Proprietary Foods Research Articles

Legal Framework for Implementation of Trans-fat Regulations in India

Background: The widespread consumption of trans-fats across the world represents a worrying scenario, as it is directly responsible for coronary heart disease and related mortality. Recognizing its dangers, the WHO has set an agenda to eliminate trans-fats by 2023. In India, the Food Safety And Standards Authority ensures safe and wholesome food consumption. In light of the WHO’s standards for the elimination of trans-fats, the FSSAI recently notified limits of trans-fatty acids to not more than 3% in all fats and oils by January 2021 and 2% by January 2022, as well as a limitation on all food products in which edible oils and fats are ingredients to not contain trans-fatty acids of more than 2% mass of total oils/fats in the product by January 2022. Objective: Given the need to eliminate the consumption of trans-fats, it is necessary to assess the implementation of trans-fat regulations in India in order to determine the current status of enforcement and suggest measures for improvement. Methods: Empirical research was conducted through a questionnaire to analyze India’s current status and difficulties in enforcing trans-fat regulations. Results: Although all states have included compliance of trans-fat regulation in the agenda of the State Surveillance Plan but are facing some implementation challenges such as lack of lab infrastructure, lack of trained manpower, unsupportive FBOs, insufficient budget, lack of testing kits, and excluding proprietary food from compliance with trans-fat regulations. Further, all states have felt the need to develop a guideline/manual to facilitate enforcement of the trans-fat regulations. In light of this, the article has critically analyzed the Legal framework for implementing Trans-fat Regulations in India to identify specific implementation challenges due to scattered regulations and recommend suggestive measures for developing the guidelines/manual to facilitate effective implementation of the said regulation.

Performance evaluation of a formulated infant food on some biological indices in Wistar rats

Abstract Performance evaluation of a formulated infant food on some biological indices in Wistar rats was investigated. For rats fed separately with normal rat feed, formulated infant food and proprietary food, serum total protein and albumin were determined by colorimetric method, red blood cell (RBC) and differential white blood cell (WBC) counts were determined with a haemocytometer, packed cell volume (PCV) was by micro-haematocrit, haemoglobin (HGB) was determined using cyanomethaemoglobin method while mean cell volume (MCV) and mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) were calculated. The results obtained showed that, for Wistar rats fed with normal rat feed, the baseline values prior to the commencement of feeding trial for serum total protein, albumin, body weight, PCV, WBC, platelet count (PLT), RBC, HGB, lymphocyte count (LYM), MCH, MCV, neutrophil (NEU), and eosinophil (EOS) were 82.9 g/dL, 44.75 g/dL, 142.80g, 41.14%, 7.60×103 μL−1, 404.85×103 μL−1, 5.68×106 μL−1, 10.80 g/dL, 50.28 %, 18.42 pg, 59.28 fL, 45.57 %, and 2.57 % respectively. After the feeding trial, the serum total protein, albumin, body weight, PCV, WBC, PLT, RBC, HGB, LYM, MCH, MCV, NEU, and EOS in Wistar rats fed with the formulated infant food (the experimental group) were 79.6 g/dL, 50.65 g/dL, 169.18g, 40.14%, 5.77 ×103 μL−1, 309.85 ×103 μL−1, 6.85×106 μL−1, 12.45 g/dL, 52.85 %, 18.24 pg, 58.64 fL, 42.00 %, and 2.14% respectively and these were in most cases, either greater or comparable with their corresponding mean values of 69.1 g/dL, 44.40 g/dL, 177.97 g, 30.24%, 4.18×103 μL−1, 188.14×103 μL−1, 5.29×106 μL−1, 10.74 g/dL, 53.14 %, 20.37 pg, 57.61 fL, 38.85 %, and 4.57 % respectively in Wistar rats fed with the proprietary infant formula (the control group). This shows that the potential infant food has a more positive effect on most of the biological indices assessed than the proprietary infant food or a comparable effect at the least.

Use of Starch and Modified Starches in Infant Feeding

There is a long history of the use of starch in infant feeding. Proprietary infant foods (1867-1920) contained added starch from either cereal grains or malted carbohydrates. When evaporated milk became available in the 1920s, the use of proprietary foods fell out of favor. Evaporated milk formulas were a mixture of milk, water, and modified starch or milk sugar (lactose). By the late 1920s, however, corn syrup became the most common modified starch added to evaporated milk formulas as it was widely available, inexpensive, and readily accepted. The ongoing development of the modern calorie-based infant formula, made from non-fat cow's milk, lactose, oleo and vegetable oils, largely replaced the evaporated milk formulas in the 1960s. On the other hand, after 1940, added starch and modified starch became increasingly important in the production of pureed fruits and vegetables. Not surprisingly, this included their use in the modern "industrialized" food for use in infants, including their use in a proliferation of grain based fortified infant cereals. This coincided with the increasing production largely due to the earlier introduction of complementary foods, commonly before 3 months of age by 1958. After 1969, the increasing public awareness and media scrutiny of infant foods lead to a growing criticism of the use of modified starches. Even though the National Research Council and the American Academy of Pediatrics concluded that modified starches were safe for use, continued public pressure led to their removal from most infant foods in the 1990s. This paralleled the natural food and organic food movements in the United States. Though modified starches are still used in infant dinners of mixed foods today, their use has been minimized and this issue is not currently of significant concern to the public.

The Effects of Different High-Protein Low-Carbohydrates Proprietary Foods on Blood Sugar in Healthy Subjects.

The reformulation of ultraprocessed ready-to-consume foods in a low-CHO, high-protein version can produce a significantly lower glycemic response whilst maintaining the valued ready-to-use format and high palatability demanded by consumers. The low impact on postprandial glycemia and the nutritional characteristics of these proprietary foods makes them useful in both weight control management strategies and in the care management of diabetes.

Infantile scurvy: a historical perspective.

Scurvy, a disease of dietary deficiency of vitamin C, is uncommon today. Among diseases, scurvy has a rich history and an ancient past. The Renaissance (14th to 16th centuries) witnessed several epidemics of scurvy among sea voyagers. In 1747, James Lind, a British Naval surgeon, performed a carefully designed clinical trial and concluded that oranges and lemons had the most antiscorbutic effect. Eventually, with the provision of lemon juice to the sea voyagers, scurvy became rare at sea. Infantile scurvy appeared almost as a new disease toward the end of the 19th century. The increased incidence of infantile scurvy during that period was attributed to the usage of heated milk and proprietary foods. Thomas Barlow described the classic clinical and pathologic features of infantile scurvy in 1883. Between 1907 and 1912, Holst and Frolich induced and cured scurvy in guinea pigs by dietary modification. In 1914, Alfred Hess established that pasteurization reduced the antiscorbutic value of milk and recommended supplementation of fresh fruit and vegetable juices to prevent scurvy. Such pioneering efforts led to the eradication of infantile scurvy in the United States. A brief history of infantile scurvy is provided.

Experimental studies on planting artificial stream channels with unfed and six weeks fed salmon (Salmo salar L.) and trout (S. trutta L.) fry/parr

Abstract– Experimental comparisons were made between release as unfed fry and release as six weeks fed parr, upon the growth and final population density of young salmon and trout over a ten week period. Salmon and trout released into experimental channels as unfed fry at densities of about 19 fish. m‐2 showed rapid reduction in numbers, chiefly by downstream dispersal, accompanied by negligible growth. After substantial reduction in numbers, there was a reduced rate of dispersal and rapid growth. Salmon and trout retained in a hatchery at high density (80 to 200 fish. m‐2) and fed for six weeks on proprietary food showed slow, but measurable, growth. After release into the channels these fish adjusted their numbers, mainly by downstream dispersal, and showed an increased growth rate. At the end of a ten week period, salmon introduced as fed parr had approximately twice the population density of salmon introduced as unfed fry. No similar difference in population density could be shown for trout. For both species, the fish introduced as fed parr had a lower mean weight after ten weeks than had the fish introduced as unfed fry.

Food hypersensitivity in 20 dogs with skin and gastrointestinal signs

Canine food allergy can be defined as a nonseasonal, pruritic skin disorder of dogs that is associated with the ingestion of a substance found in the dog's diet. This study records the use of a proprietary dried fish, corn and soya-based diet for the investigation and maintenance of food allergic dogs when fed initially as a restricted allergen diet and then as a maintenance diet after challenge. All the dogs showed evidence of pruritic skin disease and in addition demonstrated gastrointestinal signs. These included the presence of faecal mucus and blood, tenesmus and increased faecal frequency; all the signs associated with colitis. Both cutaneous and gastrointestinal signs resolved when an elimination diet was fed and could be reproduced when the animal was appropriately challenged. Ten dogs were trialled on a home cooked diet of fish and potato and 10 dogs on the proprietary complete food. All the dogs were challenged to identify their food allergies. Nineteen of the dogs have subsequently been successfully maintained on the proprietary food.

The interaction of food additives and protein content in broiler diets.

No evidence was found for an interaction between dietary crude protein content and the presence or absence of two proprietary food additives used as sources of avoparcin and zinc bacitracin. The food additives had a similar effect in increasing rate of growth resulting in significant improvements of about 2% in the food conversion ratios.

Vitamin D therapy: problems and prospects

Natural vitamin D (D3, cholecalciferol) reaches the body from animal sources in the diet and from endogenous skin synthesis by the action of solar ultraviolet irradiation. Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) is used for fortifying proprietary foods such as margarine (and milk in the USA and Canada). These compounds have equal potency in man. A regular intake of 2.5 micrograms (100 i.u.) daily for adults and about 10 micrograms (400 i.u.) daily for children under 5 years old is usually recommended to prevent nutritional osteomalacia and rickets.

Diets for Sick Children

It is axiomatic that many pediatric diseases require dietary treatment, sometimes as the sole form of therapy, for example, in celiac disease and phenylketonuria, and sometimes as an adjunct, as in nephrosis and diabetes. Diets for Sick Children gives very practical and careful guidance in the preparation of diets for all such children. The proprietary foods referred to in the text are those commonly available on the English market; its usefulness is, therefore, limited on this side of the Atlantic, but it should prove a useful addition to any pediatric dietetic department, and is recommended on this account.

Proprietary Foods for Diabetics

Proprietary Foods for Diabetics

British Food Journal Volume 67 Issue 1 1965

Of matters concerning man's day‐to‐day living, none receives more attention than his diet; the foods which housewives should buy, how they should be prepared and cooked. All women's journals and most daily newspapers profess to give expert advice on diet, nutritional needs, recipes, meals, etc. Radio and television have programmes on the subject and television advertisements, when not eulogising drink of all sorts, cigarettes or soap, are largely devoted to extolling proprietary foods, without the generous addition of which to the diet, one gathers, malnutrition is unavoidable.

Prematurity, Congenital Malformation and Birth Injury:

In recent years it has become popular for various privately endowed foundations, certain proprietary food and medicine manufacturers, and progressive-minded industrial interests to underwrite and promote symposia and conferences, and invite for participation well-known authorities in the respective fields of interest of the sponsoring agencies. It is a satisfactory and illuminating technique to get the experts on one subject to sit down together and amiably extoll their own views in the field in which they are interested, together with contemporary workers in the same or related fields. The interested reader and student thus has access to the mass of information presented by such conferences and placed between the covers of one book, instead of being required to search through the literature for the opinions of the same authorities. Here it may be found in compact form, which is of tremendous advantage to the teacher or student who is searching for

British Food Journal Volume 41 Issue 4 1939

The Food and Drugs Act, 1938—or 1 and 2 Geo. VI. chap. 56—contains an important new provision. This provision is designed to prevent the practice of attaching to the containers of foods or drugs labels bearing misleading or exaggerated statements relating to the contents of the package whereby the purchaser is misled into believing that the food or drug he purchases has merits peculiarly its own, but which in fact it does not possess. In other words, this practice is an attempt on the part of the manufacturer or salesman to deceive the buyer as to the nature, substance and quality of the goods he buys.—It is a matter of additional satisfaction to note that the same section of the Act is also directed against the practice of causing to be inserted in newspapers or similar publications, advertisements making similar false or exaggerated claims for such inferior products. The malpractice referred to is particularly evident when certain proprietary foods and patent medicines are concerned.

TERTIAN MALARIA IN TWO INFANTS UNDER TWO MONTHS OF AGE

It is not unusual for practitioners in our section to see malaria in its various expressions among children and adults, but it is unusual to note this particular malady in infants under 6 months of age. Medical literature has not given us many references concerning the signs and symptoms referable to malaria in the very young, and the writer presents these two cases in the belief that the manifestations expressed in these cases may be of sufficient interest to justify their publication. Case1.—Lillian P., aged 2 months, was brought to me on account of fever. She was an only child. Her father is living and healthy, but her mother died at the time of her birth from puerperal fever. Her feeding history has been a most irregular one, several of the proprietary foods having been given with but little success. At the time of admission a condensed milk formula

TRANSIENT ABDOMINAL TUMOR IN A CHILD OF FIVE YEARS WITH REDUNDANT COLON

The complaint in this case was the periodic occurrence of abdominal tumor. The patient was the only child of young and healthy parents, though the mother might be said to be of a nervous temperament. The birth weight was 11¾ pounds and the labor was tedious, though a head presentation, delivery being finally effected, after forty-eight hours, by instrumentation. No difficulty was experienced, however, in establishing respiration, and the infant was normally nourished until two days after birth, when a promising lactation for some reason failed. After this the child ran the gauntlet of proprietary foods, including Eskay's, Mellin's and finally Horlick's malted milk, which was continued well into the second year. He sat up at five months, began the eruption of teeth at eight months and walked at nineteen months. With the exception of frequent attacks of rhinitis, to correct which an adenoid operation was performed at the age

THE INFLUENCE OF LACTOSE ON THE METABOLISM OF AN INFANT

As there are very few metabolism experiments which throw much light on the digestion of sugar and its effect on the digestion and absorption of the other food components, the following investigation was undertaken to increase our knowledge of this phase of the subject. J. P. entered the Massachusetts General Hospital, Sept. 12, 1913, at the age of 5 months. The family history was negative. The baby was born prematurely at seven months, April 11, 1913, weighing 4½ pounds, (2.05 kg.). He was never breast-fed and had been given condensed milk or modified milk with proprietary foods containing maltose and had never thrived. During July he had cholera infantum. He entered the Boston Floating Hospital, Aug. 14, 1913, where he remained until he was transferred to the Massachusetts General Hospital, one month later (Sept. 12, 1913), at which time he weighed 9 pounds 15 ounces (4.54 kg.). The physical examination

THE USES AND ABUSES OF PROPRIETARY FOODS IN INFANT FEEDING

THE USES AND ABUSES OF PROPRIETARY FOODS IN INFANT FEEDING

The Composition and Alcoholic Content of Certain Proprietary Foods for the Sick

The Composition and Alcoholic Content of Certain Proprietary Foods for the Sick

British Food Journal Volume 2 Issue 7 1900

A point repeatedly brought forward for the defence, or at all events for the purpose of mitigating the fine, in adulteration cases, is the statement that defendant's goods have been analysed on former occasions and have been found genuine. As illustrating the slight value of analyses of previous samples may be taken the average laudatory analyses on patent or proprietary foods, drinks, or medicine. The manufacturer calculates—and calculates rightly—that the general public will believe that the published analysis of a particular specimen which had been submitted to the analytical expert by the manufacturer himself, guarantees all the samples on the market to be equally pure. History has repeatedly proved that in 99 cases out of 100 the goods found on the market fall below the quality indicated by the published analyses. Not long ago a case bearing on this matter was tried in court, where samples of cocoa supplied by the wholesale firm were distributed; but, when the retailer tried to sell the bulk of the consignment, he had repeated complaints from his customers that the samples were a very much better article than what he was then supplying. He summoned the wholesale dealer and won his case. But what guarantee have the general public of the quality of any manufacturer's goods—unless the Control System as instituted in Great Britain is accepted and applied ? Inasmuch as any manufacturer who joins the firms under the British Analytical Control thereby undertakes to keep all his samples up to the requisite standard; as his goods thenceforth bear the Control stamp; and as any purchaser can at any time submit a sample bought on the open market to the analytical experts of the British Analytical Control, free of any charge, to ascertain if the sample is up to the published and requisite standard, it is plain that a condition of things is created which not only protects the public from being cheated, but also acts most beneficially for these firms which are not afraid to supply a genuine article. The public are much more willing to buy an absolutely guaranteed article, of which each sample must be kept up to the previous high quality, rather than one which was good while it was being introduced, but as soon as it became well known fell off in quality and continued to live on its reputation alone.