Property Deeds Research Articles

An African American Burial Ground in Philadelphia: “Discovered,” Protected, Eradicated

ABSTRACT Construction in 2018 brought to light a previously unknown Black graveyard that operated from 1826 to 1882 on the outskirts of densely populated Philadelphia. To assure dignified burials, founders of the African Friends to Harmony Burial Ground created a “beneficial,” a form widely used by contemporary African Americans. Burials ended in 1882 as urban development encroached on the graveyard. Within a few decades, it had been erased from property deeds and public memory. In 2019–20, the two churches deemed descendant communities by the property owner, the University of Pennsylvania, chose to relocate the remains. This article points to instances where Black cemeteries have been retained in place or emerged as crucial instances of public engagement. Exploring the aspirations and struggles of those who established and tended African Friends to Harmony ground, the article reveals the richness of its history but the missed opportunity to commemorate the region’s complex past.

Blockchain Database for Improved Recording of Property Deeds

Abstract The current manual process for property deed recording lacks automation, efficiency, and transparency. Real estate transactions require disjointed efforts from multiple parties, and they only become legally binding once they are recorded in a public, physical repository: the Registry of Deeds. Sensitive information is centralized, leaving it vulnerable to misuse, fraudulent activity, and destruction. A blockchain database offers real-time traceability for transactions and a peer-to-peer network to connect the tasks of attorneys, title agents, notaries, grantors, and grantees into a seamless process. Records in a blockchain database are immutable and protected from misuse. Replacing the manual recording process with an automated blockchain eliminates waste in time, money, and third-party efforts, providing grantors and grantees with added protection in the legitimacy of their transactions. This paper aims to provide a proof-of-concept prototype to replace the current paper-based traditional process with an electronic-based blockchain process. A full replacement of the existing relational database will improve throughput, error rates, and cycle times in the recording process. The solution comprises an immutable, decentralized blockchain database of property deeds with an interactive website to add and query records.

DUTIES AND AUTHORITY OF A NOTARY IN PRODUCING LAND DEEDS

Case Study 179/PDT.G/2022/PN.PLG is used to examine the roles and responsibilities of notaries in the creation of land deeds. Two primary lines of inquiry emerge from this statement of need for more study: (1) what are the responsibilities and powers of a notary in producing land deeds, and (2) what is the notary's responsibility for the land deeds he makes? A normative judicial methodology was used for this study. The result of this research is a notary's power to create land deeds is limited by Article 15 of the Law on the Position of Notaries. In compliance with legal mandates like the Government Regulation on PPAT, the Land Deed Making Officer (PPAT) is also empowered to create land deeds. A notary's ability to create certain property deeds, such as a Sale and Purchase Agreement Deed, is constrained by the PPAT's duties. The notary's obligation for land deeds depends on the cause of the inaccuracy. If the notary's mistake causes financial harm, the victim may file a civil lawsuit against the official. The UUJN also suggests possible criminal and administrative consequences, such as temporary termination. If the notary has followed all applicable laws and regulations and an honest mistake has occurred, the notary is immune from liability. This study's findings give a summary of the complexities involved in notaries' roles in drafting property deeds and fulfilling their obligations under relevant laws.

Statutes in English Monastic Cartularies

Medieval English monastic houses were used to compile collections of various texts important for them for some reason. There are a number of such cartularies and registers, mostly dated to the 13—15th centuries. Their contents were usually concerned with proving of ownership rights of a religious house (writs, property deeds, rentals, etc.). However, there are copies of some legislative monuments. The content analysis of such compilations allows us to determine which legislative texts were of more importance to the monastic authorities and in which context there was need to right them down. The research is based on the materials of Benedictine Canterbury Cathedral priory, as compared with compilations of some English religious houses. Legislative documents are characteristic for the cartularies of later 13th — early 14th centuries. They are usually set in a separate unit, and their repetition could indicate the authority of these texts. The most frequently reproduced legal text is that of the Magna Carta, which is often accompanied by statutes of Edward I. Thus, the preference is given to the acts contemporary to the compilation. In the Canterbury priory’s collection, these cartularies are connected with Prior Henry Eastry. The comparison with other monastic collections demonstrates that the attention to the legislation was perhaps more pronounced in Canterbury priory than in other religious houses. As a whole, monastic interest in legislative documents was quite sporadic, and it is problematic to deduce their selection logic.

Precarious Living in Jerusalem: Return, Fear, and Sumud

This essay addresses the Israeli designation of “permanent residency,” more commonly known as Jerusalem residency to which Palestinians in occupied East Jerusalem are confined. Since 1967, the Israeli Ministry of Interior has revoked or refused to renew the residencies of nearly 15,000 Palestinians. Masquerading as a democracy, Israel hides behind the center of life doctrine—a set of policies and laws that require people to prove their lives center around Jerusalem, or areas occupied in 1948. Property deeds, rental contracts, employment papers, and utility bills are the documents Palestinians must produce to show evidence of belonging to Jerusalem. This bureaucratic wall of Israeli settler colonialism dispossesses Palestinians and employs fear to ethnically cleanse people who trace generations of ancestry to the city. The author shares her struggles in affirming her claims to Jerusalem and practicing sumud.

Study on Digital-Signatures and Remote Online Notarization

Digital-Signatures and Remote Online Notarization application provides secure electronic notarization functionality to the notary attorneys, and anyone in need of certifying electronic documents. E-notary software offers first-class security and convenience for both businesses and consumers who regularly deal with notarization. The software also provides transparent access to documents that are queued to be countersigned as well as the people who have been granted access to sensitive documents. E-notary software can be used by any organization and professional that preliminary needed notarization; a limited cases of the documents that e-notary results can legalize includes property deeds, agreements, and affidavits, among others. Benefits of e-notary application includes saving time and resources preliminary allocated to the notarization process, furnishing inspection trails, and supporting the data integrity of sensitive documents. Certain e-notary results grease web conferencing functionality to allow for remote notarization.

Intra-Church Property Disputes and the Failure of Neutral Principles: A Call for a Return to the Deference Standard

The issue of intra-church property disputes is one that is simultaneously quite old in American history and perhaps of greater relevance now than ever before. Given ever-increasing dissension within Christian church bodies over issues including homosexuality, women's ordination and racial justice, there are currently numerous church property disputes outstanding in the courts, and there are likely to be many more in the near future. From 1871 until 1979, the Supreme Court of the United States consistently took a deferential approach in property cases that involved church bodies with their own authorities and tribunals. When a dispute arose over church doctrine, polity or discipline and a hierarchical church reached its own decisions regarding proper ownership of the church's property, the Supreme Court determined that civil courts should defer to that church's internal decision-making process. The court first created this doctrine as a matter of ‘federal common law’ but in 1952 anchored it in the First Amendment's Free Exercise and Establishment clauses, applied to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment. During the mid-twentieth century, the Supreme Court consistently extended the deference standard against any state-level attempts to restrict or circumvent it. However, in the 1979 case of Jones v Wolf the court changed its standard significantly and adopted a ‘neutral principles’ approach, which weighs a church's internal documents and deliberations against property deeds, state property and trust statutes, and other sources, in an attempt to allow secular courts to rule on such cases while avoiding potential First Amendment concerns.

Subterranean Properties: India's Political Ecology of Coal, 1870–1975

AbstractScholars have long been attentive to the relationship between legal regimes and agrarian dispossession in the resource frontiers of the postcolonial world. The analytical problem of identifying how private firms use legal regimes to take control of land—whether for mining, plantations, or Special Economic Zones—now animates a new body of research seeking the historical antecedents for contemporary land grabs. In the case of colonial South Asia, existing scholarship has often tended to suggest that the law precedes processes of capital accumulation, and that colonial capital operated within the confines of definable, even if legally plural, institutional regimes, such as property rights and commercial law. This perspective suggests, if only implicitly, that capitalist firms prefer to work within formal frameworks of legality. In this article, I outline a different understanding of the place of law in colonial South Asia, which follows the formation of property law for coal at the end of the nineteenth century. I argue that the discursive framing of coal's status as property emerged out of, rather than preceded, social and ecological displacements caused by a coal commodity boom after 1894. Reconstructing conflicts over coal-bearing agrarian land through civil court records and mining company property deeds, I demonstrate how the absence of coal property within the colonial legal archive was reassembled through a recursive conception of legality. This genealogy of law recovers the historical context for contemporary struggles over mining claims in India's coal region today.

Does moving home affect residential heating decisions? Exploring heating fuel switching in Ireland

Previous research finds that moving home can serve as a starting point for more sustainable living practices, specifically lower energy consumption. This research examines whether changes in occupancy or tenure at residential properties is also associated with decisions on overhauling a property’s heating system. Properties are almost twice as likely to switch to gas from coal, oil or peat as the primary heating fuel when occupancy changes. The likelihood almost quadruples when there is also a change in tenure. Beyond occupancy and tenure, family size is the most notable occupant characteristic associated with a higher likelihood of switching to gas. In properties with six or more family members, and where occupancy changes, the likelihood of switching to gas is 7 percentage points higher than properties with 1–2 family members. The research extends the understanding of energy-related decisions associated with moving home and that property owners are more likely to invest in energy retrofits during this transitional period. Opportunities for designing policy supports, tailored to home-owners and landlords, but actively triggered by the registration of new tenancy leases or exchange of property deeds are discussed.

The Daughters of the First Earl of Cork: Writing Family, Faith, Politics and Place by Ann-Maria Walsh

Reviewed by: The Daughters of the First Earl of Cork: Writing Family, Faith, Politics and Place by Ann-Maria Walsh Mary O’Dowd The Daughters of the First Earl of Cork: Writing Family, Faith, Politics and Place, by Ann-Maria Walsh (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2020, 194 p., hardcover, €50) Collections of family papers are rare for sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Ireland. If records do survive, they usually consist of documents that successive generations considered legally or financially important. Private archives abound with property deeds, wills, marriage settlements, and tenancy agreements. Personal correspondence between members of the family or with those outside the extended kin group survive in a more sporadic fashion. The extensive archive of the family of Richard Boyle, first Earl of Cork, is, therefore, exceptional. As Ann-Maria Walsh documents in her book on the correspondence of the women in Boyle’s family, the archive provides a detailed record of the lives of one of the most prominent families in early modern Ireland. While the financially savvy earl kept a meticulous record of his property and commercial transactions, he also preserved his correspondence with his children from their early years through to adulthood. The majority of Cork’s papers are deposited in the archive of Chatsworth House, Derbyshire. The letters of the first earl’s daughters are, however, scattered throughout this large collection of documents, a fact that discouraged other scholars from searching for them. Undaunted by the task, Walsh trawled through the Chatsworth archive to identify the women’s letters. She also visited many other archival institutions in England and in Ireland to locate additional letters and relevant documentation. The result is a unique record of writing by a group of seventeenth-century Irish women. A central value of Walsh’s book is the bibliography in which she lists the individual letters she has identified and utilized in her analysis. Richard Boyle had fifteen children with his second wife, Catherine Fenton. Twelve of the children survived into adulthood (seven daughters and five sons). As Walsh notes, Boyle ensured that all of his children (girls as well as boys) were taught to read and write. This was partly for religious reasons: reading the Bible [End Page 155] was at the core of the children’s Protestant formation. Yet there was also a wider dimension to the girls’ education than a narrow focus on religious texts. They were encouraged by their father to read contemporary literature; taught how to speak (if not write) in French; and trained in the art of letter writing. Throughout the Boyle sisters’ adult lives, letter writing formed an important part of their daily routine. As Walsh notes, it was one of their “every day responsibilities.” Hence, too, the survival of such a rich archive of letters. As a literary scholar, Walsh opted to consider the letters thematically, an approach that also facilitated her critique of individual letters that illuminate certain themes. She focuses on five themes: the women’s relationship with place and identity, their life stages as women, their experience of the war that dominated their lives in the 1640s, their Protestant piety, and their attempts to establish a legacy for future generations of their families. The letters regularly refer to the movement of the sisters and their families to other parts of Ireland or across the Irish Sea to stay in the homes their father or husbands had established in England. Walsh suggests that the constant crossing from Ireland to England meant that the Boyle women did not develop any sense of national consciousness but rather focused on local loyalties to the place where they lived. Their strongest and longest loyalty was, however, to their membership in the Boyle kin group. Despite their marriages and physical separation, the sisters maintained throughout their lives a strong connection with each other, with their brothers and sisters-in-law, and with their father. Cork clearly encouraged, if not on occasion bribed, his children to keep him informed of their activities. As Nicholas Canny has documented, Cork carefully planned the marriages of all his children from an early age. His daughters Katherine and Dorothy were sent to live with their intended in-laws when they...

Long Shadow of Racial Discrimination: Evidence from Housing Covenants of Minneapolis

This paper studies the effect of racially-restrictive covenants prevalent during the early-to-mid 20th century on present-day socioeconomic outcomes such as house prices and racial segregation. Racial covenants were clauses in property deeds that prohibited the sale or renting of a property to specific religious and ethnic minorities. Using a newly created geographic data set of over 30,000 historical property deeds (1910-1955) from Hennepin County in Minnesota, we exploit the unanticipated 1948 Supreme Court ruling that made racially-restrictive covenants unenforceable. We employ a fuzzy regression discontinuity around the ruling to document that racial covenants have had time-persistent effects and have significantly affected the socioeconomic geography of Minneapolis and adjoining areas. In particular, we document that houses that were covenanted have on average 4-15% higher present-day prices compared to properties which were not covenanted. We also find that census blocks with larger share of covenanted lots have smaller black population and lower black home ownership rates.

Notários do Tribunal da Inquisição no Arquivo da Universidade de Coimbra (1536-1755): Património e rendimentos para obtenção de ordens eclesiásticas

Este trabalho é uma primeira abordagem às raízes socioeconómicas dos notários da Inquisição (ou notários do Secreto), entre os anos de 1536 e 1755. O seu principal objetivo é conhecer os níveis globais de rendimento destes agentes no momento em que se habilitaram para o Santo Ofício.Para isso, consultaram-se as suas habilitações de genere para ordenação sacerdotal, com os respetivos instrumentos de dote e património, existentes no Arquivo da Universidade de Coimbra. Pretende-se, assim, responder às seguintes questões: com que património receberam, os futuros notários, ordens sacras? Dependeram de outrem para constituírem os seus dotes? Poder-se-iam desenvolver redes de influência ou de sociabilidade com base nesses patrimónios?O estudo desta pequena amostra permitiu concluir que quando chegavam ao Santo Ofício estes indivíduos não eram ricos, mas viviam sem constrangimentos.

Simulation of house consolidation process in Lima using an epidemic diffusion mechanism

The sequence of physical improvement in self-built houses is replicated by a model of technology diffusion that addresses the inter-relation between spatial and social processes, and captures the dynamics of house upgrading in blocks located within informal development areas in Lima, Peru. Simulations generate accurate spatio-temporal descriptions that characterizes the actual dynamics at the block scale. Moreover, the separation of the spatial and social structures allows to relate upgraded, susceptible and delayed components of the social network with the number of consolidated houses in order to explore the adoption of upgrade conditions. These empirically based experiments have policy implications related to the timing of tailored intervention at micro-scale for current efforts related to providing property deeds and financial support for individuals located in informally developed areas in Lima.

The Cabiness Family Lynching: Race, War, and Memory in Walker County, Texas

The Cabiness Family Lynching: Race, War, and Memory in Walker County, Texas Jeffrey L. Littlejohn (bio), Charles Ford (bio), Jami Horne (bio), and Briana Weaver (bio) Click for larger view View full resolution The lynching of the Cabiness family of Walker County, Texas, is noted on the front page (“Negro Family is Killed by Posse”—a subheading states that “Women Join in Battle”) of the June 2, 1918, Temple Daily Telegram along with several stories related to World War I. “I don’t know for sure that this is true,” Thomas Anders, a native of Walker County, Texas, reported in his manuscript, Memoirs of a Country Boy, “but I heard that there were two colored brothers who supposedly roughed up one of the members of the Draft Board . . . during World War I.” The black youngsters intended to teach the local draft officer a lesson, but, before they could, “a bunch of [white] men . . . went out to where the brothers lived, and . . . shot ’em.” It was a brutal killing, Anders recalled. The white mob “forced ’em into the[ir] house” and “burned the[ir] whole family—men, women, and children.” The murder of the Cabiness family proved so traumatic, in fact, that, even years after the event, “old colored men” on the Huntsville square continued to talk about the ill-fated brothers and their lingering ghosts.1 [End Page 1] Anders’s recounting of the Cabiness family lynching near Huntsville, Texas, covers the event like a shroud, revealing the broad outline of the story, but concealing its true horror. A white mob in Walker County did, indeed, target and kill George Cabiness, his mother, Sarah, and four of his siblings between May 30 and June 1, 1918. Although the Walker County sheriff, Tom E. King, the Huntsville city marshal, C. B. Birmingham, and the Dodge, Texas, justice of the peace, Sam Roark, were all identified as members of the mob, these law enforcement officers did nothing to prevent the burning of the Cabiness home or the murder of its inhabitants. Not only does Anders’s narrative miss this important fact, laying blame for the event on the Cabiness boys themselves, but it, like contemporary news stories and more recent reference articles, fails to place the lynching in historical context or to explain who the victims and perpetrators of the crime actually were. So, even now, one hundred years after the events of 1918, the facts and figures involved in the Cabiness lynching remain a mystery.2 This article seeks to move beyond the vague memories and deliberate silences that have surrounded the Cabiness lynching by providing the first in-depth study of the crime based on archival research. The authors of this article have examined hundreds of pages of census records, court reports, property deeds, and newspaper stories while also consulting a half-a-dozen local authorities on Walker County history. The result is a story that stretches from the antebellum days in Walker County, through the Civil War and Reconstruction, and on to World War I and the “Red Summer” of 1919. It is a story about black slavery and white supremacy, about the search for freedom and the limits of democracy, and, most of all, it is a story about African American agency and white violence in the New South at the turn of the twentieth century. This story is not new to Texas. Over the last fifteen years, numerous scholars, including William Carrigan, Patricia Bernstein, Gary Borders, Cynthia Skove, and Nicholas Villanueva Jr., have examined lynching in the Lone Star State. Their books have explored the development of a lynching culture in Texas, the role that European immigrants played in lynchings, and the way in which particularly gruesome stories, like the lynching of Jesse Washington in Waco, Texas, might shed light on the past [End Page 2] as well as the present.3 While these studies have provided new insights into the practice of lynching, they generally focus on the perpetrators of these deplorable acts of racial violence. As Amy Kate Bailey and Stewart E. Tolnay argue in their book, Lynched: The Victims of Southern Mob Violence, “one of the greatest gaps in our knowledge about...

The Mason-Dixon Survey at 250 Years: Recent Investigations

The year 2013 marked the 250th anniversary of the 1763 start to the iconic land survey by Jeremiah Dixon and Charles Mason. This survey culminated in the border along the southern edge of Pennsylvania, now known as the Mason-Dixon Line. There has been little to report in the way of new information about the Mason-Dixon Survey—that is, until recently, when the exact location of the first survey point was re-established. Research involving the original 1700s property deeds, insurance surveys, journal entries by Charles Mason, and City of Philadelphia Commissioners Reports, along with modern re-surveying of the area by professional surveyors, mathematical calculations by these same surveyors, and global positioning satellite (GPS) technology, combined to allow the recovery of the first survey point calculated by Mason and Dixon. It was from this point that they proceeded to establish the Mason-Dixon Survey.

Factors influencing land fractioning in the context of land market deregulation in Ecuador

Land fractioning is a continuous process that could lead to land abandonment. In this work, the relationship between the speed of land market dynamics and land fractioning were studied and compared in two rural parishes of Ecuador. For this study, a database with relevant information extracted from land property deeds was generated for both study areas. Additionally, 193 land buyers and sellers were surveyed to determine the factors influencing/motivating land transactions. We observed a gradual increment of land fractioning with the mean ‘fractionated parcel surface’ independent of the speed of land market dynamics. Instead, the purpose assigned to the land by the actors involved in the land market seems to be the factor influencing the mean fractionated parcel surface and average parcel surface the most. The similarities of the studied areas with others inside and outside Ecuador makes the study relevant in a wider context. Our results could aid local governments in improving their land administration strategies in a deregulated land market context.

The Mechanics of Sustaining Spaces for the Public

While municipalities in the USA generally recognize the environmental, economic and sociocultural benefits of spaces for the public, the degree to which property deeds, planning documents and local laws specify allowable uses or future sale differs widely. This article documents how three municipalities manage parcels used by the public. Unlike other governmental assets that are carefully itemized and tracked, land is generally not subject to rigorous accounting; and yet, it may be the most valuable resource owned. Geographic information systems, allowing for the mapping of parcels, has led to more widespread documentation of spatial information and tax records, but this is often the extent of data capture. This article argues that land resources should be documented, subject to community-based deliberative dialogues and managed in accordance with legal documents that specify uses and management practices resulting from such dialogues.

Titulación de la propiedad y mercado inmobiliario / Property Deeds and Real Estate Market

En este estudio se analiza la relación entre la tenencia de títulos de propiedad (registrados) y los mercados inmobiliarios en aquellas zonas de la ciudad cuyo origen fue informal o ilegal. Al hacerlo se plantean cuestionamientos a los presupuestos internacionales y se encuentran paradojas en el funcionamiento del mercado de suelo popular. La metodología es cuantitativa y cualitativa. Las conclusiones muestran que en los asentamientos no consolidados la tenencia de un título de propiedad contribuye a conferir un mayor valor a los predios en relación con los que no están titulados. No obstante, el título de propiedad no necesariamente induce al predominio de los mercados inmobiliarios formales; más bien se mantienen las tendencias que apuntan a las transacciones informales en cuanto a alquileres, compras y ventasAbstractThis study analyzes the link between the ownership of property deeds (registered) and real estate markets in parts of the city whose origin was either informal or illegal. By doing so, it raises questions about international assumptions and finds paradoxes in the way the popular land market operates. The methodology used is both quantitative and qualitative. The conclusions show that in unconsolidated settlements, ownership of title deeds increases property value. Title deeds do not however, increase the predominance of formal property markets. On the contrary, the tendency to engage in informal transactions regarding rent and buying and selling continues to exist.

Economic Reconstruction or Corporate Raiding?: The Borisoglebskii Monastery in Torzhok and the Ascription of Monasteries in the 17th Century

In spite of a recent revival of interest in medieval Russian monastic life, the administrative regime of Muscovite monasteries and hermitages and their political and economic aspirations are still incompletely understood. In seeking to counter the negative bias of Soviet-era studies of Russian monasteries, which focus primarily on monastic houses as landholding institutions that exploited their peasants, the Western and newer Russian scholarship has concentrated on the intellectual and cultural life of medieval Russian monasticism and rightfully stressed its spiritual aspects. (1) Due to the paucity of 17th-century sources, however, we still have only a vague understanding of how medieval Russian monasteries interpreted their various economic, political, and spiritual functions and resolved possible tensions among them. While scholars have investigated the rote and function of some of Russia's largest monasteries, such as the Trinity-St. Sergius Monastery, the Volokolamsk Monastery, and the Solovetskii Monastery, we lack studies for smaller regional monastic institutions. (2) Our understanding of medieval Russian monastic life is particularly murky for the 17th century, since the Time of Troubles left many of Russia's monastic institutions with their physical infrastructure destroyed or damaged, their servant population killed or dispersed, and even the number of monks severely reduced. Soviet statistical studies testify to the gradual recuperation of Muscovite monasteries in the century following the Troubles in spite of efforts by the tsarist government to curtail the acquisition of new properties by these institutions. (3) Scholars, however, have as yet gained little insight into the day-to-day struggle of individual monastic leaders to rebuild their institutions and the methods they employed to promote the economic expansion of their monasteries. In this context, one of the glaring gaps in our knowledge relates to the economic interactions of medium-sized monastic houses and their even less wealthy counterparts. The following study of the economic activities of the Borisoglebskii Monastery in the provincial town of Torzhok, as evident in property deeds, donation charters, petitions, and royal and ecclesiastical decrees, suggests that after the Time of Troubles the head of this medium-sized Russian monastery employed all traditional means available to place his institution once again on a sound economic footing. In the later 17th century, the Borisoglebskii leaders often functioned as shrewd entrepreneurs who manipulated property deeds to receive sanction for their takeover of smaller monasteries and hermitages. Confronted with resistance from the inhabitants and sponsors of these institutions, at least one Borisoglebskii archimandrite, in his campaign to build a successful spiritual house, was not above twisting the truth and using his influence at the Muscovite court to silence complaints about his ruthless exploitation of newly acquired territories. The Borisoglebskii Monastery and the Time of Troubles The first documentary evidence of the Torzhok Borisoglebskii Monastery, which seemingly dates back to the 12th century, appears in a charter by Ivan III from 6 April 1476, which assigns some of the Borisoglebskii lands to the archbishop of Novgorod. The monastery rose to prominence in the early 16th century when the Muscovite ruler granted it jurisdiction, except in matters of high crime, over the monastery's villages in the Torzhok region (uezd) and over a district in the Torzhok suburb (posad). (4) According to a royal charter dating from 30 January 1535, the grand prince's agents and soldiers were not allowed to enter the monastery's lands or take dues from it, and the monks were exempted from all obligations to provide hospitality or transport for them. (5) The monastery's proximity to the town of Torzhok drew it into the town's politics and made the monks unintended targets during the raids the town experienced during the Time of Troubles. …

TECHNICAL OPERATIONS FOR THE CADASTRAL DELIMITATION OF AN ADMINISTRATIVE-TERRITORIAL UNIT

Cadastral Delimitation is a series of technical operations which, according to art. 11 of law 7/1996 refer to: 1. Marking the administrative-territorial boundaries with boundary marks; 2. Marking on the field with boundary marks of the inside territory boundaries for each locality; 3. Identification of the real estate goods based on the property deeds or, in the lack of such documents, based on the possession exercised under the title of “owner”; Measurement of land parcels within each administrative-territorial unit, specifying the purpose, category of use, owner; 4. Recording land boundary disputes in cases of conflicts between neighboring owners; 5. Measurements for making and updating cadastral plans. One of the preliminary steps of cadastral delimitation is creating the overview sketch of the administrative territory based on the documentation (maps, existing plans) made available for the executor by the beneficiary – O.J.C.P.I. (fig. 1).