Proposed Research Questions Research Articles

Trop-2-Cells, Their Exosomal Cargo, and the Potential Impact on Diagnostics and Therapeutics in Breast Cancer: The Expanding Frontiers

Recently, an anti-trophoblast surface antigen-2 (Trop-2) antibody-drug conjugate targeting Trop-2 positive cancer cells has been approved for treating patients with unresectable locally advanced or metastatic triple-negative breast cancer, who have failed two or more lines of systemic chemotherapy. This has renewed the interest in translational research of Trop-2 positive breast cancer, the gene TACSTD2 and microRNAs that interact with it, and the signaling networks sparked by Trop-2 mediated signaling. In addition, this opinion paper argues that exosomes, extracellular vesicles that are released from Trop-2 positive cancer cells, could play a significant role in cancer progression. Furthermore, diagnostic applications using Trop-2-released exosomes, the cargo exosomes carry, which could be any genetic information such as specific miRNAs, adhesion molecules such as integrins, and metabolites, are yet to be explored in breast cancer patients. Most of the evidence and data are obtained from studies in epithelial cancers other than breast cancers, which have been introduced in the current paper. Therefore, this article briefly summarizes previously published data on other cancer types, forms some hypotheses, and proposes research questions and directions that may be explored further.

Themes in Southeast European Banking: A Review of Literature

In this paper we review the literature around three main research questions: the impact of foreign bank entry on net interest margins, financial system stability and credit supply. We also motivate the focus on Southeast European (SEE) countries. SEE economies although under the umbrella of European transition economies exhibit different macroeconomic and financial sector features from these countries and as such could benefit from a more focused empirical investigation. This could tailor and improve the recommendations given to policymakers in these countries which will help promote financial and economic development. Other countries in the world that share similar macroeconomic and financial sector features could benefit from the results as well. In addition, it is argued that SEE countries offer a unique laboratory for the proposed research questions because of the dramatic increase of foreign bank presence in these countries and their low level of financial and economic development. Keywords: foreign bank entry, Southeast Europe, net interest margins, financial system stability, credit supply DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/14-18-07 Publication date: September 30 th 2022

Team Momentum: The Criticality of Resources in League of Legends

Objective: This research investigates the impact of the early game and team resources on overall team performance in League of Legends, a Multi-player Online Battle Arena gaming environment. Background: The early game is typically defined as the first 10-15 minutes of the game. I hypothesize that a resource-based view approach fails to capture a holistic analysis of team performance, especially in early stages of formation. Methods: The data set used in this research consists of data from the first 10-15 minutes of professional gameplay. Results: Binary ANOVA and visual graphing techniques are used to explore the data to answer the proposed research questions. Gold difference over time is used as an independent variable in developed models. Results show that gold difference has a significant impact on but cannot always explain team performance. Conclusions: This study demonstrates how data on teamwork may be used to model the performance of teams. The results highlight that a pre-emptive resource-based view may fall short in explaining team success and performance. Application: This research shows the value of reassessing a resource-based view to account for resource allocation and its effects on team performance.

Evolutionary Relationship between Tourism and Real Estate: Evidence and Research Trends

With the growing number of academic studies being published each year, scientific knowledge is expanding at an unparalleled rate. Therefore, analyzing the scientific production in a particular research area to identify future research directions and streams has become inevitable. This study adopted a two-step methodological approach—bibliometric (294 articles) and content-based analyses (63 articles)—to dissect tourism and real estate literature. Using different analytical modules and software to answer the six proposed research questions, the study findings reveal that the tourism and real estate literature still does not follow a specific research direction but is rather intertwined with many other research areas. Additionally, the results highlight some distinctive points in the tourism and real estate literature, including how it is predominantly composed of practical studies based on primary data and applied in various spatial units as case studies (e.g., coastal areas, cities and national and international units). Finally, this study explains how the findings will be beneficial for identifying the future research agenda in the tourism real estate scientific field by providing a clear roadmap for the research streams of this field.

Voices of the invisible: Education policy promoting Asian American youths

The objective of this commentary is to call attention to the importance of education policy that promotes Asian American (AA) communities. I argue AA communities have not received enough attention in the domain of education policy primarily due to the stereotypes embedded in the dominant “model minority myth” and “perpetual foreigner ideology.” Furthermore, I discuss how the exclusion and misrepresentation of AA communities lead to civic and political alienation of AA youths, in addition to physical and psychological violence toward these populations. I conclude by proposing research questions related to promoting AA actors in education policymaking.

성과배분제와 근로자 제안 : 심리적 오너십의 매개

Does profit sharing really have impact on the employees’ propensity to make suggestions? And does psychological ownership, defined as a state in which individuals feel as though the target of ownership is theirs, mediate the relationship between profit sharing and employees’ propensity to make suggestions? Using ‘Survey on the employees’ attitude towards workplace innovation’ by Korea Labor Institute in 2020, this study investigates the effects of profit sharing on the employees’ propensity to make suggestions, and the mediating role of the psychological ownership in the relationship between profit sharing and employees’ propensity to make suggestions. The estimation results show that profit sharing is positively related with employees’ propensity to make suggestions, and psychological ownership partially mediated the relationship between profit sharing and employees’ propensity to make suggestions. Finally, we suggested the implications of our findings and proposed research questions.

Pain science education for children living with and beyond cancer: Challenges and research agenda.

Pain in children living with and beyond cancer is understudied and undertreated. Pain science education (PSE) is a conceptual change strategy facilitating patients' understanding of the biopsychosocial aspects of pain. Preliminary studies on the adaptation of PSE interventions to adults with and beyond cancer provide a foundation for pediatric research. PSE could help childhood cancer survivors experiencing persistent pain and pain-related worry after active treatment. PSE may also help children receiving cancer treatment, providing them with a foundation of adaptive pain beliefs and cognitions, and preparing them for procedural and treatment-related pain. We direct this paper toward pediatric oncology clinicians, policy makers, and researchers working with children living with and beyond cancer. We aim to (a) identify challenges in adapting PSE for children living with and beyond cancer, (b) offer possible solutions, and (c) propose research questions to guide the implementation of PSE for children living with and beyond cancer.

Workability and Life Satisfaction: Effects of Workers' Positive Perceptions on Their Return to Jobs

BackgroundThe death rate of workers due to industrial accidents in South Korea (3.61 persons in 2017) is higher than the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development average (2.43) and the fifth highest among Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development member countries. Although the pandemic of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has changed, the socioeconomic aspects of Korean society, the number of Koreans suffering accidents and the number of deaths in 2020 have increased. It is necessary to take measures to prevent accidents and make comprehensive efforts to return to work. This study proposes research questions about the effect of workers' positive perception on whether to work after accidents and the impact of the experience of rehabilitation services on the return to work. MethodsThis research performed a panel logistic regression analysis using data on workers' compensation insurance in Korea for two years (2018–2019). ResultsThis research finds that workers' positive perceptions of workability and life satisfaction contributed affirmatively to their re-employment. Several factors related to employment (e.g., work period, the number of job qualifications) also positively affect their return to work. However, the experience of rehabilitation services did not have a significant effect on re-employment. The variables of their health conditions (e.g., disability grade, feelings of health problems, age) negatively influenced their return to jobs. ConclusionThese results suggest the importance of workers' mental recovery and the need to innovate rehabilitation services for their employment. Positive thinking and self-rehabilitation could be critical for workers, parallel with social welfare policies.

Does What Happens in the ED Stay in the ED? The Effects of Emergency Department Physician Workload on Post-ED Care Use.

Emergency department (ED) crowding has been a pressing concern in healthcare systems in the U.S. and other developed countries. As such, many researchers have studied its effects on outcomes within the ED. In contrast, we study the effects of ED crowding on system performance outside the ED-specifically, on post-ED care utilization. Further, we explore the mediating effects of care intensity in the ED on post-ED care use. We utilize a dataset assembled from more than four years of microdata from a large U.S. hospital and exhaustive billing data in an integrated health system. By using count models and instrumental variable analyses to answer the proposed research questions, we find that there is an increasing concave relationship between ED physician workload and post-ED care use. When ED workload increases from its 5th percentile to the median, the number of post-discharge care events (i.e., medical services) for patients who are discharged home from the ED increases by 5% and it is stable afterwards. Further, we identify physician test-ordering behavior as a mechanism for this effect: when the physician is busier, she responds by ordering more tests for less severe patients. We document that this "extra" testing generates "extra" post-ED care utilization for these patients. This paper contributes new insights on how physician and patient behaviors under ED crowding impact a previously unstudied system performance measure: post-ED care utilization. Our findings suggest that prior studies estimating the cost of ED crowding underestimate the true effect, as they do not consider the "extra" post-ED care utilization.

Structural Equation Modelling Analysis of the Relationships Among University Students' Online Self-Regulation Skills, Satisfaction and Perceived Learning

Teaching-learning activities carried out face-to-face in physical classrooms in higher education have been moved to the online environment due to the Covid-19 pandemic obligation. It is obvious that students' learning experiences and perceptions need to be researched empirically in order to optimize higher education strategies that have been moved to the online environment. Data were collected from 451 students studying in different departments in two education faculties in order to reveal the relationship between their satisfaction in the e-learning environment and their perceived learning experiences and using online self-regulation strategies based on the autonomous movement of students in the online environment. Descriptive analyses and path analysis were applied in order to answer the proposed research questions. As a result of this structural equation modeling, a relationship was determined between online self-regulation skills, goal setting and help seeking sub-factors, and satisfaction, goal setting, task strategies and self-evaluation sub-factors and perceived learning. In addition, a direct relationship was determined between satisfaction and perceived learning, supporting previous studies. With this research, it is thought that higher education institutions, administrators and instructors carrying out online teaching and learning activities will provide new perspectives on satisfaction and perceived learning outcomes when students' self-control skills are supported.

Setting research priorities to achieve long-term national road safety goals in Iran.

BackgroundRoad traffic crashes (RTCs) and its associated injuries are one of the most important public health problems in the world. In Iran, RTCs rank second in terms of mortality. To address this issue, there is a need for research-based interventions. Prioritizing researches using a variety of approaches and frameworks to determine the most effective interventions is a key nodal point in the RTCs' research policy planning cycle. Thus, this study aims to generate and prioritize research questions in the field of RTCs in Iran.MethodsBy adapting the Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative (CHNRI) method, this study engaged 25 prominent Iranian academic leaders having role in setting Iran’s long-term road safety goals, a group of research funders, and policymakers. The experts' proposed research questions were independently scored on a set of criteria: feasibility, impact on health, impact on the economy, capacity building, and equity. Following the prioritization of Research Questions (RQs), they were all classified using the 5 Pillar frameworks.ResultsIn total, 145 Research Questions were systematically scored by experts against five criteria. Iran's top 20 road traffic safety priorities were established. The RQs related to “road safety management” and “road and infrastructure” achieved a high frequency.ConclusionsThe top 20 research questions in the area of RTCs in Iran were determined by experts. The majority of these RQs were related to “road safety management”. The results of this study may contribute to the optimal use of resources in achieving long-term goals in the prevention and control of road traffic crashes and its related injuries. Considering these RQs as research investment options will improve the current status of Road Traffic Injuries (RTIs) at a national level and further advance toward compliance with international goals. If these research priorities are addressed, and their findings are implemented, we can anticipate a significant reduction in the number of crashes, injuries, and deaths.

483 Research 101: Building the Research Skills of Practicing Clinicians

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The goal was to develop foundational research knowledge and skills for clinicians interested in conducting clinical research. Emphasis was on the development of a research question and the iterative process necessary to transform a research question into a well-designed study and well-articulated research proposal for pilot grant funding. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The course took place over 10 sessions, May - September 2021. The application process required participants to provide an initial self-assessment of research skills and a proposed research question. 25 clinicians applied to the program, 11 were accepted, and 9 enrolled. All clinicians in the initial cohort were clinical faculty physicians. Because of the geographical distance of participants as well as the ongoing pandemic, the course used a blended learning approach with both synchronous and asynchronous learning. Participants viewed online lectures on core content coupled with live virtual sessions with opportunities for discussion and application of the content. Relevant CTSI and institutional resources were highlighted in each session. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Of the 9 clinician participants who enrolled in Research 101, the average attendance per session was 67% or 6 people. 89% or 8 participants attended five or more sessions. 5 participants submitted a letter of intent for the annual CTSI Pilot grant program, and of the five, two were invited to submit a grant application. Formal evaluation of the program is currently ongoing and will close on November 30th, at which time full results will be available. Research competencies will be assessed through a pre-post comparison, each self-rated by course participants. Additionally, participants were asked to provide input on the most and least valuable components of the course, as well as any open-ended feedback. Research 101 leadership will use these results to improve the course for future participants. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: A learning health system (LHS) is recognized as an essential means by which research evidence is translated into practice. Important to realizing the LHS vision is the engagement of clinicians into the generation and translation of research into practice. Research 101 is an important way to bolster clinician engagement in translational research.

Industry 4.0 Technologies Applied to the Rail Transportation Industry: A Systematic Review.

Background: Industry 4.0 technologies have been widely used in the railway industry, focusing mainly on maintenance and control tasks necessary in the railway infrastructure. Given the great potential that these technologies offer, the scientific community has come to use them in varied ways to solve a wide range of problems such as train failures, train station security, rail system control and communication in hard-to-reach areas, among others. For this reason, this paper aims to answer the following research questions: what are the main issues in the railway transport industry, what are the technologic strategies that are currently being used to solve these issues and what are the technologies from industry 4.0 that are used in the railway transport industry to solve the aforementioned issues? Methods: This study adopts a systematic literature review approach. We searched the Science Direct and Web of Science database inception from January 2017 to November 2021. Studies published in conferences or journals written in English or Spanish were included for initial process evaluation. The initial included papers were analyzed by authors and selected based on whether they helped answer the proposed research questions or not. Results: Of the recovered 515 articles, 109 were eligible, from which we could identify three main application domains in the railway industry: monitoring, decision and planification techniques, and communication and security. Regarding industry 4.0 technologies, we identified 9 different technologies applied in reviewed studies: Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), Cloud Computing, Big Data, Cybersecurity, Modelling and Simulation, Smart Decision Support Systems (SDSS), Computer Vision and Virtual Reality (VR). This study is, to our knowledge, one of the first to show how industry 4.0 technologies are currently being used to tackle railway industry problems and current application trends in the scientific community, which is highly useful for the development of future studies and more advanced solutions. Funding: Colombian national organizations Minciencias and the Mining-Energy Planning Unit.

Understanding Caregiving and Caregivers: Supporting Children and Youth With Special Health Care Needs at Home.

Caregiving encompasses the nurturing, tasks, resources, and services that meet the day-to-day needs of children and youth with special health care needs (CYSHCN) at home. Many gaps exist in the strategies currently offered by the health care system to meet the caregiving needs of CYSHCN. The work of family caregivers of CYSHCN is known to be extensive, but it is so poorly understood that it has been described as "invisible". This invisibility leads to poor communication and gaps in understanding between professional health care providers and family caregivers. To address these gaps, health care researchers must work with family caregivers to incorporate their expertise on caregiving and create meaningful and sustainable research partnerships. A growing body of research is attempting to remedy the problem of caregiving invisibility and lay better foundations for successful integration between health care settings, family caregiving, professional caregiving, and community supports for families of CYSHCN. We identify high-priority gaps in CYSHCN caregiving research and propose research questions that are designed to accelerate growth in evidence-based understanding of the work of family caregivers of CYSHCN and how best to support them.

The power of numbers: an examination of the relationship between numerical cues in online review comments and perceived review helpfulness

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to empirically examine the effects of the numerical cues (NC) used in online review comments on perceived review helpfulness and the underlying psychological mechanisms.Design/methodology/approachAn experimental design approach was employed to investigate the proposed research questions. Two experiments were conducted to test the hypotheses. Mplus 7 and Stata 14.0 were used for data analysis.FindingsEmpirical findings support the positive correlation between the presence of NC in online review comments and perceived review helpfulness across different product categories. This relationship is mediated by two psychological responses of consumers: cognitive elaboration and credibility perception.Research limitations/implicationsThis research adds to the existing literature by focusing on the value of NC in online review comments and how they can enhance perceived review helpfulness. Some practical implications are also addressed. For example, marketers can encourage consumers to post reviews that contain quantitative information to facilitate their target markets' comprehension of a product or brand.Originality/valueBuilding on the previous literature, the work adds incremental knowledge on the role NC in online review comments play in affecting consumers' perceptions. In addition, the research uncovers the underlying psychological responses that mediate the relationship between NC in review comments and perceived review helpfulness.

Advances in neuroscience and marketing: analyzing tool possibilities and research opportunities

PurposeThis study aims to illuminate the contribution of neurophysiological techniques in the field of marketing and consumer decision-making and to highlight avenues and research questions that marketing researchers can take advantage of from neuroscience and psychology to inform marketing phenomena.MethodologyThe authors first reviewed the roots and definition of consumer neuroscience. Then, the authors outlined the main characteristics of the most commonly used neurophysiological tools (namely, skin conductance, facial electromyography, electrocardiogram, eye-tracking, electroencephalography, functional magnetic resonance imaging, functional near-infrared spectroscopy, magnetoencephalography and transcranial magnetic stimulation) with a special emphasis on their advantages and weaknesses. Finally, the authors propose the development of research lines that could be implemented by marketing researchers with an appropriate application and understanding of tools and theories of neuroscience and psychology.FindingsThe authors propose research questions to be addressed within four thematic areas: opportunities in product decisions (predicting product purchasing decisions, consumer responses to branding efforts and packaging), pricing, communication and retailing scenarios. The authors also incorporate insights into the complementarity of neurophysiological tools to traditional ones and situations in which these tools are useful for enhancing marketing theory. The authors finally shed light on the moral–ethical criticisms of this new branch of marketing.ValueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this research constitutes the first study in identifying the research opportunities that marketing researchers could take advantage from neuroimaging and physiological tools to inform marketing theory and practice.

A Comprehensive Analysis of Healthcare Websites Usability Features, Testing Techniques and Issues

Healthcare has evolved significantly over time, from traditional healthcare systems to cutting-edge medical technologies. As these technologies advance, researchers have become interested in their usability. The usefulness of healthcare websites helps to provide more precise medical information. A comprehensive review of the literature is required to identify usability features, techniques, and issues in healthcare websites over a specified time period. In this study, articles from the years 2017-2021 are reviewed from well-known digital libraries i.e, IEEE, ACM, and ScienceDirect that include papers from various conferences, magazines, books, and journals. Initially, the study found 10,512 titles based on the search string developed from the proposed research questions which were then further filtered down to a total of 55 papers. This systematic literature review (SLR) summarises and collects relevant data in response to pre-defined research questions. This analysis of existing research will help website designers and developers, in developing more user-friendly healthcare websites for the users. In the future, this SLR will help in determining the optimal solutions and developing a framework for the identified usability challenges and limitations. It also includes employing the usability evaluation tools discovered by researchers to identify and fix usability issues on websites.

Constructivist Grounded Theory or Interpretive Phenomenology? Methodological Choices Within Specific Study Contexts

Constructivist research methodologies are useful in discerning meanings of experience to subsequently inform and improve healthcare practice. For researchers who philosophically align with the constructivist paradigm, numerous methodologies are available from which to choose to address research questions. However, it can be challenging for researchers, especially novice ones, to choose the most appropriate methodology that aligns with the current state of knowledge of the identified topic, proposed research question, and the study purpose. To reduce the confusion faced by health researchers when choosing an appropriate methodology for a specific study, this paper compares two popular qualitative health research approaches: constructivist grounded theory and interpretive phenomenology. Philosophical underpinnings and the epistemological and ontological evolution of each methodology are explored with similarities and differences highlighted. Manifestation of the philosophical foundations of constructivist grounded theory and interpretive phenomenology are described in relation to data collection, analysis, and the research findings. To illustrate distinctions of each approach and support researchers in the navigation of methodological decision-making, a specific healthcare study context is presented: the rural family members’ experiences of a relative’s interhospital transfer for advanced critical care services. This study context is increasingly being recognized as an important area of healthcare research and practice. However, gaps in knowledge persist, specifically in relation to the experiences of rural family members when a critically ill relative requires an interhospital transfer to a distant urban center for advanced critical care services. Improved understanding of such experiences is necessary to inform the care provided to rural family members, potentially mitigating short and long-term negative consequences for these individuals. Within this example, the importance of the research purpose and research question within a specific study context is underscored as central to appropriate methodological decision-making.

English and Arabic Chatbots: A Systematic Literature Review

In recent years, the availability of chatbot applications has increased substantially with the advancement of artificial intelligence techniques, and research efforts have been active in the English language, which presents state-of-the-art solutions. However, despite the popularity of the Arabic language, its research community is still in an immature stage. Therefore, the main objective of this systematic literature review is studying state-of-the-art research – for both the English and Arabic languages – to answer the proposed research questions regarding the development approaches, application domains, evaluation metrics, and development challenges of chatbot applications. The findings show that researchers have devoted more attention to the education domain using retrieval-based approaches while the generation-based approach has grown in popularity recently for providing new responses tasks. Whereas the hybrid approach for ranking multi-possible responses of combining both previous approaches shows a performance improvement. Besides, most metrics used to evaluate chatbot performance are human-based, followed by bilingual evaluation understudy and accuracy metrics. However, defining a common framework for evaluating chatbots remains a challenge. Finally, the open problems and future directions are highlighted to help in developing chatbots with minimal human interference to simulate natural conversations.

Cooperação Sul-Sul através das lentes dos burocratas: transferências de políticas periféricas

Abstract As Brazil makes it to international headlines with its new official stance against human rights and environmental protection, one can hardly imagine that the country was, at one point, engaged in human rights cooperation in the Global South. Most of these projects were outside of the media’s radar, as they were low-budget initiatives developed in small and poor countries. One might reasonably ask: Why engage in small, low-profile projects on marginalized topics in the peripheries of the Global South? This article addresses this question by presenting data and testimonies of individuals working on two of those experiences, namely Brazil’s cooperation with Haiti for the promotion of the rights of persons with disabilities; and Brazil’s cooperation with El Salvador for the protection of children against violence and abuse. This article will suggest that the answer to the proposed research question is to be found in the rich experiences these projects brought to the bureaucrats who were, in their own domestic contexts, struggling to secure a place for their policy issues in the agenda.