining the work of a scientist with the collection of national antiquities, the protection, storage and study of monuments of Ukrainian culture, V.Antonovych passionately and consistently defended his life principles - the collection of ancient objects enriches Ukrainian science and history and directly affects the cultural and national revival of Ukrainian statehood. Conclusions. Based on the analysis of sources and domestic historiography, it has been proven that V.B. Antonovych, as a collector and collector of Ukrainian antiquities and historical monuments, was one of the first historians-local historians in Ukraine, an organizer of museum work, a museum theorist, ethnographer, and archaeologist. The works of V. B. Antonovych can be considered as comprehensive studies of a local history nature, since his field of vision included issues of historical and geographical local history, local genealogy, spragistics, heraldry, protection of historical and cultural monuments, and others. The scientist’s scientific interests in the field of local history went beyond regional studies, although the emphasis was on the study of Right Bank Ukraine, which ultimately influenced his statist views.

The influence of regional studies on V. B. Antonovych's views on statesmanship

The purpose of the study is to analyze the impact of the large-scale local history activities of the outstanding Ukrainian scientist V.B. Antonovych, which took place during the period of cultural and national revival, on the formation of his views on the state-building processes in Ukraine. The methodological basis of the article is a set of principles and methods of knowledge, the choice of which was determined by interdisciplinary approaches to the disclosure of the topic, the tasks set and the specificity of the sources. The principles of historicism and objectivity were used through the use of comparative-historical, analytical-synthetic, retrospective andhistorical-chronological research methods. Scientific novely. The article presents an analysis of the scientific and organizational activities of the prominent Ukrainian scientist and public figure V.B. Antonovych in the field of historical local history. The local history activity of the scientist in the field of Ukrainian science is highlighted, and it is shown that combining the work of a scientist with the collection of national antiquities, the protection, storage and study of monuments of Ukrainian culture, V.Antonovych passionately and consistently defended his life principles - the collection of ancient objects enriches Ukrainian science and history and directly affects the cultural and national revival of Ukrainian statehood. Conclusions. Based on the analysis of sources and domestic historiography, it has been proven that V.B. Antonovych, as a collector and collector of Ukrainian antiquities and historical monuments, was one of the first historians-local historians in Ukraine, an organizer of museum work, a museum theorist, ethnographer, and archaeologist. The works of V. B. Antonovych can be considered as comprehensive studies of a local history nature, since his field of vision included issues of historical and geographical local history, local genealogy, spragistics, heraldry, protection of historical and cultural monuments, and others. The scientist’s scientific interests in the field of local history went beyond regional studies, although the emphasis was on the study of Right Bank Ukraine, which ultimately influenced his statist views.

СТАНОВЛЕННЯ МЕХАНІЗМІВ ОХОРОНИ, ЗБЕРЕЖЕННЯ ТА ВИКОРИСТАННЯ АРХІТЕКТУРНОЇ СПАДЩИНИ В ІТАЛІЇ

The article analyzes the process of forming a complex system of architectural heritage protection in Italy and the evolution of the legal system in the field of cultural heritage preservation. The analysis clarifies the condition of heritage preservation in Italy, allows to trace some trends in its development and follow their successful experience. The issue of the protection and usage of architectural monuments and the analysis of international experience in the field of cultural heritage preservation have not been studied enough in Ukrainian scientific works. The purpose of the article is to reveal the regularities and peculiarities of the history of the formation and development of the cultural heritage protection and usage mechanisms in Italy. Italian cultural policy in the field of cultural and natural heritage protection started forming earlier than in other European countries because of the amount of significant cultural values. Italy has the richest experience in working with architectural heritage. The current state of the studied area in Italy shows the successful approaches and the high-quality management policy, which made it possible to expand the country's tourist potential to the highest level in Europe without threatening the existence of monuments. Italian legislation allowed to expand and streamline cooperation between the government and regions in heritage preservation field. In addition, regions got some autonomy in the field of improving and increasing the value (valorization) of heritage. Public-private partnership in this field and the organization of public-private funds are also an effective attempt of state and private cooperation. The analysis of successful European experience can become a basis for improving the legislative framework of Ukraine in the field of cultural heritage protection and form mechanisms for effective management of architectural monuments, both at the national and regional levels.

Conceptual basis of state policy in the sphere of museum affair

The purpose of the study is the analysis of the conceptual bases and directions of implementation of state policy in the museum sphere, as well as the definition of practical state management concepts in the sphere of museum affairs in Ukraine. The methodology is based on the use of problem-oriented approaches, which are based on the systematic and legal analysis of normative legal acts with the aim of improving state-management decisions as the main direction of the state’s regulatory activity. The following methods were used: interpretative-analytical, comparative-historical analysis, theoretical generalization, historical-comparative, historical-typological, historical-legal, statistical. Scientific novely. The article, based on the analysis of existing scientific works, defines the main directions of state policy in the museum sphere in general, and in the direction of preservation of monuments of material culture in particular. Prospects for improving state support for the educational activities of modern museums are also determined; attention is also focused on the positive experience of organizing cultural and educational activities of foreign museums in the context of preserving the cultural self-identification of society. Conclusions. It is emphasized that in order to ensure state management of socio-cultural processes in the context of museum development, Ukraine should focus on the implementation of innovative forms and methods of state management of the museum industry, which are based on world experience. The conceptual foundations of state policy in the field of museum affairs should be: analysis of the work of museum institutions with the determination of measures to improve their activities; development of measures to ensure the protection of monuments of museum funds; prevention of theft of historical and cultural values located in museums; replacement of security guards with technical ones; provision of financial resources for the creation of new exhibitions in museums; equipping museums with alarm systems and video surveillance; creation of a list of measures regarding the initiative of new expositions and exhibitions that will show the heroism of the defenders of the sovereignty of Ukraine.

ДО ІСТОРІЇ ТА АРХІТЕКТУРИ КАМ’ЯНИЦІ НА ВУЛ. ДОРОШЕНКА, 14 У ЛЬВОВІ

The residential architectural heritage of Lviv of the late 19th and early 20th centuries is an important part of the history and image of the city. Given the relatively low status of small-scale owners and the lack of funding, their condition is mostly unsatisfactory and requires professional restoration. Practical work is preceded by qualitative research, part of which is a historical reference and an architectural description with valuable elements that are the subject of monument protection. Among the researchers who worked with the object, it is worth mentioning Yakub Levytskyi, Yuriy Biryulyov, Igor Melnyk. It is generally known that the information concerning the object of research is predominantly personalized, and not addressed to the processes of rebuilding the tenement house, mistakes were made in the authorship of the architect, in in the list of attractions, an error was made in the name of the object. The purpose of the article is to draw attention to the segment of monuments of local significance of the 19th - early 20th centuries, their technical condition and the importance of detailed work with archival materials when compiling a historical reference. The novelty of the research is the processing of previously unpublished archival sources based on which inaccuracies were found in previous studies of the object, the creation of a detailed architectural description. The object of study is a residential building located in the Halytskyi administrative district on P. Doroshenko Street, in a historically formed architectural environment, within the historical area and in the development regulation zone. An existing building, a monument of architecture and urban planning of local importance. The building acquired its final appearance in 1911-1912 according to the projects of architects Henrik Salver and Józef Avin. The security number of the monument is 4367-Lv. The building is four-story, atrium-type, covered with a complex roof with basements, an attic and five stairwells. The development facility tentatively consists of four blocks: the front one, with access to Doroshenko Street, the rear one - located in the depth of the site, and the eastern and western oblong ones, which connect the front and rear blocks, forming a closed inner courtyard. The backyard is not accessible for inspection. As a result of the processing of archival materials, the architectural history of the building from the beginning of the 19th to the middle of the 20th century was structured, errors of previous studies and the name of the object in the official list of monuments of local importance of the city of Lviv were revealed. Over the course of its existence, the processing object changed many owners, among them: the Panzias family, Adolf Bauman, the Kasern family. It was during the possession of the Kasserns that it acquired its modern appearance. Such well-known architects of the time as Michal Fechter, Alfred Kamenebrodskyi, Henryk Salver, Josef Avin and others worked on the object. To date, the monument has preserved its layout within the capital walls, the composition, the character of the decoration of the facades and interiors of the passageway and the main stairwell, and the high level of authentic substance that constitute the object of protection of the research object. The decoration of the facades is made in the style of mature modernism, while the interior of the passage and the main stairwell is in the neoclassical style. Despite the satisfactory condition of the load-bearing structures, the general condition of the monument should be defined as unsatisfactory. There is significant damage to the equipment of the walls of the facades and interiors, decorative elements, the courtyard balconies of the rear block are in a state of emergency. A comprehensive approach to the study of the monument will allow a professional approach to drawing up a program of restoration works at the object in the future.

Section of monuments of Science and technology VOOPIK: history and main activities (on the example of the Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions)

The object of the study is the section of monuments of science and technology of the VOOPIK. The subject is the activity of the section of monuments of science and technology for the identification, study, accounting, preservation and updating of the corresponding category of monuments. The purpose of the study is to reconstruct the history of the emergence and functioning of this structural unit in the 1960s-1980s. The territorial framework is limited to the Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions, the leading industrial regions of the Urals, on the territory of which there were a large number of monuments of science and technology, monuments of industrial heritage. The author studies the history of the formation of the section of monuments of science and technology, and also gives a description of various types of its activities on the materials of the Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions. The problem posed has not yet been the subject of special study, and has only been touched upon in the context of the study of history in general of the All-Russian Society for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments and its regional branches, in particular. This determines the scientific novelty of the article. The source material is represented by archival materials, many of which are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, for example, unique information about the project to create a Museum of the History of Science and Technology in Chelyabinsk. The author comes to the conclusion that there were both similar directions and significant differences in the activities of these sections. This was determined by several reasons. Of great importance was the personal factor, which also influenced the effectiveness of the functioning of the section of monuments of science and technology

Military memorial heritage as a social phenomenon and an international legal problem: on the way to a solution

This article discusses conceptual approaches to understanding the problem of international legal protection of Soviet monuments, military graves and places of memory of the Great Patriotic War (military memorial heritage (MMH) sites) in the form of the formation of a new sub-branch of international law — military memorial law, the necessity of introducing the concept of "military memorial heritage" into legal circulation is justified, a mechanism for the legal protection of MMH sites is proposed. The article outlines some issues of the formation of a special International Charter "On the protection of the military memorial heritage", and reveals a number of its legal aspectsworked out in social practice by the tools of public diplomacy during the International Relay of Memory and Gratitude "The Fatherland of a Feat — to the Fatherland of a Hero".The material for the study is made up of the works of Russian and foreign scientists and social practitioners in the field of historical and social memory, considering monuments and memorial places symbolizing the exploits and victims of the Great Patriotic War as sites of a specific heritage of civilization that require special legal protection at both national and supranational and international levels. The experimental project in which the first regulatory standards were worked out in the field of perpetuating the memory of the defenders of the Fatherland in the projections of a number of inter-municipal agreements is the Russian electric power industry and the distribution power grid complex.By the methods of participant observation and independent legal expert review, during the implementation of more than 20 inter-municipal agreements established on the basis of the feats of citizens of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War (40 villages and cities with a population of 2 million people), as well as by monitoring the situation with the preservation of monuments in more than 200 villages and cities of about 10 countries of the world, a number of regulatory norms have been worked for the future international legal act in the format of a Charter (or Convention), their description is given and the author's version of the proposed structure is formulated.

Sustainable strategies for monument protection - A panoramic view of the possibilities and pitfalls

It is indeed a fact that the rich structural heritage is at the crossroads of extinction either due to the overexploitation of their purported existence for tourism or alternatively due to our abject apathy to their very existence. Apart from this, the prospect of irrevocably losing even the few spattering of monuments that we seem to protect and guard against their degradation through inappropriate, or in some cases highly casual and ill-informed strategies is one aspect that has attracted the attention of the global community in recent years. While, there appears to be an effort to put a system in place to ensure a proper repair and rehabilitation of these monuments, there is still a lack of understanding of the broad principles to ensure an effective yet sustainable maintenance and protection strategy. To start with these ancient monuments can be broadly characterized into few specific categories based on the materials used in their construction. The paper attempts to delineate some of them and look at the tenets to be followed to ensure a sustainable upkeep of these monuments. In doing so, a few examples of the type of problems associated with monuments in the Indian context were also looked into as illustrations.

National Fund for the Protection of Monuments: legal and financial issues

This study deals with the legal and financial issues of the National Fund for the Protection of Monuments (NFOZ), which has been operating since 1 January 2018 as a special purpose fund. The Fund has statutorily assigned revenues that come from fines paid by violators of regulations related to the protection of monuments. The study analyses the fund’s receipts and expenditures listed in its annual financial plans and concludes that, due to its relatively small revenues, the NFOZ contributes only minimally to the financing of the monument protection system in Poland.

Revolutionary Conservation and the Evolution of Conservatism: I. E. Grabar and the Design of Socialist Monument Protection Policy in the Russian Soviet Socialist Republic

ABSTRACT This article presents the formulation of socialist conservation policy under Soviet regimes. It shows how, with the realization of the Marxist-Leninist-Stalinist doctrine, a specific attitude toward the preservation of artistic monuments and cultural heritage emerged and how it changed in the course of the great historical ruptures leading up to the disintegration of ‘real socialism’. Special attention is paid to the work of Igor Emanuelovich Grabar, who had a central influence on Soviet monument preservation as a whole. The article presents the problems of formation of a specifically socialist conception of monument preservation, which began with the first socialist revolution at the beginning of the last century and influenced other countries under the rule of communist parties.

Obowiązki dokumentacyjne dysponentów zabytków nieruchomych zagospodarowanych na cele użytkowe a praktyka stosowania art. 25 ust. 1 ustawy o ochronie zabytków i opiece nad zabytkami

Article 25 of the Act on the Protection and Care of Historical Monuments (hereinafter: u.o.z.o.z.) imposes some obligations on owners or property holders of listed immovable historic monuments that have been adapted for utility functions. These obligations include holding conservator’s documentation and having a programme of the preservation works and program of the development of the monument and its surroundings (both programmes shall receive the consent of the voivodeship historic preservation officer). This provision is the only one in the Act that strictly concerns the adaptation of historic monuments. Despite this fact, it is not fully applied in practice. The first reason for this is that there is no sanction if somebody does not hold the required documentation. Secondly, regulations are insufficiently precise, for example, the procedure for reaching an agreement with preservation officer is not specified. The article is based on empirical research carried out in selected voivodeship historic preservation offices. The text focuses on the problem of how article 25 of u.o.z.o.z. is applied in practice. It transpires that some voivodeship historic preservation officers do not apply this provision at all, while in other voivodeships agreements are rare or are not reached as an autonomous activity but within the framework of other procedures (e.g. connected with allowances for performing some work). The analysis of documents prepared on the basis of article 25 u.o.z.o.z. leads to the conclusion that such documents are often incomplete or mistaken for other similar documents that are also obligatory, but on a different legal basis. What is more, the practice in the terms of the form and procedure of agreements is uneven – ordinarily, it takes the form of a letter, although there are also cases when a formal decision or opinion is issued. The results of empirical research served as a basis for de lege lata and de lege ferenda postulates.

Forma prawna zaleceń konserwatorskich

The discussion in this study deals with the legal form of conservation recommendations. This concerns documents issued by conservation services, which define the way of using the monument, its protection and performance of conservation works, as well as the scope of permissible changes that may be introduced to this monument. In simple terms, the conservation recommendation is a “monument operating manual”, which is issued individually for each building by the competent voivodeship historic preservation officer. The legislator did not specify the legal form of this document. Therefore, in numerous studies one can find a number of standpoints on this issue. Undoubtedly, such discrepancies are not conducive to implementing the principles behind the adoption of the regulation on conservation recommendations, i.e. effective protection of monuments. This article analyses the concepts that dominate the doctrine. This is primarily a matter of accepting that conservation recommendations are issued in the form of an administrative promise or an act of knowledge. The concept according to which there is no single legal form appropriate for all conservation recommendations is also examined. At the same time, an attempt is made to discuss the most frequently negated assumption, according to which conservation recommendations could be issued in the form of administrative decisions. The discussion is conducted on the basis of the legal text and academics’ analysis of the doctrine. An important element of the discussion is that it compares the characteristics of the administrative decision with the properties of the legal forms in which, according to the doctrine, conservation recommendations are issued. The conclusion that can be drawn from the analysis presented here is that it would be appropriate to classify the conservation recommendations as administrative decisions.

Preparing for the post-war reconstruction of historical monuments in Ukraine: Considerations in regard of the ongoing Polish post-WWII experience and international law on the protection and conservation of historical monuments

The article deals with three groups of issues, which are closely interrelated. The main problem discussed is the issue of the reconstruction, revalorisation and protection of Ukrainian monuments exposed to destruction as a result of warfare and Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. The second issue presented is the experience of Polish conservators in the area of cities destroyed during World War II. The third issue is international legislation in the field of heritage protection, which was analysed for the planned activities in the area of reconstruction and revaluation of Ukrainian monuments after the end of the war. The above-mentioned research was carried out by a Polish-Ukrainian team of heritage conservators, which seeks to be involved in the process of saving Ukrainian cultural heritage.