Properties Of Hybrid Composite Laminates Research Articles

Mechanical characteristics of kenaf-glass fiber reinforced hybrid composites by varying the stacking sequences

Fiber composite materials are preferred for their lightweight, low-cost, and commercial uses. As part of this study, laminate materials consisting of two different fiber materials as their reinforcement materials are produced using the hand layup method. This study investigates the mechanical properties of hybrid composite laminates fabricated using kenaf and glass fibers. Six stacking arrangements of the fibers are examined, alongside two reference laminates with individual reinforcements. Epoxy resins HY951 and LY556 serve as matrix materials. ASTM standards guide the mechanical testing of the composites. Results indicate varied tensile strengths based on stacking sequence, with laminate L2 (KKGKK) featuring a single glass fiber core at 75 MPa, and increasing strengths in laminates with additional glass layers: L1 (GKKKG) at 123 MPa, L5 (KGKGK) at 110 MPa, L3 (GKGKG) at 150 MPa, L6 (KGGGK) at 118 MPa, and L4 (GGKGG) at 159 MPa, the highest among all. It was observed that adding one layer of glass fiber with kenaf fiber boosts strength and modulus by 9.52% and 12.19% respectively, compared to pure kenaf fiber composites. Morphological analysis via Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) confirms failure due to initial crack propagation in the matrix and fibers. This study offers insights into hybrid composite laminate behavior, pertinent for various industrial applications.

Hybridization influence on the mechanical properties of hybrid composite laminates: A review

Hybridization influence on the mechanical properties of hybrid composite laminates: A review

Effect of polyurethane matrix and steel fiber in combination with glass fiber or basalt fiber on the properties of hybrid composite laminates

Abstract Polyurethane is a versatile polymer with a high degree of toughness and ductility used in a wide variety of applications. In this study, two-part thermoset polyurethane was used as a matrix material to prepare hybrid and non-hybrid composites. Hybrid laminates were prepared by combining either glass fiber or basalt fibers with steel fibers. The mechanical properties of prepared composite specimens were characterized and scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation was performed around the fracture region of the tested specimens. The results revealed a significant increment in tensile strength, and flexural strength in BS1-PU (8 layers of basalt-1 layer of steel) hybrid laminate by 357.74 % and 64.59 %, respectively, compared to steel fibers reinforced polyurethane composites. Furthermore, GS4-PU hybrid composite (5 layers of glass-4 layers of steel) achieved an improvement in tensile strain by 12.07 %, flexural strain by 25.32 %, and absorbed energy by 18.21 %, compared to glass fibers reinforced polyurethane composite. Moreover, the SEM observations revealed that the replacement of some basalt and glass layers with steel layers leads to a positive hybridization effect of the overall produced hybrid composites.

Enhancing the quasi-static strength of prosthetic socket made from composite laminates via hybridisation: Experimental and numerical study

This study aims to develop composite laminates for the manufacture of prosthesis socket with enhanced mechanical performance. Layered hybridisation of fabrics (i.e. glass, carbon, and Kevlar fabrics) is used to manufacture hybrid composite laminates by resin infusion via vacuum bagging method. The response of these materials to compression loading is investigated by using compression-loading testes and the load-bearing ability was examined by tensile strength tests. Moreover, finite element analysis has been carried out by using the Abaqus software to predict the compressive failure load and damage failure modes for all sockets samples. Experimental results revealed that the hybrid laminates exhibited more stability and higher absorbing energy compared to non-hybrid laminates during compressive loading tests. Furthermore, the hybridisation of fabrics layers can play key role for improving the tensile strength properties of hybrid composite laminates compared to composite laminates without hybridisation. The numerical simulation results of compressive failure load and damage failure modes are in accordance with experimental results qualitatively as well as quantitatively.

Effect of Tasar Silk Waste on the Mechanical Properties of Jute/Grewia Optiva Fibers Reinforced Epoxy Laminates

ABSTRACT Waste collected from the agricultural sector can be used as reinforcement in the composites to lower the material cost and encourage the renewable material to reduce carbon footprints. Hence, the current investigation evaluates the physical, mechanical, and wear properties of hybrid composite laminates comprising Tasar silk waste (a waste obtained from textile industries), Jute fibers, Grewia optiva (Bhimal tree) and epoxy resin. For this, epoxy reinforced Jute/Grewia optiva fibers laminates were fabricated with varying percentages of Tasar silk waste (TSW) (0, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 wt.%). Experimental results reveal that the void fraction increases from 1.8% to 3.4%; an increase in the water absorption took place at all percentages of TSW and become saturated after 216 hours of immersion. The tensile strength increased from 54.44 MPa to 79.16 MPa, and flexural strength increased from 21.91 MPa to 51.22 MPa with 14 wt.% of TSW. Vickers hardness and impact strength was maximum at 12 wt.% of TSW loading. Specific wear rate was observed as inversely proportional to sliding velocity, and directly proportional to normal load. Statistical analysis of the specimens was carried out using the ANOVA technique, which confirms a significant difference between the obtained results.

Determination of flexural properties of hybrid composite using Cowper-Symonds rate-dependent material model

This study addressed to determine the flexural properties of hybrid composite laminates (HCAFRE) under the strain rate sensitivity. The hybrid composite laminate was formed as consecutive stacking of a sequence of plain woven carbon fiber reinforced epoxy (CFRE) and a plain-woven aramid fiber reinforced epoxy (AFRE) laminates. The flexural tests were carried out at four different strain rates (0.01, 0.11, 0.55, 1.1 s−1) to determine the strain rate sensitivity of the HCAFRE. Moreover, the strain rate sensitivity of CFRE and AFRE was also determined individually. The effect of different fiber orientations (0°, 45°, and 90°) on the flexural properties of the composite laminates were also investigated at the scope of this study. In numerical analysis, composite laminates (CFRE, AFRE, and HCAFRE) were constituted in LS-DYNA finite element program using the Cowper-Symonds material model (MAT 112) which includes strain rate dependency. Consequently, it was seen that the experimental and numerical results were indicated a similar tendency to each other. Therefore, it was understood that the Cowper-Symonds material model is suited for the flexural behavior model of composite laminates under different strain rates.

WITHDRAWN: Effects of hybridization on the mechanical properties of hybrid composite laminates – A review

Abstract Rising environmental anxiety has lifted the research and industrial attention towards the growth of natural and synthetic fiber for various industrial applications. Research is going on to develop newer fiber-reinforced plastic composites in order to replace metals and alloys. In this review paper, we are going to discuss about various recent work or review report on fibers used as an alternative for existing and developing products for the purpose of manufacturing cost effective composite materials. The paper also concentrates on the effect of hybridization on the various mechanical properties of a hybrid composite for the purpose of designing, analyzing and fabricating an aircraft’s wing structure. The proposed structure is made of composites consisting of carbon/aramid/glass/basalt fibers. The component is to be modeled and analyzed by the use of finite element method by ANSYS software for finding out the deflections and stresses induced in the composite. The purpose of this paper is to get a better understanding of the mechanical response of various hybrid composites. The mechanical testing for the fiber composite is to be carried out according to respective ASTM standards for better understanding of their properties.

Multi-objective optimization of carbon/glass hybrid composites with newly developed resin (NDR) using gray relational analysis

PurposeIt is seen that little amount of work on optimization of mechanical properties taking into consideration the combined effect of design variables such as stacking angle, stacking sequence, different resins and thickness of composite laminates has been carried out. The focus of this research work is on the optimization of the design variables like stacking angle, stacking sequence, different resins and thickness of composite laminates which affect the mechanical properties of hybrid composites. For this purpose, the Taguchi technique and the method of gray relational analysis (GRA) are used to identify the optimum combination of design variables. In this case, the effect of the abovementioned design variables, particularly of the newly developed resin (NDR) on mechanical properties of hybrid composites has been investigated.Design/methodology/approachThe Taguchi method is used for design of experiments and with gray relational grade (GRG) approach, the optimization is done.FindingsFrom the experimental analysis and optimization study, it was seen that the NDR gives excellent bonding strength of fibers resulting in enhanced mechanical properties of hybrid composite laminates. With the GRA method, the initial setting (A3B2C4D2) was having GRG 0.866. It was increased by using a new optimum combination (A2B2C4D1) to 0.878. It means that there is an increment in the grade by 1.366%. Therefore, using the GRA approach of analysis, design variables have been successfully optimized to achieve enhanced mechanical properties of hybrid composite laminates.Originality/valueThis is an original research work.

Evaluation of hybridization effect on static and dynamic properties of the thermoplastic-based hybrid composites-an experimental study

The paper delineates the effects of reinforcement types and their amalgamation on static and dynamic properties of hybrid composite laminates. Hybrid composites are prepared by E-Glass, Twaron fabrics and polycarbonate sheets reinforced in epoxy matrix. Dynamic impact resistance and damage mechanisms are studied using load-deformation-energy-time graphs. The addition of polycarbonate sheet has increased strain to failure and toughness of hybrid composites than its pure counterparts. The tensile, interlaminar, flexural properties of hybrid composites provided a compatible performance and can be incorporated for structural and defense applications. Hybridization has provided a reduction in density about 10–14% with substantial enhancement of impact damage tolerance.

Mechanical Properties of Randomly oriented Carbon – Sansevieria Trifasciata Fiber Epoxy Composites.

This Research work explains the Mechanical properties of Flexural test, Tensile test, Impact test and SEM analysis of Sansevieria Trifasciata fiber (STF), Carbon fiber (CF) [1] hybrid polymer composites. The Hybrid Composite laminates were created with five different fiber % of STF (0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%) and % of Carbon Fiber (100%, 90%, 80%, 70% and 60%). The manufacturing process was completed by hand layup technique. Mechanical properties of Hybrid Composite laminates were included to Tensile, Flexural and Impact testing. The SEM shows fiber debonding and de-lamination of fiber and resin can be observed. The explanation covers that Flexural, Tensile and Impact quality increases without affecting the extension of the Hybrid Composite with fiber extents

Impact Strength of Glass/Kevlar Fiber Hybrid Composites with Various Stacking Sequences and Impact Energies

Hybrid composites have been considered as modern materials for many engineering applications, yet there is still a major concern on the influence of stacking sequence configuration in hybrid composite laminates especially under impact loading. Therefore, the focus of this paper is to determine the optimized stacking sequence of glass/Kevlar fiber hybrid composite laminates under impact loading. Hybrid composite laminates were fabricated using vacuum bagging method with four different stacking sequences known as H1, H2, H3 and H4. Low velocity drop weight impact test (ASTM D7136) was conducted using a hemispherical nose impactor diameter of 12 mm with a mass of 6 kg at impact energy levels of 10 J, 20 J, 30 J, and 40 J. From the results obtained, H3 specimen which has a stacking sequence of glass fiber in the exterior part with Kevlar fiber in the interior part was concluded as the optimized stacking sequence with better impact resistance properties. H3 specimen recorded a higher value in peak load, maximum initiation energy, high impact strength, high strength to weight ratio and high total energy absorbed to weight ratio. In addition, it was observed that H3 specimen has less damaged area compared to H1, H2, and H4 specimens. This study contributes knowledge on the impact resistance properties of hybrid composite laminates which will be much useful for material selection and product development.

Numerical Analysis Of Stacking Sequence In Frp Laminate Under Dynamic Resin Behavior

Abstract Composite materials intriguing with numerous applications in all industrial sectors. In this project we investigate the effect of the multioriented stacking sequence optimization of the laminated structure. The stacking sequence is done by arranging the fibers at singlet orientation based on their mechanical strength review of different fibers. We have taken four different types of fibers like glass, Basalt, Kevlar, Jute to form a laminate of identical orientation of 30, 60 and 90 degrees. These fibers are arranged in the order of (30/30/30/30) s (60/60/60/60) s and (90/90/90/90) s to form a laminate. The hybrid composites we are fabricated using a hand layup process under compression type with infusion of epoxy resin. The results of the ordinary optimized laminate are compared and the efficiency of the optimization is calculated based on standard properties. We also investigate the flexural strength of the fiber and we visualize the micrographs structure of plastic strain at three different orientation. We also investigated the effect of different stacking sequences of glass, Kevlar, natural and basalt fabrics on the flexural properties of hybrid composite laminates.. Three-point bending test was performed and the fracture surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Tensile and compressive test also done on the laminate to find the enhanced mechanical properties. Cohesive behavior also investigated (Surface to surface interaction). In addition to the experimental evaluation, numerical simulation is done using Abaqus FEA tool. Numeric and experimental results are compared with each other for validation and to yield the optimized results.

Effect of silica nanoparticles on mechanical properties of Kevlar/epoxy hybrid composites

The addition of nanofillers in high-performance reinforcement results in the formation of hybrid composites. The objective of this research is to determine the effect of silica nanofillers loading on the mechanical properties of Kevlar/epoxy composites for ballistic use. Produced hybrid composite laminates were tested for flexural properties, tensile Properties and impact energy absorption. DMA analyses were performed to investigate composite properties at elevated temperatures. It was observed that introduction of silica nanofillers enhanced flexural properties, tensile strength, and storage modulus of composites. Impact energy absorption was increased up to a specific extent of nanofiller addition. The findings of this study indicate that introduction of silica nanofillers on Kevlar fabrics is a promising method for enhancing mechanical properties of hybrid composite laminates.

Experimental investigation on morphological, physical and shear properties of hybrid composite laminates reinforced with flax and carbon fibers

In recent years, the development of natural and synthetic fibers reinforced hybrid composites is one of the high attractive research fields. These composites are one of the major concerns for many ...

Evaluation of mechanical properties of hybrid composite laminates reinforced with glass/carbon woven fabrics

Polymer composites are sought for their enhanced properties and performance over conventional materials for diverse applications. Glass and carbon fibers are popularly used in polymer composites for their improved properties and lower weight. But carbon fiber being much stronger and costlier, the cost effectiveness of these composites can be ensured by optimal inclusion of carbon fiber in glass fiber composites to achieve requisite performance. This article examines the influence of stacking arrangement on mechanical properties of hybrid composite containing glass and carbon fiber of different strength and stiffness. Two hybrid composites of symmetrical pattern were fabricated; i.e. [GCGGC]S and [CGGCG]S having a fixed proportion of carbon fiber and glass fiber. Mechanical characterization was done by hardness, impact, tensile and flexural tests. It is found that hybrid composites with [GCGGC]S stacking sequence have tensile strength and flexural strength which are marginally more than [CGGCG]S. The [GCGGC]S lay-up has higher impact strength by 22.8%. However [CGGCG]S lay-up has higher hardness. The tensile modulus and flexural modulus of [CGGCG]s are higher by 20% and 36.2% respectively.

Mechanical and Dynamic Properties of Hybrid Composite Laminates

Unsaturated polyester-based composites and reinforced with three types of fabrics, E-glass, basalt, and carbon, were fabricated by Hand-Lay Up (HLU) technique at room temperature, with various fiber configuration. Monotonic mechanical properties of hybrid composites laminate such as the tensile, flexural, inter-laminer shear strength and impact strength were investigated. The dynamic response of hybrid laminates composite under pulse load was studied theoretically and experimentally. In the theoretical part, the validity of the theoretical model for evaluating natural frequencies, mode shapes and dynamic response of hybrid composite laminates at various staking sequence has been examined by utilizing of the finite element software (ANSYS). In the experimental part, the response of hybrid composite specimens with various types of fiber configuration and four types of boundary fixations was measured by hammer test technique frequency response function (FRF). The results show that the reinforcement by adding the basalt fabric and carbon fabric based unsaturated polyester composites as a fiber configuration [2C/B/2C]S enhanced the mechanical properties of the hybrid composite laminates among other various stacking sequences. For the stacking sequence [2C/B/2C]S, it was found that the largest values of tensile, flexural strength and interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) were 128.76 MPa, 405 MPa, 20.25 MPa, respectively. The results show the good bonding adhesion at the interface between the fibers and matrix of the hybrid composite laminates. The impact properties with stacking sequences [C-C-G-C-C]s have the largest value at 3.73 Joule as compared with the other composites and stacking sequences of all hybrid composite laminates. Also, the BFRP composites specimen gives the best vibration resistance compared to the other stacking sequences of hybrid composite laminates. The comparison between experimental and numerical model shows the efficiency of the proposed mathematical model of the composite structural specimen with bonded joints.

Mechanical and Dynamic Properties of Hybrid Composite Laminates

Mechanical and Dynamic Properties of Hybrid Composite Laminates

Influence of Angle Ply Orientation on the Flexural Strength of Basalt and Carbon Fiber Reinforced Hybrid Composites

In this paper the influence of fiber orientation of basalt and carbon inter-ply fabrics on the flexural properties of hybrid composite laminates was experimentally investigated. Four types of basalt/carbon/epoxy inter-ply hybrid composite laminates with varying angle ply orientation of reinforced basalt fiber and fixed orientation of carbon fiber were fabricated using hand lay-up technique. Three point bending test was performed according to ASTM 7264. The fracture surface analysis was carried out by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results obtained from the four laminates were compared. Lay-up pattern of (0B/+30B/-30B/0C)S exhibits the best properties in terms of flexural strength and flexural modulus. Scanning electron microscopy results on the fracture surface showed that the interfacial de-bonding between the fibers and epoxy resin is a dominant fracture mode for all fiber lay-up schemes.

Effect of stacking sequence on the flexural properties of hybrid composites reinforced with carbon and basalt fibers

We investigated the effect of different stacking sequences of carbon and basalt fabrics on the flexural properties of hybrid composite laminates. The hybrid composites were fabricated using a vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding process. Three-point bending test was performed and the fracture surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The present results showed that the flexural strength and modulus of hybrid composite laminates were strongly dependent on the sequence of fiber reinforcement. All the stacking sequences showed a positive hybridization effect. The interply hybrid composite with carbon fiber at the compressive side exhibited higher flexural strength and modulus than when basalt fabric was placed at the compressive side. Here, the proper stacking sequence of basalt and carbon fiber layers was found to improve the balance of the mechanical properties of the hybrid composite laminate.

Damage Development in Hybrid Composite Laminates under Three-Point Bending at Cryogenic Temperatures

This paper studies the damage behavior and interlaminar shear properties of hybrid composite laminates subjected to bending at cryogenic temperatures. Cryogenic short beam shear tests were performed on hybrid laminates combining woven glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites with polyimide films, and microscopic observations of the specimens were made after the tests. A progressive damage analysis was also conducted to simulate the initiation and growth of damage in the specimens and to determine the interlaminar shear strength based on the maximum shear stress in the failure region. The predicted load-deflection curve and damage pattern show good agreement with the test results, and the numerically determined interlaminar shear strength is higher than the apparent interlaminar shear strength.