Proposed Patch Antenna Research Articles

Low-Cost Flexible Graphite Monopole Patch Antenna for Wireless Communication Applications

This research investigates a monopole patch antenna for Wi-Fi applications at 2.45 and 5.2 GHz, and WiMax at 3.5 GHz. A low-cost and flexible graphite sheet with good conductivity, base on graphite conductive powder and glue is used to create a radiator patch and ground plane. Instead of commercially available conductive inks or graphite sheets, we use our self-produced graphite liquid to create the graphite sheet because it is easy to produce and inexpensive. The antenna structure is formed using a low-cost and easy hand-screen printing approach that involved placing graphite liquid on a bendable polyester substrate. This research focuses on designing and developing a low-cost, thin, light, and flexible patch antenna for wireless communication and smart glass applications. The proposed antenna utilizes CST microwave software for simulations to improve the parameters before fabrication and measurement. The simulation and measurement results for the reflection coefficients at 2.45 GHz, 3.5 GHz, and 5.20 GHz are reliable and cover the required resonance frequencies, antennas gain are 1.91, 1.98, and 1.87 dB, respectively. Additionally, the radiation patterns of both results are omnidirectional. In the experiments, bending the proposed patch antenna along with the cylinder with the radii of 60, 40, and 25 mm yielded the same measurement results as the unbent patch antenna.

Analysis of Patch Antenna with Broadband Using Octagon Parasitic Patch.

This paper proposes a novel broadband octagonal patch antenna with parasitic patches. The proposed patch antenna is constructed with four parasitic patches around a central radiating octagonal element. It is illustrated that this arrangement can be used to improve the antenna bandwidth and gain when compared with that of conventional antennas. The proposed patch antenna is very simple, low-profile, and economical. The typical analysis of the proposed antenna is analyzed by the S11(S-parameter), the radiation pattern, and the realized gain. It can achieve an impedance bandwidth of 1.44 GHz and a high gain of 8.56 dBi in the 8.5 GHz band. Furthermore, the proposed antenna shows that the directional pattern and HPBW measurement results of E and H-plane were 70° and 74° at 8.5 GHz, and 74° and 83° at 9 GHz, and 47° and 42° at 9.5 GHz, respectively.

Substrate material selection and design optimization of patch antenna

In this paper parametric analysis of different substrate materials used for microstrip patch antenna are analyzed based on its physical properties, also parametric calculation performed for selection of substrate working at operating frequency of 5.8 GHz. Proposed microstrip patch antenna was optimized by varying its design structure from rectangular patch to E-shaped structure. Method of moment based electromagnetic simulator IE3D was used for parametric calculation and optimization of proposed patch antenna design.

Decoupled Monitoring Method for Strain and Cracks Based on Multilayer Patch Antenna Sensor.

As the rapid development of high-end intelligent equipment continues, the design requirements for crack and strain monitoring equipment are increasing daily. In this paper, a decoupled monitoring method for strain and cracks based on a multilayer patch antenna sensor is studied. First, the monitoring principle for strain and crack decoupling is analyzed. Second, the design method for the multilayer patch antenna sensor is studied, and the hierarchical arrangement, patch size, substrate layer thickness, and feeding line structure are designed on the basis of this method. A quarter-wavelength impedance converter is designed to perform impedance matching and optimize the resonant frequency information. The effects of strain and crack propagation on the resonant frequency of the patch antenna are analyzed through simulations, and the decoupled monitoring method for the structural stress state and crack propagation is discussed. Lastly, the feasibility of decoupled monitoring of strain and cracks is verified experimentally. The results of the theoretical analysis, simulations, and experiments show that the proposed patch antenna sensor based on the multilayer structure can realize decoupled monitoring of strain and cracks in the structure, and the sensor has broad application prospects.

Switchable Dual-Band Dual-Sense Circularly Polarized Patch Antenna Implemented by Dual-Band Phase Shifter of ±90°

A switchable dual-band dual-sense (DBDS) circularly polarized (CP) patch antenna is reported in this communication, which is implemented by dual-band phase shifter of ±90°. The proposed antenna is comprised by two annular-ring radiators, four H-shape slots, and two phase-controlled feeding networks. Four H-shape slots offer desired isolation between two paths of each feeding network, and also improve the impedance matching performance in two bands. Each dual-feed network is shared by two operating radiators, supporting simultaneous dual-band functionality. Meanwhile, the dual-band phase shifter is enabled by the folded shorted stubs that provide broadband dual-CP radiation performance. Thus, for each feeding network, −90° and 90° phase differences between two orthogonal signals can be achieved in each band, respectively, so as to meet the requirements of opposite polarizations. Two pairs of single pole single throws (SPSTs) are added in the feeding networks to acquire switchable CP characteristic, meanwhile improving the isolation between two feeding networks. As a proof-of-concept, a switchable DBDS CP antenna prototype operating at 2.45 GHz/5.8 GHz industrial scientific medical (ISM) bands is prototyped and tested with a low profile of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.036~\lambda _{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> . By controlling two pairs of SPSTs, the proposed patch antenna can switch from the right-handed circular polarization (RHCP)/left-handed circular polarization (LHCP) state to the LHCP/RHCP state.

A THz antenna with sandwiched metasurface for quadband application

In this paper, the performance of a quad-band rectangular microstrip patch antenna comprising sandwiched metasurface (MS) between two dielectric substrates has been reported in the terahertz spectrum. The inset feed technique has been used in the proposed patch antenna. The simulation of the proposed antenna shows respective fractional bandwidths of 7.28%, 10%, 11.15% and 3.5% at the frequencies of 0.92 THz, 1.28 THz, 1.68 THz and 2.08 THz. The maximum realized gain of 8.5 dBi has been achieved at 2.08 THz. The radiation efficiency has been found to be more than 50% at all the operating frequencies. This type of antenna can be used in medical, security purposes and video imaging systems in the terahertz domain.

A Multi-band Multi-slot MIMO Antenna with Enhanced Isolation

In this correspondence a small low profile multiband multi-slot MIMO antenna is proposed. The proposed patch antenna covers five bands. Band I covers 2.71–2.82 GHz, band II covers 3.73–4.64 GHz, band III covers 5.14–6.72 GHz, band IV covers 7.52–8.53 GHz and band V covers 8.66–9.41 GHz. It combines many applications into a single device by designing a single antenna that can be operated in multi-bands. The proposed antenna consists of multi-slot radiator with defected ground plane. Proposed antenna is smaller in size 15 × 20 mm2 (0.14λ0 × 0.18 λ0). It is extended to MIMO and mutual coupling is reduced in three bands (III, IV and V) using Defected Ground Structure (DGS). Mutual coupling in the first band (I, II) is minimized using a decoupling element. The proposed MIMO antenna is fabricated and tested. Simulation and measured results are found to be in good agreement.

Design and Performance Investigation of Miniaturized Multi‐Wideband Patch Antenna for Multiple Terahertz Applications

In this paper, a highly efficient multiband optimized slotted pentagonal terahertz patch antenna and its 2 × 2 multi-input multi-output (MIMO) planar array is proposed for multiple terahertz (THz) applications like high-speed indoor communications, explosive detections, arms detection, medical imaging, pharmaceutical analysis, and industrial inspections, etc. Here, the proposed patch antenna is developed from the simple rectangular patch antenna (SRPA) by optimizing the shape of radiating patch and ground plane. Such proposed antenna is designed on the transparent polyimide substrate material having a dielectric constant of ℇr = 3.5 and thickness 21.5 µm. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique is used to enhance the performance parameters of proposed antenna. The performance parameters like reflection coefficient, gain, directivity, radiation pattern, and antenna efficiency are computed at the resonating frequencies of proposed antenna. It covers wide bandwidth, which resonates at 3.00 THz, 4.85 THz, 7.02 THz, 8.87 THz, 9.43 THz, and 10.785 THz frequencies having reflection coefficient less than −10 dB. It is also noted that as compared to early reported THz antennas, it has achieved a maximum gain of 13.92 dB and radiation efficiency of 85.77% within the resonating band. Also, a 2 × 2 MIMO antenna array is designed using an optimized antenna element for more effective terahertz communication. The performance of such MIMO array is computed in terms of the transmission coefficient, envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), and Mean effective gain. It has achieved <−15 dB isolation between the antenna elements. The proposed antenna could be a successful choice for multiple terahertz applications.

Pin-Loaded Patch Antenna Fed With a Dual-Mode SIW Resonator for Bandwidth Enhancement and Stable High Gain

A pin-loaded patch antenna fed with a dual-mode substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) resonator is proposed in this letter for enhanced bandwidth and stable high gain. The loading effect of shorting pins on quality factor of the radiator is investigated with characteristic mode analysis at first. As such, the pin location can be properly selected to enhance gain with the least negative effect on bandwidth. A SIW resonator operating in TE110 and TE120 modes is introduced to feed the patch through aperture coupling. The dual modes of SIW resonator increase the resonant order of the antenna with compact size, which significantly widens the bandwidth. Moreover, the undesired high-order mode is well suppressed with the proposed feeding scheme, which further contributes to steady radiation performance. Simulated and measured results demonstrate that the proposed patch antenna has obtained an enhanced bandwidth of 22% and stable high gain up to 11.9 dBi simultaneously.

Edge Port Excited Metamaterial Based Patch Antennas for 5G Application

Microstrip Patch Antenna is a narrowband antenna fabricated by etching the antenna element pattern in metal trace of elements like copper bonded to an insulating dielectric substrate with a continuous metal layer on the opposite side of the substrate which forms a ground plane. Electromagnetic Metamaterial is an artificial material that is made up of different types of structural designs on dielectric substrates. In this paper, a broad and elite investigation is being carried out by designing and simulating a single negative metamaterial cell comprising a square split ring resonator. This metamaterial cell depicts negative values of permeability for a specific range of frequencies. These cells show exceptionally great applications in the design of microstrip patch antenna. The substrate of the microstrip patch antenna with a ground plane is loaded with a square split-ring resonator, Conventional and proposed patch antennas are simulated, analyzed, and reported for performance comparison of its parameters. The proposed edge port feed metamaterial based Rectangular microstrip patch antenna and Circular patch antenna designed at 26 GHz resonance frequency useful for 5G applications. Both antennas are designed on RT Duroid 5880 Substrate with 2.2, dielectric constants. The parameters such as bandwidth, gain and return loss of metamaterial loaded rectangular microstrip patch antenna and Circular patch antenna increases considerably compared to conventional antennas. Comparing parameters of both antennas, the performance of the rectangular microstrip patch antenna is found to be better than circular patch antenna.

A Circularly-Polarized-Reconfigurable Patch Antenna With Liquid Dielectric

A circularly-polarized-reconfigurable patch antenna based on fluidic control method is proposed in this paper. A liquid dielectric, ethyl acetate, is introduced to change the substrate of a patch antenna from homogeneous to inhomogeneous. Two orthogonal fundamental transverse magnetic (TM) modes are excited with a 90° phase difference in order to produce circularly polarized (CP) radiation. Then, the polarization of the proposed patch antenna is switchable between left-hand circular polarization (LHCP) and right-hand circular polarization (RHCP) through the injection of the liquid dielectric to different channels in the substrate. For demonstration, the proposed antenna is designed at 2.4 GHz for radio frequency identification (RFID) application. According to the measured result, the proposed circular-polarization-reconfigurable patch antenna has a stable circularly polarized (CP) gain of 8 dBic and an efficiency of 90 % across the effective frequency band. Additionally, the measured overlapped impedance bandwidth of two polarization state is from 2.24 to 2.52 GHz which can fully cover the measured overlapped 3-dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidth from 2.38 to 2.43 GHz.

Metamaterial Loaded Antenna with Improved Efficiency and Gain for Wideband Application

ABSTRACT A wideband antenna with excellent efficiency is the most important requirement in wireless communication. In this paper, a wideband and highly efficient planner metamaterial-based microstrip patch antenna is proposed and examined. The proposed patch antenna is designed whose size is 12 × 16 mm2 and has a metamaterial unit cell loading on the top patch and the bottom ground plane. The top unit cell, which consists of four triangular shapes capacitive coupled resonator (TSCCR) and the bottom unit cell, which is square-shaped with diagonal cross-slot (SSDCS) is loaded on patch and ground respectively. The proposed antenna gives impedance matching of −10 dB for frequency band 2.88–14 GHz. The antenna's highest gain of 7.2 dBi at 12.39 GHz, positive gain range of 1.5–7.8 dBi in its operating band, and average efficiency of 75% are attained. The wideband and high gain properties of the proposed antenna make it suitable for UWB (3.1–10.6 GHz), Wi-Max (3.5 and 5.8 GHz), 5G NR FR1 (3.3–5 GHz) and Wi-Fi 6E (5.59–7.12 GHz) application.

Comparative study of different dielectric substrates on microstrip patch antenna for new generation (5G)

ABSTRACT Recent research has shown that choosing the right substrate for dielectric materials can enhance the antenna performance for the next generation of wireless communications. In this work, we present the results of the studies on the performance of the microstrip antennas for the new generation (5G) based on specific characteristics of the dielectric substrate. The simulation of the proposed patch antenna with the FR-4 Glass Epoxy substrate, in the frequency of 28 GHz, is provided significant values of gain, bandwidth, directivity, and radiation pattern compared to those given in the literature.

Design of a High-Sensitivity Microstrip Patch Sensor Antenna Loaded with a Defected Ground Structure Based on a Complementary Split Ring Resonator.

A comparative study to determine the most highly sensitive resonant frequency among the first four resonant frequencies of a conventional patch antenna and defected ground structure (DGS)-loaded patch antennas using commonly used DGS geometries in the literature, such as a rectangular slit, single-ring complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs) with different split positions, and double-ring CSRRs (DR-CSRRs) with different locations below the patch, for relative permittivity measurement of planar materials was conducted. The sensitivity performance for placing the DGS on two different locations, a center and a radiating edge of the patch, was also compared. Finally, the effect of scaling down the patch size of the DGS-loaded patch antenna was investigated in order to enhance the sensitivities of the higher order resonant frequencies. It was found that the second resonant frequency of the DR-CSRR DGS-loaded patch antenna aligned on a radiating edge with a half scaled-down patch size shows the highest sensitivity when varying the relative permittivity of the material under test from 1 to 10. In order to validate the simulated performance of the proposed antenna, the conventional and the proposed patch antennas were fabricated on 0.76-mm-thick RF-35 substrate, and they were used to measure their sensitivity when several standard dielectric substrate samples with dielectric constants ranging from 2.17 to 10.2 were loaded. The measured sensitivity of the second resonant frequency for the proposed DGS-loaded patch antenna was 4.91 to 7.72 times higher than the first resonant frequency of the conventional patch antenna, and the measured performance is also slightly better compared to the patch antenna loaded with a meander-line slot on the patch.

Bandwidth enhancement of compact patch antennas by loading inverted “L” and “T” strips

AbstractWe propose simple designs of compact patch antennas with bandwidth enhancement. Firstly, an inverted “L” strip is loaded onto the corner of one radiating patch edge to create an additional resonant mode which can be combined with that one of the conventional patch to enhance the operating bandwidth. Secondly, the “L” strip is replaced by inverted “T” strip to improve further the bandwidth by creating two adjustable resonant modes. The two proposed patch antennas have the particularity of enhancing the bandwidth significantly without increasing their profile and their overall sizes. Two antenna prototypes are fabricated and tested. Measurements reveal that the patch antenna loaded with “L” strip has stable radiation characteristics with 5.2 times enhancement in the relative bandwidth compared with a conventional patch antenna. The antenna loaded with inverted “T” strip has wider bandwidth (6.25 times wider than the conventional patch) and covers the operating band 5.07–5.89 GHz (15%) with measured peak gain and peak efficiency of 6.25 dBi and 78%, respectively. The proposed antennas are easy to fabricate, have a low-profile, and exhibit good performances which make them good candidates to use in real wireless applications.

Photonic Bandgap Hepta-Band Stacked Microstrip Antenna for L, S and C Band Applications

This paper proposed a novel design of hepta-band microstrip patch antenna which is realized by a rectangular patch. The proposed patch antenna resonates between 1 and 9 GHz at seven distinct frequencies which covers L-, S- and C-band. The proposed microstrip patch antenna was designed using IE3D v. 15.00 simulation tool and have to achieve seven distinct band by using the combination of photonic band-gap (PBG) structure and stacking. The reflected power and resonating frequency of each bands are − 28.43 dB, − 14.57 dB, − 14.47 dB, − 21.53 dB, − 14.32 dB, − 29.47 dB and − 12.20 dB at 1.72 GHz, 2.36 GHz, 3.08 GHz, 3.64 GHz, 5 GHz, 6.16 GHz and 7.32 GHz respectively. And also, have shown its performance improvement by the use of the PBG structure and stacking.

Particle swarm optimization based metamaterial inspired circularly polarized patch antenna for S band applications

In this paper Particle Swarm Optimization technique (PSO) has been used to design a metamaterial inspired circularly polarised patch antenna with truncated corners and embedded square slots. The circular polarization has been achieved by trimming the corners of the square patch along one of its diagonal and square slots have been embedded along these truncated corners to improve the 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth of this proposed antenna. To achieve the maximum axial ratio bandwidth, the dimensions of this square slot have been optimized using PSO algorithm. Without any square slot, the axial ratio bandwidth of the patch antenna is 700 MHz. However, when square slots are embedded along the trimmed corners, with slot length w = 2.3 mm, axial ratio bandwidth of 1150 MHz is achieved. But, when PSO is applied to obtain the optimized dimension of this square slot so as to maximize this axial ratio bandwidth, the optimised w is determined to be 2.8 mm and the axial ratio bandwidth with this optimized slot length is determine to be 1600 MHz. Thus it is observed that by using the optimized value of w, obtained by using PSO technique, improvement in axial ratio bandwidth by 450 MHz is observed. To improve its gain, an array of splitted circular metamaterial rings is etched on the ground plane of this proposed patch antenna. The circularly polarised patch antenna with truncated corners resonates at 2.4 GHz with gain of 4.8 dBic and impedance bandwidth of 600 MHz. However, when square shaped slots of optimized length are embedded in the truncated corners and metamaterial substrate is loaded on the ground plane of this antenna, its gain reaches to 5.2 dBic. All simulations are done in an electronic simulator, HFSS.

Employment of mixed mode in single-layer microstrip antenna for ISM/WiMAX/WLAN/4G/Sub 6 GHz 5G mobile communication

ABSTRACTThe design and development of multiband antenna for useful operating bands are the current state-of-the-art research in the field of antenna research. A simple and single-layer printed multiband radiation structure eliminates the packaging complexity of modern communication devices. The present investigation proposes such simple and single-layer multiband antenna for ISM 2.5 GHz/WiMax 3.5 GHz/WLAN 5.2 GHz/ISM 5.8 GHz wireless application for 4G LTE and sub 6 GHz 5G spectrum. The proposed antenna can completely cover the required frequencies with good radiation characteristics at the broadside direction. The design has been carried out using the RT duroid 5870 substrate (ϵr = 2.33, height h = 1.575 mm) for simulation and measurements. In the proposed patch antenna, the slots have been judiciously used to employ mixed modal behaviour which capitulates multiple useful bands with proper bore-sight radiation.

Characteristics and Performance of Microstrip Patch antenna for C Band and X Band

This article present a compact proposed patch antenna for impedance matched for simple two horizontal slot is placed in a active patch with a via hole in sandwiched between radiated patch and bottom plane of an microstrip patch antenna for a band of 4 to 12Ghz application. The planned antenna is synthesized by using glass reinforced epoxy laminated material (FR4) and electromagnetic 3D view (IE3D) software. The software based design is suitable for a band of 3.3//5.5 Wi-Max and 5.3/5.8 WLAN frequency band. It is also suitable for satellite application The ground and exciting patch is separated by 1.5mm thickness. The proposed antenna parameter is design for 10Ghz..For such design the achieved Bandwidth for an antenna is 53 % at a VSWR&lt;2, acceptable return loss (S11) = - 22.5dB, and the directivity of an antenna is 6 dBi. The antenna is appropriate for an application of X band. The designs of an antenna and its result have been discussed in detail.

Design and Analysis of a Multi-band Flower Shaped Patch Antenna for WLAN/WiMAX/ISM Band Applications

This paper presents the design and parametric analysis of a flower-shaped patch antenna. The proposed patch antenna is designed using FR-4 substrate mounted on the Jerusalem cross-shaped DGS structure. A Double Negative (DNG) triple Complementary Split Ring Resonator is embedded inside the substrate. A circular foam substrate with the dimensions of 10 × 4 × 10 × 2 mm3 is sandwiched between the patch and the FR-4 substrate. The overall dimensions of the patch are 23.5 × 16 mm2. The proposed antenna resonates at 5.2 GHz and 8.25 GHz respectively. This also possesses wide bandwidth of 1.2 GHz (24.1%) in the range of 4.95–6.15 GHz and 2.2 GHz (26.5%) in the range of 7.1–9.3 GHz. The gains in these bands are observed to be 3.93 dBi and 5.02 dBi respectively. The whole design is carried out in CST-microwave studio 2016 utilizing Finite Integration Technique. The developed multiband antenna can be useful for several wireless communication applications, such as WLAN, WiMAX, and ISM band. The proposed antenna is fabricated and its performance parameters are measured. The simulated and measured results are in good agreement.