Proposed Patch Antenna Research Articles

Gain-Enhanced Patch Antenna Without Enlarged Size via Loading of Slot and Shorting Pins

A patch antenna with loading of slot and shorting pins is proposed in this paper to enhance the radiation gain without increasing the patch size. At first, a straight slot is transversely introduced in the central line of a patch. For the dominant TM01 mode, this central line behaves as a virtual electric wall with zero electric field and maximum surface current underneath and on the patch, respectively. By doing so, the central slot serves as an extra radiator so that this slot-loaded patch produces radiation as an equivalent three-slot array. Meanwhile, a pair of shorting pins is longitudinally placed at the two symmetrical sides of this central slot to maintain the resonant frequency. Due to the out of phase between the electric fields in the central slot and two sided slots, the far-field radiated by the three slots can be canceled with each other in specific directions away from broadside. Thus, this cancellation results in sidelobe of low level in the E-plane due to emergence of radiation nulls, and further makes the main radiation beam more directionally selective. Accordingly, the directivity and gain of this proposed patch antenna are enhanced with no need of enlarging the overall size of patch. Finally, the simulated and measured results are provided to validate the operating principle and show that the directivity is increased by about 1.7 dB increment.

Modified U-Slot Stacked Micro-Strip Patch Antenna for Ultra-Wideband Applications in S Band, C Band and X Band

The U-slot micro-strip patch antennas were originally developed for bandwidth broadening applications. This study presents a transmission line feed to modify the U-slot stacked rectangular micro-strip patch antenna for Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) communications. The modified antenna has a U-cut loaded with parallel slits and corner slots and is printed on a dielectric substrate of FR4 with relative permittivity (er) of 4.4, the thickness of 1.59 mm and the tangent loss of 0.025. The results show that the proposed antenna achieves an impedance bandwidth of 11.55 GHz (2.1 – 13.65 GHz) with the return loss < (-10) dB. This antenna can be employed for ultra-wideband applications in S Band, C Band and X Band. The proposed patch antenna is designed and simulated by using IE3D 14.0 software. Simulation results are presented in terms of the resonant frequency, the return loss, VSWR, the impedance bandwidth and the impedance matching.

Design of a Wideband Quad-Polarization Reconfigurable Patch Antenna Array Using a Stacked Structure

In this paper, a wideband stacked patch antenna array composed of four linearly polarized antenna elements is proposed for the implementation of four polarization reconfigurable states, i.e., vertical linear polarization (LP), horizontal LP, left-hand circular polarization, and right-hand circular polarization. A double-layer structure, including a driven substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) cavity and four parasitic radiation patches, is used to develop the wideband antenna element. The parasitic radiation patches are excited by etching a ring slot on the top surface of the SIW cavity, which has two diagonal ports fed by grounded coplanar waveguide lines. A 180° phase-shifting is achieved for polarization reconfigurable applications by individually feeding the antenna element with the two diagonal ports. A prototype operating at 5.7 GHz is fabricated and tested for the demonstration of the polarization reconfigurable capability. The measured results show that both the 10-dB impedance bandwidths and the 3-dB axial ratio bandwidths are wider than 5.19–6.1 GHz for the linear and circular polarization states. The measured maximum gains of the antenna array are 9.85 dBic and 10.1 dBi for the circular polarization states and the LP states, respectively. Experimental results show good agreement with simulated results, which indicate a good performance of the proposed patch antenna array.

Highly miniaturized dual band patch antenna loaded with metamaterial unit cell

AbstractA highly miniaturized low profile dual band patch antenna loaded with metamaterial unit cell is proposed. The metamaterial unit cell consist of inter digital capacitor (IDC) and a novel modified circular slot ring resonator (MCsRR). The novel MCsRR is a low frequency compact circular slot ring resonator. A microstrip patch antenna circuit analysis depicts that increase in series capacitance can decrease half wavelength resonance frequency, thus reducing electrical size of patch antenna with significant antenna gain. The transmission‐line model of unit cell is analyzed to study pass band characteristic at resonating bands. The proposed antenna have dual band operation with reasonable gain of 2.84 dBi at first center frequency 3.15 GHz with bandwidth of 150 MHz and 3.86 dBi at second center frequency 5.28 GHz with bandwidth of 140 MHz, even though the electrical size of proposed antenna is only 0.199λ × 0.199λ × 0.008λ. The electrical size of proposed patch antenna is miniaturized by 60.10%.

Dual-Circularly Polarized Patch Antenna Using Field Transformation Medium

In this letter, a dual-circularly polarized antenna based on the field transformation (FT) method is presented. The antenna consists of a dual-linearly polarized feeding patch antenna, and an FT waveplate as a reflector. The FT waveplate enables the realization of a circularly polarized antenna that has a very wideangle band and unidirectional radiation pattern in both polarizations. At 2.4 GHz, the axial ratio of the proposed patch antenna is below 3 dB with the angle band from -44° to +50° in yz plane and from -42° to 41° in xz plane. The gain of the proposed dualcircularly polarized patch antenna is 7.7 dB. The isolation between the two ports is better than 15 dB.

Gain-Enhanced Patch Antennas With Loading of Shorting Pins

A new gain-enhanced patch antenna with loading of shorting pins is proposed in this paper. Four metallic pins are symmetrically placed in the two diagonals of a square patch resonator to electrically short the patch and ground plane. These shorting pins tremendously perturb the field distribution beneath the patch due to their shunt inductive effect. As these four pins are moved outward along the two orthogonal diagonals away from the center, their influence on the field distribution over the patch is strengthened to gradually raise its dominant mode, i.e., TM010 mode, resonant frequency as the pin-to-pin spacing is enlarged. At a fixed resonant frequency, the overall area of this proposed patch antenna with four pins results to be increased. As such, its radiation directivity or gain gets to be enhanced due to the enlarged antenna area. After extensive analysis is executed, two square patch antennas with and without loaded pins are designed and fabricated. The simulated and measured results agree with each other, and they have evidently demonstrated that the radiation directivity can be enhanced up to 11.0 dBi, or about 2.9 dB increment, by virtue of the proposed approach.

A novel compact UWB monopole antenna with enhanced bandwidth using triangular defected microstrip structure and stepped cut technique

In this paper, a compact monopole wideband antenna is designed and manufactured for ultra-wide band (UWB) applications. In order to extend the impedance bandwidth of the proposed antenna, rectangular and triangular slots are etched from the partial ground and from the center of the rectangular patch respectively. Also, by cutting the lower corners of the radiating patch using stepped technique, additional resonances are regenerated and lead to further improvement in the covered bandwidth. The proposed patch antenna has advantageous of compactness its overall size equals 40 × 40 mm2.Simulated and measured results show that the proposed antenna design exhibits a bandwidth from 2.9 – 19.2 GHz for VSWR< 2. The antenna structure provides a wide usable fractional bandwidth of 148%. These inherent characteristics of the proposed antenna make it suitable for efficient transmission and reception in UWB systems. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 58:1514–1519, 2016

Design of a compact antenna with flared groundplane for a wearable breast hyperthermia system

Purpose: Currently available microwave hyperthermia systems for breast cancer treatment do not conform to the intact breast and provide limited control of heating patterns, thereby hindering an effective treatment. A compact patch antenna with a flared groundplane that may be integrated within a wearable hyperthermia system for the treatment of the intact breast disease is proposed.Materials and methods: A 3D simulation-based approach was employed to optimise the antenna design with the objective of maximising the hyperthermia treatment volume (41 °C iso-therm) while maintaining good impedance matching. The optimised antenna design was fabricated and experimentally evaluated with ex vivo tissue measurements.Results: The optimised compact antenna yielded a −10 dB bandwidth of 90 MHz centred at 915 MHz, and was capable of creating hyperthermia treatment volumes up to 14.4 cm3 (31 mm × 28 mm × 32 mm) with an input power of 15 W. Experimentally measured reflection coefficient and transient temperature profiles were in good agreement with simulated profiles. Variations of + 50% in blood perfusion yielded variations in the treatment volume up to 11.5%. When compared to an antenna with a similar patch element employing a conventional rectangular groundplane, the antenna with flared groundplane afforded 22.3% reduction in required power levels to reach the same temperature, and yielded 2.4 times larger treatment volumes.Conclusion: The proposed patch antenna with a flared groundplane may be integrated within a wearable applicator for hyperthermia treatment of intact breast targets and has the potential to improve efficiency, increase patient comfort, and ultimately clinical outcomes.

A novel dual‐band antenna based on corrugated slotted‐complementary split‐ring resonators

ABSTRACTThis article presents the design of a dual‐band microstrip patch antenna. The proposed patch antenna is based on a novel metamaterial structure named the corrugated slotted‐complementary split‐ring resonators. By loading this new inclusion on the ground plane of a conventional patch antenna, a second resonance frequency can be created. The corrugated slotted split‐ring resonator has a minor effect on the first operating band which is generated by the patch. A prototype of this antenna has been designed for operation on the industrial‐scientific‐medical band (2.4 GHz) and the WLAN band (5.8 GHz). The prototype has been fabricated and measured, achieving good performances for both resonance frequencies. A good agreement between experimental and simulation results is obtained. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:2310–2315, 2015

Modeling and Simulation of Compact Dual Band Rectangular Micro Strip Patch Antenna for WLAN/WiMAX Applications

Miniaturized structure and high directive gain performance of a patch antenna are primary requirements for modern wireless communication systems. In this paper, a novel design of dual band micro strip patch antenna with rectangular notch has been proposed for WLAN and WiMAX applications. For dual bands (3.6 GHz and 5.1GHz), proposed patch antenna shows quite satisfactory radiation and gain performance. Proposed antenna was designed, simulated and analyzed by using a finite element method based on high frequency structural simulator HFSS. The result exhibit that the antenna operates over the frequency ranges 150 MHZ (3.52-3.67GHZ), 284 MHZ (4.92-5.20GHZ) and suitable for WiMAX 2.5/3.5/5.5 GHZ and WLAN (2.4/5.2/5.8) and applications.

Substrate Integrated Meandering Probe-Fed Patch Antennas for Wideband Wireless Devices

This paper presents novel linearly polarized (LP) and circularly polarized (CP) patch antennas for wideband wireless devices. Advanced electrical characteristics of the antennas including wide bandwidth, low cross polarization, low back radiation, and polarization insensitivity contribute to improve the signal quality of wireless connectivity. It is a realization of antenna foundation by employing multilayer microwave laminates to form a substrate integrated meandering probe-fed patch antenna. First, a design and analysis of the proposed patch antenna for LP operation is carried out. Based on the obtained results of this LP element, a substrate integrated meandering probe fed CP patch antenna is exhibited afterward. This paper is considered as a part of RF modules that could be integrated with other components like sensors, Microcontroller units, and electronic parts to form a wireless product by means of conventional packaging process.

MODIFIED Π-SHAPED SLOT LOADED MULTIFREQUENCY MICROSTRIP ANTENNA

A single layer, single feed microstrip antenna with multifrequency operation in compact size is proposed. A modified inverted π-shaped slot is introduced at the left side radiating edge of the patch to reduce the size of the antenna by reducing the resonant frequency. Multiple resonant frequencies with increased frequency ratio are also obtained by cutting the modified inverted π-shaped slot. The measured result shows that the proposed antenna resonates at 3.3, 4.55, 5.56 and 6.08 GHz in microwave S and C band. The size of the proposed patch is only 0.176λL × 0.132λL at its lower operating frequency. The proposed patch antenna has achieved 68% size reduction as compared with the conventional rectangular microstrip antenna with same patch area. An extensive analysis of the reflection coefficient, voltage standing wave ratio, gain, radiation efficiency and radiation pattern of the proposed antenna is presented in this paper. The proposed antenna is suitable for WiMax and HiPERLAN wireless systems.

Ultra-Wideband Patch Antenna for K-Band Applications

An ultra-wideband patch antenna is presented for K-band communication. The antenna is designed by employing stacked geometry and aperture-coupled technique. The rectangular patch shape and coaxial fed configuration is used for particular design. The ultra-wideband characteristics are achieved by applying a specific surface resistance of 75 ohm/square to the upper rectangular patch and it is excited through a rectangular slot made on the lower patch element (made of copper). The proposed patch antenna is able to operate in the frequency range of 12-27.3 GHz which is used in radar and satellite communication, commonly named as K-band. By employing a technique of thicker substrate and by applying a specific surface resistance to the upper patch element, an impedance bandwidth of 77.8\% is achieved having VSWR less than 2. It is noted that the gain of proposed antenna is linearly increased in the frequency range of 12-26 GHz and after that the gain is decreased up to 6 dBi. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the performance of proposed ultra-wideband microstrip patch antenna. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v12i12.6520

Investigation of a nanostrip patch antenna in optical frequencies

This is the first report and investigation of a patch antenna in optical frequency range. Variety of plasmonic nanoantenna reported so far is good at enhancing the local field intensity of light by orders of magnitude. However, their far-field radiation efficiency is very poor. The proposed patch antenna emits a directional beam with high efficacy in addition to enhancing the intensity of near field. The nano-patch antenna (NPA) consists of a square patch of gold film of dimension 480 nm2, placed on a substrate of dielectric constant $$ \varepsilon_{\text{r}} $$ = 3.9 and thickness 150 nm with a ground plane of gold film of dimension 1,080 nm2. The NPA resonates at 210 THz and has gain nearly 2 dB and radiation efficiency 45.18 %. The NPA might be useful in variety of applications such as optical communication, nano-photonics, biosensing, and spectroscopy.

Effect of photonic crystal and frequency selective surface implementation on gain enhancement in the microstrip patch antenna at terahertz frequency

In this paper, microstrip patch antenna with frequency selective surface (FSS) and photonic band gap (PBG) structures in the frequency range of 0.5–0.7THz is presented for wireless communications. Proposed patch antenna is designed on a substrate with uniform and non-uniform PBG structures. Here, the effects of substrate thickness, various radii and arrangement of holes on antenna resonance in both PBG forms are studied. Near zero characteristic on uniform and non-uniform PBG substrate is compared and the results show that along with increase in hole radius, antenna operating frequency and bandwidth are increased. Also, the FSS structure is designed as a perfect absorber. Finally, by using FSS and PBG structures simultaneously, gain enhancement, increase in directivity and pattern shaping are studied at THz field. The antenna gain in final structure is increased by 2dBi (32%) in comparison to simple form and Half-Power beam width is reduced from 100°×80° in simple form to 72°×48° by using FSS and PBG. All simulations and designs are done by Ansoft HFSS and CST Microwave Studio simulation tools with different full wave methods.

Equilateral triangular patch antenna for UHF RFID applications

This article proposes an equilateral triangule-shaped patch antenna for radio frequency identification (RFID) applications in the 900 MHz (902–928 MHz) ultra high frequency (UHF) band. To achieve optimal impedance matching and 10-dB operating bandwidth at the desired band, the L-shaped probe-feed technique was used as the feeding structure of the proposed antenna. Furthermore, a near semicircular notch was also loaded into the patch so that good circularly polarized (CP) radiation can be generated from the proposed patch antenna. By simply shifting the position or radius of this notch, the CP frequency can be varied with ease. Here, 10-dB impedance bandwidth and 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth of 25 and 3% were achieved. Furthermore, stable gain variation of approximately 6 dBi was also exhibited across the RFID UHF band. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE 24:580–586, 2014.

Design and Analysis of I-Slotted Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wireless Application

This paper presents a novel design of a I- slotted patch antenna with compact nature and the study of various antenna parameters. The antenna is fed by inset feeding technique. The proposed patch antenna is designed and simulated on IE3D simulation software. The main aim of proposed work is to obtain a large bandwidth antenna with compact size . The proposed microstrip antenna has a wide bandwidth covering the range from 1.444-2.393 GHz. By using simple Inset feed technique & by introducing I-slotted wide bandwidth of 49.46%, High Gain 5dBi & good radiation efficiency of about 99% has been achieved. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v4i1.4594 Full Text: PDF

RCS REDUCTION OF PATCH ARRAY ANTENNA BY COMPLEMENTARY SPLIT-RING RESONATORS STRUCTURE

In this paper, a new approach for the radar cross section (RCS) reduction of patch array antenna is proposed. Complementary split-ring resonators (CSRRs) are etched on the ground of the proposed patch antenna array. A conventional 1 £ 4 patch antenna array is designed with the central frequency of 5.0GHz. The monostatic RCS of the patch antenna array with CSRRs can be reduced as much as 14dB compared to that of the conventional array while maintaining almost the same radiation characters. For the case of '-polarized incident wave, the RCS has been reduced in the angular range of i90 - • µ • +90 - in xoz-plane and this angular range is usually less than §45 - when using conventional methods of RCS reduction.

BROADBAND RADAR CROSS-SECTION REDUCTION FOR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA BASED ON HYBRID AMC STRUCTURES

Two difierent kinds of artiflcial magnetic conductors (AMCs) are used to reduce the out-of- band radar cross section (RCS) of microstrip patch antenna. The principle of this method is based on the high impedance characteristic of the AMC structures. The simulated results show that out-of-band RCS of the proposed patch antenna is much lower than that of the reference antenna over the frequency range of 5{12GHz. The in-band scattering characteristic of the microstrip patch antenna is analyzed, and two slots are cut on the patch antenna to reduce in-band RCS. Prototypes of the reference and designed antennas are manufactured and tested, and the measured and simulated results of the two antennas are in good agreement.

Design and Development of a Compact Wideband C-Shaped Patch Antenna for UHF RFID Tag

A compact low profile patch antenna for Ultra-High Frequency (UHF) Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tag for metallic applications is presented in this research study. By employing two gap-coupled C-shaped patches, wide half-power impedance bandwidth (RL ≥3 dB) of 152 MHz is achieved for universal application UHF (860-960 MHz) RFID. Moreover, the proposed patch antenna exhibits planar profile which eliminates the need for cross and multi-layered construction thus resulting in ease of fabrication and reduced cost. The proposed antenna design is simulated using Finite Element Method based software. Reported simulations results demonstrate satisfactory performance when the antenna is mounted on various sizes of metal plate.