Protected Forest Areas Research Articles

Mapping functional tree regions of the Atlantic Forest: how much is left and opportunities for conservation

SummaryMany biomes still lack an overall view of their macro-functional structure (i.e., natural biogeographical regions and zones), including the Atlantic Forest biodiversity hotspot. The effective design of protected areas depends on the spatial identification of units with ecologically distinct content, whether it be floristic, phylogenetic or functional. This study used a regionalization approach to identify the potential functional regions of the Atlantic Forest by interpolating functional data from forest remnants into the entire original occurrence area of the biome, including deforested lands. Conservation status was then estimated. Analysis of seven traits of leaf, wood, seed and plant size revealed that the biome is structured over 14 functional regions and three zones (clusters of regions). Functional regions represented specific combinations of traits rather than being characterized by extremely high or low values of a single trait. They retained an average of 29.5% of forest remnants (range: 7.63–54.66%) and 10.82% of protected areas (range: 0.35–35.78%). By analysing the functional space occupied by all regions, captured by two principal component analysis axes using the pixel-level information contained in interpolated trait maps, we showed that large parts of this space were not covered by forest remnants or protected areas and that the most represented regions had serious deficits in protected areas. Although the Serra do Mar mountain range in the south and south-east Atlantic Forest is relevant as a centre of species endemism and richness and has received considerable attention for carrying out ecological studies and creating protection areas, this range does not fully encompass the functional biodiversity of such a rich biome. Our results demonstrate the potential for combining regionalization and conservation approaches to unravel the macro-structures of biomes.

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PERUBAHAN PENUTUPAN LAHAN DI DALAM KAWASAN HUTAN LINDUNG GUNUNG SIRIMAU

This study aims to know about the factors that influenced land cover changes in Gunung Sirimau Protected Forest Area. The method used in this study is crosstab analysis with a chi-square test, which is used to know the correlation between one variable and another variable. This study showed that people's dependence on forests influenced the land cover change in the Gunung Sirimau Protected Forest area. At the same time, other factors such as the income of people, knowledge about forest boundaries, and natural disasters did not influence land cover change in Gunung Sirimau's protected forest.

Pengaruh Kualitas Website Terhadap Keputusan Menginap di Banyan Tree Bintan

The purpose of this study was to obtain findings regarding the implementation of the website, the decision to stay and the effect of website quality on stay decisions. The object of this research is the guests who stay in Banyan Tree Bintan. Banyan Tree Bintan is a 5- star hotel located in the Riau Islands, to be exact, on the island of Bintan, in a protected forest area that offers a luxurious lifestyle amidst nature. The type of research is descriptive and verification, and the method used in this research is quantitative with statement in the questionnaire form to guests by taking a sample of 400 guests randomly. The results of the questionnaire will be processed using SPSS 24 by testing validation, reliability, normality and simple linear regression. The hypothesis of this study “there is an effect of website quality on the decision to stay at Banyan Tree Bintan” The result is: a constant value (a) 12.479 which indicates the quality of the website plays an active role in improving the decision to stay at Banyan Tree Bintan. The regression coefficient (b) value obtained for the decision to stay is the quality of the website (0.828) descriptively, the value of the website quality variable has a positive influence on the decision to stay, this is because the regression coefficient of the website quality variable is positive, meaning that if there is an increase in the website quality score by 1 unit In the condition that the other variable scores are the same or constant, this will be followed by an increase in the quality of the website (0.828) by the unit. At the end of the research, the author suggests that Banyan Tree Bintan continues to improve the quality of the website so that guests get more satisfaction while surfing the Banyan Tree Bintan website.

KLASIFIKASI TUTUPAN LAHAN PADA HUTAN LINDUNG GUNUNG SIRIMAU KOTA AMBON

Protected forest is a forest area that has the main function of protecting life support systems, to arrange water management, preventing flooding, erosion and sea water intrusion. The information of land cover is very important to determine the distribution of spatial use patterns on environmental conditions and regional spatial planning. This research aims to know the classification of land cover in Gunung Sirimau Protected Forest area in 2000, 2009 and 2019, and to identify the level of accuracy of the classification. This research used remote sensing and GIS methods to identify land cover classes using land cover maps released by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry in 2000, 2009 and 2019. The results of this research are classification of land cover in 2000 consist of primary dryland forest, secondary dryland forest, shrubs, and mixed dryland farming. Land cover in 2009 has an additional classification that is residential land, and in 2019 also has an additional classification that is open land. Overall accuracy value with ground checking obtained accuracy level 86,67% from 15 sample points.

Between Hopes and Threats: New Migratory Birds Records on the Sawala Mandapa Education and Training Forest, Indonesia

Java Island is one of the tropical areas for bird migration, especially the Asian-Australian flyway of migratory birds. The SMETF is one of the protected forest areas that migratory birds can visit in Java. This research aims to identify migratory birds in SMETF. Transect and point count methods are used to observe migratory bird movements and their activities. In the research area, four migratory birds were identified: Ficedula zanthopygia, Agropsar sturninus, Pernis ptilorhynchus o., and Accipiter soloensis. The first and second species showed many activities for four months from October 2020 to January 2021, and this is an indication that both are using the research site as a wintering habitat. The activities of the Pernis ptilorhynchus o., Accipiter soloensis were dominated by flying “flock” over the forest. Only the Pernis ptilorhynchus was observed carrying out hunting activities, indicating that this bird uses the area as a stopover area. This research also identified illegal hunting techniques, such as ngaleugeut and mikat, as severe threats to migratory birds in the SMETF.

Protecting Forested Areas in Non-Forest Zone through The Ecological Fiscal Transfer Scheme in Indonesia: A case study from Kutai Timur district

Ecological fiscal transfer (EFT) is an incentive scheme of budgetary transfers from different levels of a government (central and regional) to reward performances in environmental management. In Indonesia, EFT is mainly intended to protect forest zones or protected areas but does not include forested areas in the non-forest zone. This article investigates the opportunities and challenges of adopting the EFT scheme as a policy instrument to maintain the forested areas in Kutai Timur, a district in East Kalimantan province with the largest forested areas in its non-forest zone. This study applies a socio-legal approach along with a regulatory simplification instrument to examine the laws and regulations surrounding the adoption of an EFT scheme in Kutai Timur district. It demonstrates that the Kutai Timur district government can adopt the EFT scheme, given that they have the authority to manage the APL and village funds allocation. The scheme has no specific requirements or standards, identifying priority issues in the environmental sector. To adopt the scheme, the district government should develop criteria and indicators by considering the goals and priorities of district development, the data availability, and the opportunity for every village to implement it. The preparation of these criteria and indicators must be carried out in a participatory and accountable process to be well accepted by the stakeholders. Further, the district government requires integrating the EFT scheme in district policies on village funds allocation. By implementing the EFT scheme, the district government can encourage village governments and villagers to protect and manage forested areas in their village.

MINE DRAINAGE SYSTEM AT PT GAG NIKEL RAJA AMPAT REGENCY WEST PAPUA PROVINCE

PT. Gag Nikel is one of the companies engaged in the nickel mining industry that is allowed to conducted open-pit mining system within protected forest area in Raja Ampat Regency, West Papua Province. The problem raised in this study is how wide the catchment area, the dimensions of the settling ponds, the dimensions of the drainage that exist on the mine road. The study gave results of 0.44 km2 rain catchment area, 278.983 m3/57.28 seconds water discharge in settling pond 1, 262.2 m3/53.83 seconds water discharge in settling pond 2, 436,608 m3/89.65 seconds water discharge in settling pond 3 out of total 629,177 m3/2.01 minutes (120.06 seconds), and the dimensions of the drainage at the mine road is ideal due to it accommodates planned discharge.

Coffee plantation characteristics of migrant farmers: a case study in Tanggamus, Lampung, Indonesia

Abstract Tanggamus District is the second-largest coffee producer in Lampung Province after West Lampung District. The main production region is located at the highland of the northern side of Tanggamus namely the Sub-district of Air Naningan, Pulau Panggung, and Ulu Belu which border with protected forest area. This research was conducted in the Sumberejo Sub-district of Tanggamus Regency using survey and Focused Group Discussion method, considering that Sumberejo was the population center and the main coffee producer among Talang Padang ex-subdistrict region. The study involved 3 villages that were chosen purposely with 71 respondents of coffee farmers that were determined using a simple random sampling method and 3 series of FGD from April 2019 until September 2020. Data were analyzed using both descriptive and quantitative methods. The results show that 49% of sample farmers grow coffee located at medium (5-19 km) or long distances (⩾20 km) from home. There are 25-76% of sample farmers who work as a seasonal migrant usually (76.5% farmers) come to the garden once a month or once in two months. About 38% of sample farmers have coffee plantations outside Sumberejo Sub-district mainly at the Sub-district of Air Naningan and Ulu Belu. Long-distance coffee plantations are characterized by larger landholdings (1.5 ha on average), higher coffee stands per hectare (2,456 trees on average), and are dominated by mature coffee trees (41% farmers) and younger coffee trees (29% farmers). The more distance from home the lower shade trees population is. However more divers of MPTS are found in the coffee plantation that is located close to home residency. The yield of coffee plantations that are in a close or medium distance from home ranges 0.75-0.77 tons per hectare per year. Meanwhile, coffee plantations that are located a far distance from home get a yield of 0.94 tons per hectare.

Yield and Quality Improvement of Candlenut Oil by Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) Methods

Candlenut (Aleurites moluccana L) is a native plant of Indonesia and one of the six spices with the highest export value. Candlenut is one of the nutraceutical ingredients, used as raw material for the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Candlenut is used as a pain reliever and anti-inflammatory and has benefits in healing burns. The result of processed candlenut seeds, namely candlenut oil is rich in omega 3 unsaturated fatty acids which are anti-aging and strengthen and repair hair exposed to radiation. The problem faced in producing candlenut oil is the low yield and quality of the oil which is indicated by the brownish color of the oil and the long extraction time. This study aims to study increasing the yield of candlenut oil through the application of solvent extraction and microwave assisted extraction (MAE) methods and to identify the composition of the chemical compounds produced. The raw material used in producing this candlenut oil is candlenut seeds from the protected forest area of Register 21 PerentianBaru, Pringsewu Regency, Lampung Province. This research method is an experimental design with a completely randomized design. The independent variables in this study were the ratio of the sample to the amount of solvent with a level of 1;1; 1:2; 1:3 and 1:4. The observed responses were the yield, density and chemical composition of candlenut oil. The MAE method produced the highest yield of 38,5% in the ratio of the sample to the amount of solvent 1:2 with the characteristics of the oil produced, among others, a density of 0, 864 g/ml and a refractive index of 1,4772. The GCMS results show that the chemical compounds that make up candlenut oil include 31,1% linoleic acid, 27,85% oleic acid, 25,19% linolenic acid and 4,54% palmitic acid.

Evaluating Forest Cover Changes in Protected Areas Using Geospatial Analysis in Chiang Mai, Thailand

Abstract Protected areas have been developed in Thailand to conserve the natural environment required for wildlife and human beings, and to prevent disasters. It is necessary to address doubts about effectiveness of protected areas because regulations have been changed or are ignored in some communities and regions, especially in Chiang Mai province, which is facing the loss of natural forest areas under area transformations. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of forest protected areas. To do this, this study focused on analyzing multi-year land cover changes in Chiang Mai over two decades (1995-2015) with four land cover types: forest, agriculture, urban, and water bodies, inside and outside protected areas. The results suggest that the establishment of forest protected areas assisted to curtail urban expansion compared to non-protected areas. The protected areas effectively kept the number of divided forest patches small, and the forest patches were larger than in non-protected areas. We detected clearing of forests in protected areas, where they were transformed into agricultural areas. However, agricultural patches in protected areas were smaller and in higher densities than in non-protected areas. We conclude that the main contribution of forest cover loss in Chiang Mai is transition to agricultural areas, and that designated national parks and wildlife sanctuaries could help to effectively conserve such forest areas. Keywords: Land cover change, Land transformation, Protected areas, Non-protected areas, Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

Assessing changes in soil quality between protected and degraded forests using digital soil mapping for semiarid oak forests, Iran

Soil quality, defined as the capacity of a soil to function, is one of the most important characteristics of soil. Methods for modelling and monitoring soil quality are needed for sustainable soil management and evaluating soil degradation. In Iran, resource demands have led to the deforestation of the mixed semiarid oak forests; however, the impacts of these activities on the spatial patterns of soil quality remains unclear. This study calculates a soil quality index (SQI) from an integrated suite of soil biological, physical, and chemical properties and compares the SQI between a paired degraded/deforested area and a protected forested area in Iran using a digital soil mapping (DSM) approach via geostatistical and machine learning techniques. Here, 50 soil samples were acquired for each of the degraded/deforested and protected forested areas, whereby 14 soil attributes were measured. Results showed that the soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, available potassium, cation exchange capacity, pH, clay, saturated water content, and basal respiration in the protected area were significantly higher than the degraded forest area. Furthermore, the soil quality in the protected area was substantially higher than the degraded area. To select the best modelling approach for mapping SQI, machine learning approaches using regression tree (RT), artificial neural networks (ANN), and Random Forest (RF) models were compared against geostatistical approaches using inverse distance weighted interpolation, global polynomial interpolation, radial basis function interpolation, local polynomial interpolation, and kriging (ordinary, simple, and universal). Of the machine learning techniques, the RF model (R2 = 0.66) outperformed ANN and RT, while Universal Kriging outperformed all geostatistical approaches (R2 = 0.71). By comparing the SQI maps between the degraded/deforested and protected forested areas, the soil quality was substantially higher for the protected areas. This study demonstrates a framework for assessing the impacts of deforestation on the spatial patterns of soils using DSM techniques, which will facilitate effective land use planning and sustainable forest resource management strategies.

No evidence for trade‐offs between bird diversity, yield and water table depth on oil palm smallholdings: Implications for tropical peatland landscape restoration

Abstract Tropical peat swamp forests retain large carbon stocks and support unique biodiversity, but clearance and drainage for agriculture have resulted in fires, carbon emissions and biodiversity losses. Initiatives to re‐wet cultivated peatlands may benefit biodiversity if this protects remaining forests from fire and agricultural encroachment, but there are concerns that re‐wetting could reduce yields and damage livelihoods, as relationships between drainage, on‐farm biodiversity, and crop yields have not been studied. We examined oil palm fruit yields and bird diversity on 41 smallholder farms in Jambi (Sumatra, Indonesia), which varied in drainage intensity (12‐month mean water table per plot from August 2018 to August 2019: −52 to −3 cm below‐ground). We also compared farm bird diversity with a neighbouring area of protected peat swamp forest (11,000 ha, 21 plots; mean water table per plot −3 to +15 cm). Bird species richness (3–18 species per plot), species composition and oil palm yields (4.5–19.2 t fresh fruit bunch ha−1 year−1) varied among farms, but were not detectably affected by water table depth, although ground‐level vegetation was more complex on wetter farms. Bird richness in oil palm (mean = 10.3 species per plot) was <50% of that in forest (26 species per plot), and only 3 of 35 conservation‐priority species found in forest were recorded in oil palm. Synthesis and applications. Tropical peatlands in Indonesia have been drained to allow farmer access and improve farm yields, but we found no trade‐offs between drainage depth, yields and bird diversity on smallholder oil palm farms in our study landscape within the studied range of drainage depths. Current restoration initiatives to re‐wet peat may benefit farmers by reducing fire risk, without affecting yields. Wetter farms had increased understorey vegetation complexity, but this did not affect bird diversity, so we find no evidence that re‐wetting improves on‐farm biodiversity. However, on‐farm fire reduction efforts in cultivated peatlands, including re‐wetting, will be vital for reducing the risk of fires escaping into nearby forests, which contain unique and diverse bird species assemblages. Protection of remaining peatland forests from fire and clearance is key for biodiversity conservation, and for providing a source of seed dispersers and genetic material for future forest and landscape restoration efforts. Restoration of more biodiversity‐friendly land covers will improve landscape permeability and help conserve species and the ecosystem services they deliver.

The Future of Nature Conservation in Amazonia: Evidence From Transboundary Protected Areas

Biological diversity has been recognized as a global asset that is key to the well-being and survival of present and future generations. In response to massive destruction of the world’s ecosystems, the international community has agreed on several initiatives, most importantly, the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in 1992, which is the basis of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020, and the 20 Aichi Biodiversity Targets. A central instrument of these initiative are protected areas. The nine Amazonian countries alone, have designated 390 million hectares of protected forest areas, some of which are under very heavy pressure. As explicitly stated in Aichi Targets 11, 17, and 18, the effective governance and management of these protected areas requires the active participation of indigenous and other local resource user groups and respect for their traditional knowledge and customary practices. This manuscript analyzes to what extent and in which way these targets have been achieved by analyzing three transboundary protected areas in Brazil, Peru, and Bolivia constituted of five national parks. The analysis shows that important progress has been made in terms of the local participation and the generation and sharing of economic benefits, mostly due to the engagement of non-governmental organization (NGOs) funded from overseas development assistance (ODA) sources. However, many of the established mechanisms show major shortcomings, such as power imbalances, lack of legitimacy of decision-makers, unclear responsibilities, unresolved logistical challenges, and the lack of financial support. In addition, the functionality of local governance structures is severely threatened by the vagaries of national policies that often put biodiversity conservation and economic development at loggerheads. In order to ensure the functionality of protected areas in the Amazon region, binding and sufficient commitments by national governments are needed for genuine and effective local governance.

Improved Beekeeping Technologies as Intervention for Unemployed Youth Group

Beekeeping practice is as an important income-generating activity, employment and tourism. Its investment costs are relatively low which makes beekeeping a thriving business that can contribute invaluably to a household income. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the socio-economic contribution of beekeeping to youth by establishing beekeeping cooperatives of unemployed youth group around protected forest area. As to method, Ambo Woreda is selected purposively and two youth group which consist 34 members established. Two round training on improved beekeeping management practices and business planning given for group members. Forty box hives with honey bee colonies, beekeeping equipments and accessories delivered with technical support in establishment and follow up of honey bee colonies during the study period. Planting and managing multipurpose tree seedlings undertaken around the apiary with group members. As to the result, on average of 85.5kg kg pure honey harvested per season and marketed in surrounding local market and 21,375 Ethiopian Birr per season obtained from honey sold. Improved beekeeping knowledge, skill and awareness created on beekeeping as business are non financial results achieved as result of the intervention. The overall finding of this study mainly underlined beekeeping can be used as intervention tool for youth unemployment with integration of other income generating activities. Keywords: Beekeeping, intervention, income generation, unemployment DOI: 10.7176/JBAH/12-6-02 Publication date: March 31 st 2022

Spatial based mapping of londerang peatprotected revegetation

The Londerang Peat Protected Forest is the largest protected peat forest in Jambi Province with 12, 500 hectares. In 2015 there was a peat forest fire that destroyed the existing vegetation. Based on the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite, thousands of hotspots were observed from May to October. The condition of peat damage reaches 90%. Peat plays an important role in absorbing 75%of carbon so it should not be burned, dried, and used as plantation land. The purpose of the study was to determine changes in land cover, to determine the extent of revegetation, and to determine the area of unvegetated forest in the Londerang Peat Protected Forest area. The remote sensing method used is Image Classification assisted by ArcGIS Version 10.8 software with Landsat 8 satellite imagery. The analysis is carried out by making 20 color classifications on satellite image data, then the majority or pulling the minority pixel classes into the majority of pixel colors. From each code grid in the attribute table, the data are combined according to the landcover classification.The results of the spatial analysis of land cover In 2013-2018 there was very high forest degradation. In 2013 it was 2940.1 ha, in 2018 it was 191.3ha from the initial area of 12500 ha so that the Gonderang HLG was categorized as critical. Revegeted land is 354 ha with 164, 000 planted vegetation and the type of planted vegetation is endemic vegetation (Jelutung, swamp island, Gelam). The revegetation of the Londerang Peat Protection Forest has only been carried out for only 2.8% of the total land area.

The role of the Paguyuban Masyarakat Peduli Hutan (PMPH) community as a form of disaster management in the highlands of Kudus Regency

This article discussed the role of the Paguyuban Masyarakat Peduli Hutan (PMPH) community as a form of disaster management in the highlands of Kudus Regency. The purpose of this article was to analyze nature conservation activities as a form of disaster management which carried out by the Paguyuban Masyarakat Peduli Hutan (PMPH) community in Rahtawu Village, Gebog District, Kudus Regency. The focus of the study was to reveal the role of the PMPH community by using the phenomenological paradigm as a form of disaster management. The results of this paper found that Gebog District is one of the districts that was included in the landslide-prone area. Among the villages that are prone to landslides are Rahtawu Village, Colo Village, Menawan Village, Kedungsari Village, and Jurang Village. Rahtawu village was located in the highlands with an altitude of ± 1,627 m above sea level. This village physically had an undulating topography and was located in an area where the rainfall was quite high, namely 2,500-3,000 mm/year, with an average daily temperature of 290C. Rahtawu village in terms of morphology was an area located in the zone of moderate to high ground movement vulnerability. This village was also a protected area for the area below, because it was located in the upstream area of the Gelis sub-watershed and made Rahtawu Village a water catchment area that fills the Kudus groundwater basin. Rahtawu Village was designated as a protected forest area, community forest area, land movement prone area, cultural heritage area, local protected area around springs, and groundwater absorption area., Paguyuban Masyarakat Peduli Hutan (PMPH) Community in Kudus Regency has carried out several activities (living Qur’an) which are actually Qur’anic values regarding human duty to protect and preserve the universe in order to bring benefits to the people.

Community dependence on biodiversity of food sources around the protected area of Mount Jampang forest as a form of conservation and sustainable development in Garut Regency

The natural resources and the environment need to be considered the capital for national development and, at the same time, support living systems. Sustainable natural resources will ensure the availability of sustainable resources for products. In addition, a beautiful living environment will improve the quality of human life. Therefore, to realize an advanced, independent, and just Indonesia, Indonesia must manage natural resources and the environment in a balanced way to ensure the sustainability of national development. This study was conducted on communities around the forest area of Mount Jampang to reveal the crucial roles of biodiversity as food sources for the sustainability of local communities’ livelihoods on forest product resources and their conservation. In this study, the population was the communities around the forest in Garut Regency. Samples were selected using a purposive sampling technique. Data were collected using in-depth interviews. The collected data were analyzed using a descriptive qualitative method to obtain a systematic and accurate description. For the results of this study, the researchers successfully recorded 97 plant species from 49 families. These plants have dominated by Zingiberaceae and Poaceae (8 species), Araceae and Moraceae (6 species), Solanaceae (5 species), Araceae (4 species), Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Musaceae (3 species), Acanthaceae, Lauraceae, Rosaceae, Araliaceae, and Theaceae (3 species), and Smilacaceae, Chloranthaceae, Begoniaceae, Cannaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Convolvulaceae, and others (1 species). The results of plant utilization indicated that the number of wild food plants was more widely used (64.94%) than that of cultivated food plants (35.05%). It means that the community dependence on biodiversity resources around the protected forest area is sufficiently high.

Understanding the role of land‐use emissions in achieving the Brazilian Nationally Determined Contribution to mitigate climate change

AbstractBrazil has experienced huge areas of forest loss over recent decades with an estimated removal of 80 MHa of natural forest since 1990. Deforestation creates substantial greenhouse emissions that have historically dominated all other sectors. Effective governance has reduced deforestation and net land‐use emissions have fallen by 74% since the mid‐2000s. Anthropogenic carbon removal from secondary forest regrowth and protected areas has increased by 62%, which has helped drive the reduction in net emissions, offsetting gross emissions which have fallen by 44%. Major Brazilian biomes, such as the Atlantic Forest are net‐sinks and the Amazon was near net‐zero in 2010. Deforestation has increased over the last 10‐years and now stands at a decadal high in the Amazon region. These increases in deforestation put Brazil at risk of missing its original National Determined Contribution; however, the recent revision has substantially increased the 2005 baseline and therefore the overall target. Carbon removals in the forest sector play an increasingly important role in reducing emissions and achieving the NDC. The Brazilian target of achieving 12 MHa of reforestation and restoration has the potential to further offset emissions through enhanced regrowth. However, the natural carbon sinks of Brazil are weakening. The Amazon forest is the single largest Brazilian biome for natural carbon uptake but when combined with land‐use emissions has seen a net loss over the last 30 years. The natural sink remains large, but ecosystem resilience is declining driven by global and local climate change linked to rising international emissions and changing circulation patterns associated with local deforestation and degradation. These combine to make realizing the huge potential for carbon removal more challenging. It remains evident that forest protection and avoided degradation and disturbance is the best way to mitigate emissions and reduce climate impacts.

Modelling areas for sustainable forest management in a mining and human dominated landscape: A Geographical Information System (GIS)- Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) approach

ABSTRACT Protected forest areas are fraught with severe threats from mining, agriculture and settlement expansion, and unsustainable use of forest resources. Due to funding and technical challenges, the inadequate monitoring and lack of information limits the conservation efforts in Zambia in general and Solwezi district in particular. Field-based methods in monitoring forest quality and suitability are time consuming and inefficient especially in inaccessible areas. However, with the advent of technology, Geographical Information System (GIS) and remote sensing, important data for forest quality can easily be accessed. This study aimed at assessing the state of protected forest areas in Zambia’s Solwezi Copper mining district, prone to forest fragmentation. Furthermore, this study identifies suitable areas for conservation, based on standardized criteria that combine Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) and GIS approach. A suitability model was developed for the selection of the suitable areas, and elimination of the unsuitable ones, using GIS and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Five suitability criteria and two restriction criteria were used in this model. The results show different ranked levels of suitability which include 15.4% restricted, 18.1% lowly suitable, 14.9% moderately suitable, 21.2% highly suitable and 30.4% extremely suitable. Our approach informs conservationists, and other stakeholders about the status of protected forest areas and avails novel opportunities for creating new ones. This study’s modelling approach can be a prerequisite to sustainable forest management by policy makers and practitioners, and an essential input into forest monitoring.

STRUKTUR DAN KOMPOSISI TUMBUHAN INVASIF DI HUTAN LINDUNG GAMBUT SUNGAI BULUH KABUPATEN TANJUNG JABUNG TIMUR

The Study of structure and compotition of invasive species in protected peat forest area of ​​the Sungai Buluh, Tanjung Jabung Timur was conducted from April to September 2020. This research was conducted in open space area. Data were collected with systematic sampling method in 2 x 2 m plot in tree long transects 500 m. Every transect has 5 plots with the same distance of 100 m, so that the total plots are 25 plots. The data obtained were analyzed to determine the importance value indeks of plant species, diversity indeks and Eveness index of plants in the location. Based on the identification results, were found 31 invasive spesies in Protected Peat Forest Sungai Buluh. Cynodon dactylon was found high Important Value Index 28.60%. Diversity index was found 2,65 and the value of the evenness index 0,77 in research location.