Proportional Gain Research Articles

Implementation of ARM STM32F4 microcontroller for speed control of BLDC motor based on bat algorithm

Brushless direct current (BLDC) motor speed performance is an essential component that must be considered in the electric vehicle drive system. This research aims to obtain the transfer function from the mathematical modeling of the BLDC motor and optimization of the BLDC motor so that a high transient response is received. The method used in this study is to identify system parameters and then model them using the structure of the autoregressive exogenous (ARX) polynomial model. Meanwhile, to get a high transient response performance, optimization is done with a hybrid intelligent controller. The experimental findings indicate that the optimization process utilizing the bat method yielded the most favorable transient response. The resulting values for the proportional gain (Kp), integral gain (Ki), and derivative gain (Kd) were determined to be 31.2685, 7.7375, and -1.1934, respectively. In the current investigation, the minimum frequency value is 6381934.619. Also determined are the transient response characteristics, which include a rise time of 0.289 seconds, a settling time of 10.9 seconds, an overshoot of 3.4%, and a peak time of 1.04 seconds. Furthermore, the closed-loop system demonstrates stable behavior in terms of stability.

A fuzzy adaptive complementary filter for attitude estimation based on norm judgment

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) has great application prospect because of its capability of three-dimensional space operation. The reliability of attitude and heading reference system (AHRS) for UAV attitude estimation is crucial for the application of UAV. When a UAV is subjected to unknown electromagnetic interference and force interference in flight, its attitude detection system can suffer from reduced accuracy or even failure. In this paper, a fuzzy adaptive complementary filter (CF) for attitude estimation based on norm judgment is proposed to solve the problem that the sensor is easily disturbed by the complex flight environment and the fixed filter parameters are difficult to obtain the UAV attitude accurately under different flight states. Firstly, the correction model of the gyroscope, which includes four filter parameters, namely accelerometer weight, magnetometer weight, proportional gain P and integral gain I, is established. Secondly, the influence of the four parameters on the estimation accuracy is analyzed. Finally, the adaptive adjustment rules are designed to adjust the filter parameters online and thus achieve the accurate and reliable measurement of UAV attitude. The feasibility of the proposed algorithm is verified through static, dynamic and interference experiments with the specially designed AHRS test platform. And the results show that the attitude estimation algorithm designed in this paper can ensure the high accuracy of the system in both steady state and high-speed rotation, shield the pitch and roll angles from the acceleration of motion, and keep the yaw angle from the external magnetic field.

PID Optimization Tuning Using Lagrangian Mechanics

Creating a simulation of a system enables the tuning of control systems without the need for a physical system. In this paper, we employ Lagrangian Mechanics to derive a set of equations to simulate an inverted pendulum on a cart. The system consists of a freely-rotating rod attached to a cart, with the rod’s balance achieved through applying the correct forces to the cart. We manually tune the proportional, integral, and derivative gain coefficients of a Proportional Integral Derivative controller (PID) to balance a rod. To further improve PID performance, we can optimize an objective function to find better gain coefficients.

Towards an optimized heat transfer process in vaporizing liquid microthrusters using pulsed heating control

The Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems of the Italian National Research Council (Italy) has designed and fabricated a water-fed MEMS vaporizing liquid microthruster (VLM) in collaboration with the University of Salento (Italy) and KU Leuven (Belgium). Previous studies have demonstrated the device’s functioning and highlighted the presence of a strong thermoelectric-hydraulic coupling that severely affects the heating and propulsive efficiencies and reliability of the device. In this regard, the current work provides a preliminary experimental investigation of a pulsed heating system actively controlled by temperature using PI-D logic (proportional and integrative actions applied to the error; derivative action applied to the output). The overall performance assessment focuses on evaluating power consumption during steady-state operation and analyzing the dynamic response of the VLM undergoing such an actively controlled pulsed heating, which has been built using both manual and data-driven offline adaptive tuning of the PID parameters. Concerning the steady-state operation, results highlight a promising enhancement of the heating efficiency to values above 0.9. The dynamic response analysis shows that operating with a single set of fixed PID parameters is not feasible and that the manual tuning is a trial-and-error approach highly dependent on the operator’s experience, operating conditions, and reference temperature profile. Furthermore, shorter rise and response times require a higher proportional gain, and the overshoot experienced when crossing the saturation temperature cannot be avoided. In this paper, we show that the response of the data-driven adaptive controller solves these issues, exhibiting a reduced maximum settling time from around 59 s to less than 10 s, while the overshoot is avoided thanks to the temporal adjustment of the PID parameters.

Numerical study on the effect of the PI-controller type on the quasi-steady reactor pressure in MAAP 5.04 code

Abstract In this work, the boiling water reactor (BWR) was adopted as a physical model to study the influence of PI-controller type on the quasi-steady reactor pressure in MAAP 5.04 code. The designed reactor pressure can be simulated through the open area of a valve modified by PI controller. The proportional gain (k p) is equal to one in all cases. For the integral gain (k i) smaller than or equal to 100 (i.e., k i = 0.1, 1, 10 and 100), a scrammed reactor incurred by the high reactor water level (Level-8) that is due to the large reactor pressure drop does not occur in the simulation. Compared to k i = 1, 10 and 100, for k i = 0.1, the reactor pressure modified by the PI controller is more close to the designed reactor pressure; however, the time to meet the designed reactor pressure is longer. The reason is that k i = 1, 10 and 100 incur a larger overshoot in the modified reactor pressure through the feedback system; although the time to meet the designed reactor pressure can be shortened, the amplitude of the reactor pressure varying with time is obvious. To exactly simulate the reactor pressure of a nuclear power plant under the normal operation, our results can offer MAAP code users an important reference to design the PI controller.

A neuromechanical model characterizing the motor planning and posture control in the voluntary lean in Parkinson’s disease

Parkinson’s disease targets patients’ cognitive and motor abilities, including postural control. Many studies have been carried out to introduce mathematical models for a better understanding of postural control in such patients and the relation between the model parameters and the clinical assessments. So far, these studies have addressed this connection merely in static tests, such as quiet stance. The aim of this study is to develop a model for voluntary lean, and as such, identify the model parameters for both PD patients and healthy subjects from experimental data. The proposed model comprises planning and control sections. The model parameters for the planning section were extracted from the time response characteristics. Parameters for the control section were identified based on the spatial characteristics of the center-of-pressure (COP) response using an optimization process. 24 PD patients along with 24 matched healthy subjects participated in the study. The results showed a significant difference between the two groups in terms of temporal parameters for the planning section. This difference emphasizes bradykinesia as an essential symptom of PD. Also, differences were found for the postural control section. In all directions, the proportional gain of the feedback controller was significantly larger in PD patients; however, the gain of the feedforward controller was significantly smaller in PD patients. Furthermore, the control gains were strongly correlated with the clinical scales (Functional Reach Test and Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale) in certain directions. In conclusion, the new model helps to better understand and quantify some PD symptoms in voluntary lean tasks.

Plasma Clozapine and N -Desmethylclozapine (Norclozapine) Concentrations and the Clozapine/Norclozapine Ratio : Effect of Dose, Sex, and Cigarette Smoking.

Smoking enhances plasma clozapine clearance, but the magnitude of the effect across the dose and age ranges is unclear. We audited clozapine dose and predose plasma clozapine and N -desmethylclozapine (norclozapine) concentrations by sex and smoking habit in samples submitted for clozapine TDM, 1996-2017. There were 105,316/60,792 and 34,288/31,309 samples from male/female smokers/nonsmokers, respectively. There were distinct dose-median plasma concentration trajectories for male/female smokers/nonsmokers across the range <50 to >850 mg d -1 . For both sexes, the percentage difference in median plasma clozapine in nonsmokers versus smokers averaged 50% but was greatest for men (76%) and women (59%) in the 151 to 250 mg d -1 dose band. In men, the percentage difference declined steadily to 34% at doses of ≥850 mg d -1 . In women, the difference after falling initially remained relatively constant at 40% to 54%. The pattern in median plasma clozapine/norclozapine ratio by plasma clozapine concentration and dose groups was independent of sex and smoking habit, but increased with plasma clozapine concentration (higher ratio at higher concentrations) and also changed with dose. Median plasma clozapine concentration and median clozapine dose by sex and smoking habit were similar up to age 60 years. Proportional weight gain was similar over time in smokers and nonsmokers of either sex. These data explain the variations in the effect size of starting or stopping smoking on plasma clozapine concentration at constant dose reported in different studies. Changes in smoking habit in patients prescribed clozapine require prompt dose adjustment.

Design and control of a distillation sequence for the purification of bioethanol obtained from sotol bagasse (Dasylirium sp.)

Sotol bagasse (SB) is a byproduct generated during the fermentation of the sotol plant (Dasylirium sp.) for the production of a traditional alcoholic beverage in Mexico. In this study, a novel ethanol purification distillation sequence is proposed, utilizing ethanol produced from SB treatment as described by González-Chavez et al. (2022). Prior to purification, the ethanol-water mixtures exhibited ratios of 0.054 and 0.935. The proposed distillation sequence comprises three columns: i) depletion, ii) extraction (employing ethylene glycol as the solvent agent), and iii) solvent recovery. To assess energy consumption and controllability, three solvent:feed ratios (1.5:1, 2:1, 2.5:1) were examined, taking into account the feed to the second column. The lowest energy consumption was observed at 31 × 103 kW, corresponding to the 1.5:1 ratio. Optimal controllability was achieved at a solvent:feed ratio of 2.5:1, as evidenced by the lowest Integral Absolute Error (IAE) value of 3.3 × 10–3 and the highest proportional gain (Kc) value of 250. In summary, we leveraged previously reported experimental data to design a new distillation sequence with potential applications in the ethanol purification derived from SB fermentation. The outcomes of this investigation underscore the importance of promoting circular economy practices, particularly in the northern region of Mexico, where significant quantities of agrowastes are generated.

An optimal membership function based Fuzzy-[formula omitted] stabilizer design to suppress low frequency oscillation in synchronous generator

An optimal membership function-based fractional order fuzzy proportional integral (Fuzzy-PIλ) power system stabilizer (PSS) is designed to suppress low frequency oscillation (LFO) in a synchronous generator connected to an infinite bus power system. Speed deviation and the change in speed deviation of synchronous generator due to LFO are taken as inputs of the fuzzy controller, and the parameters of a fractional-order PI controller (proportional gain, integral gain, and the fractional term in integral control action) are taken as fuzzy output variables. The range, scaling, and shape of the membership functions of the fuzzy controller are optimized such that it can tune the fractional order proportional integral (PIλ) stabilizer under any disturbance or parametric uncertainty in the synchronous generator. The advantage of the proposed stabilizer is that it can handle a wide range of disturbances and adjust the gains of the control parameters for the system. A nonlinear dynamic acceleration coefficient-based class-topper optimization is applied to optimize the fuzzy settings. The robustness and sensitivity of the proposed optimal Fuzzy-PIλ stabilizer are verified under different scenarios for the synchronous generator and compared with available results.

PID controller design with a new method based on proportional gain for cruise control system

In this study, a PID controller is proposed for cruise control systems in vehicles. The cruise control system here is linearized around the equilibrium point. A new simple design method is provided for tuning the parameters of the PID controller. In this method, PID controller is designed based on tuning the optimal proportional gain from the system according to the settling time ts, overshoot Mp. Determining the other parameters of the PID controller by adjusting the optimum ratio gain (kp) in a stable loop that minimizes the settling time and the error rate of the overshoot constitutes the basis of the method. The performance of the controller designed with the method without complex mathematical formulation is compared with the PID performance designed with state space, classical, fuzzy logic, genetic algorithm methods. As a result of numerical simulations, it has been observed that the performance of the PID controller designed with the proposed method is more successful than the other controllers mentioned.

Generalized Haalman tuning of PIDA controllers

In this paper we propose a new tuning methodology for Proportional-Integral-Derivative-Acceleration (PIDA) controllers. First, a third-order-plus-dead-time transfer function of the (high-order) process is estimated by evaluating an open-loop step response. Then, the three time constants of the controller are determined by applying a pole-zero cancellation approach and the proportional gain is finally adjusted in order to obtain a desired maximum sensitivity. The controller filters are selected in order to minimize the effects of the measurement noise and to avoid kicks in the control variable. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the methodology in comparison with PID control.

Iterative PID Control Design Approach for Maximizing Proportional Gain

Iterative PID Control Design Approach for Maximizing Proportional Gain

Rigid Mode Vibration Control for 250 HP Air Compressor System With Integrated Hybrid Air-Foil Magnetic Thrust Bearing (i-HFMTB)

Abstract This study aims to verify the effectiveness of the 250 HP class compressor system to which the integrated hybrid air-foil magnetic thrust bearing (i-HFMTB) proposed in (Ha et al., 2023, “Integrated Hybrid Air Foil-Magnetic Thrust Bearing (i-HFMTB) Part I: Preliminary Experimental Test for Rotordynamic Parameter Identification and Behavior With PD Control,” ASME Paper No. GT2023-102860) [1] is applied, and the vibration and instability problems of air-foil journal bearing (AFJB) occurring in the rigid mode are controlled by i-HFMTB. The compressor rotor is supported by two AFJB (journal diameter = 60 mm) and an i-HFMTB, and the length and mass of the rotor are 550 mm and 15.24 kg, respectively. i-HFMTB has a structure in which air-foil thrust bearing (AFTB) pads are inserted into eight slotted active magnetic thrust bearings (AMTB), and PD control (proportional gain: 4000; differential gain: 10) is applied. The operating area was identified through AFJB’s dynamic coefficients and rotordynamic analysis. As a result, in the experiment with the 250 HP compressor system supported only by two AFJB, sub- and super-synchronous vibrations were generated owing to the AFJB’s insufficient load capacity and damping in the rigid mode (7000 rpm) region, and this instability did not disappear even upon increasing the speed to 15,000 rpm. However, when i-HFMTB was turned on in rigid mode, it was confirmed that the sub- and super-synchronous vibrations were significantly reduced. The thrust collar tilt angle was calculated through orbit trajectory analysis of the impeller and cooling side, and it was confirmed that the tilt angle of the thrust collar was reduced during i-HFMTB operation.

Simulation Of Startup Speed of DC Motor Using PI And PID Control

Proportional-Integral (PI) control and Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control have found widespread application across various disciplines. This article focuses on the impact of PI and PID control on the startup speed of the Direct-Current (DC) motor. By setting up a simulation circuit and simulation module, the gain parameters of the control module are adjusted to obtain different output results. The simulation circuit will involve the DC motor, the control module, and the desired speed input. By adjusting the gain parameters of the control module, the behavior of the motor's startup speed can be simulated and observed. For PI control, increasing both the proportional gain and the integral gain proportionally can lead to shorter settling time and smaller overshoot in the output response. For PID control, increasing the derivative gain can significantly reduce the settling time without causing a significant change in the overshoot. When comparing PI and PID controllers, the addition of the derivative term can improve the output performance. By simulating different control modules and adjusting the gains, it is possible to qualitatively identify controllers with better control performance and more suitable gain parameters. This provides insights for the future design and application of DC motor control modules.

Lyapunov based Control Strategy for DFIG based Wind Turbines to Enhance stability and Power

The Doubly Fed Induction Generators (DFIG) based wind turbine is fed with maximum power point tracking is presented in this paper in proposed technique the proportional coefficient tuned adaptively as per wind changes and compare with traditional approaches. This novel method uses three control laws to adjust the proportional gain adaptively to wind speed variations. The intended electrical torque is determined via feedback linearization in the first control law, which makes the assumption that the power capture coefficient and target rotor speed are instantly determined. The second control law uses a Lyapunov-based analysis to determine the power capture coefficient as per changes in wind speed, and the third control law establishes the required rotor speed. As a result of these control principles, the operating point of the turbine shifts in a direction that increases the power capture coefficient, leading the rotor speed to adaptively adjust in the direction of the desired speed. The proposed maximum power tracking method differentiates itself from the perturb-and-observe strategy by removing the need to include a dither or perturbation signal and reliably slipstram the trajectory of maximum power points even in the circumstance of a sudden change in wind velocity, which can cause the perturb-and-observe practice to fail.

A Robust Control for a Controllable Suspension System with an Input Time Delay

In this study, a state feedback robust control strategy with time delay dependence for the uncertainty, fault, and input time delay of a vehicle’s controllable suspension system is designed. Firstly, based on the working principle of the adjustable damping suspension system, the total damping force of the suspension is divided into “foundation damping force” and “controllable damping force”, taking the adjustable damping interval as the constraint boundary, which varies with the actuating velocity. Furthermore, based on the sensitivity analysis of the input time delay’s relationship with damping force disturbance, it exerts influence on the controllable damping force part. The associated uncertainty and fault are defined through linear fraction transformation and proportional gain, respectively, and the two are decoupled from the control mechanism. Then, based on the Lyapunov stability theory, a robust control law for the time-delay-dependent H∞ state feedback is designed and transformed into a linear matrix inequality convex optimization problem to solve. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method are verified by designing different combinations of uncertainty and fault tests and by comparing and analyzing these with the time-delay-independent H2/H∞ robust control strategy under random and pulse road excitation.

Mechanical–electrical‐grid model for the doubly fed induction generator wind turbine system considering oscillation frequency coupling characteristics

AbstractWith the evolution of renewable energies, many doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) are being connected to the power grid, whose operation and grid‐connection stability have a major impact on the power grid. Currently, most studies focus on either modeling the mechanical–electrical section or the electrical‐grid section, and discussions have been limited to shaft oscillation or frequency coupling problems. In this study, a mechanical–electrical‐grid model of a DFIG was established to examine the impacts of wind speed and system control parameters on electrical damping and grid‐connection stability. The accuracy of the proposed model and validity of the analyses were verified using simulations. The following were observed: (1) In the case of changing wind speeds, the wind speed and the applied control model determine the shaft oscillation of DFIG, whereas the grid‐connected impedance on the rotor side is dependent on the wind speed. (2) At a constant wind speed, changes in control parameters under different control modes affect the dynamic characteristics of the drive train differently, whereas the grid‐connected impedance on the rotor side is primarily determined by the proportional gain of the inner/outer loop of the control system. The conclusions drawn from this study can further improve the safe and stable operation of DFIG wind power generation systems as well as their connection to the power grid.

Power quality improvement using rabbit optimization FOPID controlled photovoltaic- battery powered hybrid power filter

This paper presents the tuning of a fractional proportional controller (FOPI) using artificial rabbit optimization for the control of photovoltaic (PV) and battery power series active power filters along with a shunt passive filter which is known as a hybrid power filter. The PV power generation is combined into a series active filter to alleviate the problem of voltage sag and swell in the power system and also supply real power to the grid. Generally, the proportional controller is used to control the series active filter, but this is a linear controller and is not able to control the non-linear power system effectively. This problem is effectively controlled by non-linear control, i.e., a fractional-order proportional integral controller. Another problem in FOPI is finding the optimal value for proportional gain, integral gain, and fractional order. There are no standard rules for finding these values. This will make system design more complex. In this paper, artificial rabbit optimization is used to simplify the system design by finding optimal values of the FOPI controller for the series active filter and enhance the overall performance of the system. The MATLAB 2020b/Simulink environment is utilized to assess the recommended controller’s performance. According to the experimental findings, the suggested system has a total harmonic distortion (THD) value for load voltage of 0.10 % and a total harmonic distortion value for grid current of 1.87 %. The proposed artificial-rabbit optimized FOIPI controller effectively controls the system against voltage sag, swell, and non-linear loads and also obeys IEEE power quality standards.

State of charge estimation based on a modified extended Kalman filter

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;The global transition from fossil-based automobile systems to their &lt;br /&gt; electric-driven counterparts has made the use of a storage device inevitable. Owing to its high energy density, lower self-discharge, and higher cycle lifetime the lithium-ion battery is of significant consideration and usage in electric vehicles. Nevertheless, the state of charge (SOC) of the battery, which cannot be measured directly, must be calculated using an estimator. This paper proposes, by means of a modified priori estimate and a compensating proportional gain, an improved extended Kalman filter (IEKF) for the estimation task due to its nonlinear application and adaptiveness to noise. The improvement was achieved by incorporating the residuals of the previous state matrices to the current state predictor and introducing an attenuating factor in the Kalman gain, which was chosen to counteract the effect of the measurement and process noise resulting in better accuracy performance than the conventional SOC curve fitting-based estimation and ampere hour methods. Simulation results show that the standard EKF estimator results in performance with an error bound of 12.9% due to an unstable start, while the modified EKF reduces the maximum error to within 2.05% demonstrating the quality of the estimator.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Neuro-fuzzy system based proportional derivative gain optimized attitude control of CubeSat under LEO perturbations

Prompt attitude stabilization is more challenging in Nano CubeSat due to its minimal capacity, weight, energy, and volume-constrained architecture. Fixed gain non-adaptive classical proportional integral derivative control methodology is ineffective to provide optimal attitude stability in low earth orbit under significant environmental disturbances. Therefore, an artificial neural network with fuzzy inference design is developed in a simulation environment to control the angular velocity and quaternions of a CubeSat by autonomous gain tuning of the proportional-derivative controller according to space perturbations. It elucidates the dynamics and kinematics of the CubeSat attitude model with reaction wheels and low earth orbit disruptions, i.e., gravity gradient torque, atmospheric torque, solar radiation torque, and residual magnetic torque. The effectiveness of the proposed ANFIS-PD control scheme shows that the CubeSat retained the three-axis attitude controllability based on initial quaternions, the moment of inertia, Euler angle error, attitude angular rate, angular velocity rate as compared to PID, ANN, and RNN methodologies. Outcomes from the simulation indicated that the proposed controller scheme achieved minimum root mean square errors that lead towards rapid stability in roll, pitch, and yaw axis respectively within 20 s of simulation time.