Properties Of Final Product Research Articles

Dynamic recrystallization control in hot rolling

Recrystallization is important for steel processing because it modifies microstructure along the process route and thus determines the final properties of steel products. Loads in various deformation operations and consistency of dimensions and shape of deformed steels are also influenced by recrystallization and its homogeneity. These factors are especially important in hot rolling that aims at uniform refined hot rolled microstructure. This can be achieved by avoiding dynamic recrystallization (DRX) of austenite during hot rolling passes and static recrystallization between them and before cooling. Alternatively, microstructure can be refined by stimulating recrystallization. Experimental data and constitutive analysis show that for a given steel there exist two limiting values of Zener-Hollomon parameter Z that delineate three temperature – strain ranges for DRX: no-DRX range (high Z) where DRX cannot be initiated irrespective of the applied strain, full DRX range (low Z) and partial DRX range (intermediate Z). Avoiding DRX in finishing rolling sequence implies setting up rolling speeds and temperatures in no-DRX range of Z. Alternatively, for roughing sequence the mill settings should be such as to keep rolling speeds and temperatures in the full DRX range. In any case it is imperative to avoid partial DRX, i.e., to avoid rolling speeds and temperatures that correspond to intermediate Z range. This approach can be directly utilized to control DRX in hot strip mills and plate mills based on the experimental data.

The effect of pressure on the compressibility of aluminum alloys

To obtain reliable data on the properties of liquid metal and create automated control systems, the technological process of molding with crystallization under pressure is studied. A mathematical model of the input and output process parameters is developed. It is established that the compressibility of the melt can represent the main controlled parameter influencing on the physical-mechanical properties of the final products. The obtained castings using this technology are not inferior in their physical and mechanical properties to those produced by forging or stamping.

Evalutional of the Effect of Physically Magnetized Water on some Properties of Dental Stone

The Aims of Study: to study the effect of interaction of dental stone with tap water and physically magnetized water on two periods of time 24h and 12h to study the change in the physical properties of final product. Materials and Methods: We started prepare no. of control samples and other of samples interacted with physically magnetized water for two periods of time 24h and 12h, then we studied the liner setting expansion and compressive strength. Results: Results obtained from comparing control sample with that treated with physically magnetized water showed an increase in the compressive strength of physically magnetized group and decrease of linear setting expansion in comparison with that of control sample. Conclusion: Reaction of dental stone with physically magnetized water lead to change in some physical properties of dental stone.

Evaluation of the moulding process for production of short-fibre-reinforced C/C-SiC composites

For the production of C/C-SiC brake discs via the liquid silicon infiltration method (LSI), the hot pressing process is the state of art technique for the moulding of the CFRP composites. This technique consists of several manual steps which increase production cost. The overall cost can be reduced by implementing injection moulding process.In this paper the influence of the moulding process (hot pressing, injection moulding) on the properties of semi-finished and final products during the production of short-fibre-reinforced C/C-SiC composites by means of the LSI process are examined. The starting polymer is chemically characterised. Carbon-fibre-reinforced plastic (CFRP) composites are fabricated by hot pressing, as well as injection moulding process. The CFRP composites are converted into porous C/C composites by pyrolysis. Liquid silicon is infiltrated to form dense C/C-SiC composites, which are further investigated during the course of this paper. Significant differences in properties of the composites are discussed.

APPLICATIONS OF UV-LIGA AND GRAYSCALE LITHOGRAPHY FOR DISPLAY TECHNOLOGIES

In the article MEMS technologies for display production and application presented. UV-LIGA and greyscale lithography based on SU-8 resist approaches were shown. Methods, technologies and structures of heterogeneous materials with soft magnetic properties, pros and cons are discussed. Unique specific parameters of soft magnetic composite material were achieved: magnetic induction of saturation – 2,1 Т, working frequency range – up to 1 MHz, permeability – up to 3000, total loss – 8 W/kg, Curie temperature – above 800 ºС. Electroplating allows deposition of soft magnetic alloys on the conductive substrate. Metals like Fe, Ni, Co with additives like B, P were used to get the best soft magnetic properties. Special codeposition process was developed to allow insertion of soft magnetic composite powder filaments into soft magnetic matrix formed during. It allows developing magnetic micromotors for display production. Simulation of the hybrid step micromotors was carried out in Ansys Maxwell 19. It was demonstrated that it is possible to get 10 mN m tourqe under 25 μm rotor-stator air gap. Only presented microtechnologies can provide such accuracy of the mciromotors elements. As for greyscale photolithography, special grey mask were developed and it was demonstrated the possibility to produce controllable real 3D relief on the SU-8 photoresist. Thus, microtechnologies should be integrated into display technology to provide cost effective production and advanced properties of final products.

Cerium Hexacyanocobaltate: A Lanthanide-Compliant Prussian Blue Analogue for Li-Ion Storage.

Electrode materials are the most significant components of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and play an important role in endowing them with high electrochemical performance. The exploration of new electrode materials and their comparative study with contemporary resources will help the design of advanced electrodes. Here, we have synthesized a new type of Prussian blue analogue (cerium(III) hexacyanocobaltate, CeHCCo) and systematically explored the effect of valence states of Fe2+ and Ce3+ on crystal structure and electrochemical properties of final products. We demonstrate that the unbalanced charge in iron(II) hexacyanocobaltate (FeHCCo), as opposed to that in CeHCCo, results in more residual K+ ions, thereby leading to the occupancy of cavities. As a result, the K+ ion-rich FeHCCo exhibits lower capacities of 55 ± 3 and 15 ± 3 mAh g–1 at 0.1 and 1 A g–1, respectively, compared with the K+ ion-deficient CeHCCo that exhibits capacities of 242 ± 3 and 111 ± 3 mAh g–1 at the same current densities. This work provides a novel contribution for the exploration of new Prussian blue analogues and bestows a newer concept for electrode material design.

Rheological and microstructural characterization of batters and sponge cakes fortified with pea proteins

The effect of pea protein fortification on the rheological properties of sponge-cake batters and their continuous phases, as well as their relationship with the final product properties were studied. Foams made out of whole egg and sugar were prepared in a planetary mixer; wheat flour (WF) was added to form a typical sponge-cake batter. Pea protein isolates (PP) were added in substitution to WF to form five batters with various PP concentrations expressed as the percentage of WF substitution: 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40%. The batter air volume fraction decreased when increasing PP concentration, which led to an increase in the cake density and apparent Young modulus. All batters and their respective continuous liquid phases showed shear-thinning behavior, which was modeled by a power law. They showed a predominant elastic behavior at intermediate frequencies, and a cross-over point at high frequencies. All of the rheological properties increased by a factor of about 10 when the PP concentration increased from 0 to 40%. Free-drainage experiments showed that batter stability increased with increasing PP concentration. PP had larger particles than WF, and showed a higher water binding capacity than WF, but no significant difference in solubility. Observations of the batter and cake microstructure revealed PP formed a network of interconnected “bridged” particles in the continuous phase. These results suggest that PP first acted as fillers that swelled and connected to each other in the continuous phase, and were the main driver for the increase of rheological properties.

The Effect of Processing Parameters on the Crystalline, Orientation, and Mechanical Properties of Two‐Stage Die‐Drawn Polypropylene

An investigation specifically focusing on the relationship among processing parameters, structure, and mechanical properties of solid two‐stage die‐drawn polypropylene (PP) has been done in this study, which aimed at providing a reliable reference in the choose of appropriate conditions that can be able to meet a specific processing requirement. PP sheets were drawn through a self‐design solid two‐stage die‐drawing apparatus to various drawing ratios (DRs) at different speeds and with different die‐exit thicknesses. The results showed that tensile strength, modulus, and the degree of orientation significantly increased with the nominal DR and could be further improved by increasing the drawing speed. While the crystallinity increased prior and decreased to near a constant value when the drawing speed was over 150 mm/min in the researched scope. Larger the die‐exit thickness was, lower the orientation degree was but higher the crystallinity could be obtained. Compared with crystallinity, orientation degree plays a leading role in the final product properties during a two‐stage solid die‐drawing process. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 59:2347–2355, 2019. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers

Modeling and simulation for the investigation of polymer film casting process using finite element method

Film casting is an important forming technological method for the manufacturing of single or multi-layer films for the electronics, medical and packing products. In polymer film casting process, the processing conditions can significantly influence the performance and dimension of final products. However, proper control of practical processing conditions is still a difficult task. In the study, the mathematical model of three-dimensional film casting process is established using a membrane model. The corresponding finite element formulations is derived based on standard Galerkin method and the details of numerical schemes are introduced. The essential flow characteristics and the variation of film parameters in polypropylene film casting process are investigated based on the proposed mathematical model and numerical methods, which show good agreement with corresponding experimental observations. The evolutions of neck-in and edge bead phenomena are successfully predicted and the influences of processing conditions as draw ratio and air gap length are further discussed.

Modelling flow induced crystallization of IPP: Multiple crystal phases and morphologies

Being able to properly model the material structure formation during processing is a fundamental step to predict final product properties, especially for semicrystalline polymers, like isotactic PolyPropylene (iPP), which can develop a multiplicity of different crystalline phases and morphologies. For this reason, in the present work a complete model is presented which can predict the complex structure formation of iPP in conditions comparable to injection moulding. The model includes a full coupling between the non-isothermal flow of a non-linear viscoelastic fluid and its crystallization process, properly capturing the mutual interaction between the two and is implemented in a finite element framework and as such applicable for general processing applications. The model is the result of many years of numerical and experimental research in our group and finally provides a complete simulation tool able to reproduce the complex iPP crystallization behaviour in conditions equivalent to processing. The model can predict not only the local crystalline composition, distinguishing between the multiple phases and morphologies that can develop inside iPP, but also the effect of the structure formation on the rheology. Comparisons with the unique in-situ data of Troisi et al. [1] demonstrate the good performance of the model and encourage further research to adapt the model to simulate other relevant processes and processing conditions. The results presented here are input for future work on structure related mechanical properties, see for example Caelers et al. [2,3]. Notice that the approach as presented here is not specific for iPP. A similar methodology, sometimes with additional modelling, is used for other polymers.

Synthesis, Structure, and Electrochemical Properties of Anion-Doped Li10GeP2S12-Type Solid Electrolyte in the Li–Si–P–S System

Lithium ion conductors attract much attention since they can potentially be used as a solid electrolyte in all-solid-state batteries. Especially Li9.54Si1.74P1.44S11.7Cl0.3 (LSiPSCl) with a Li10GeP2S12-type structure shows the highest Li-ion bulk-conductivity of 25 mS/cm at room temperature, while synthesis of LSiPSCl requires a strict composition control, making it difficult to obtain as a pure phase [1,2]. Indeed, impurity phases were observed for the synthesized product in the initial and following reports [1,3]. Assuming that phase purity of LSiPSCl correlates to high bulk-conductivity, we targeted to obtain single phase of LSiPSCl via doping oxygen into the crystal structure, and thereby investigated the effects of oxygen towards synthesis conditions, structure and electrochemical properties of final products. Li9.54Si1.74P1.44S11.7–zCl0.3Oz (LSiPSClOz; 0 ≤ z ≤ 2) were synthesized by mechanical-milling followed by heating at 400–475°C. X-ray diffraction patterns of samples indicated that LSiPSClO0.6 provided LGPS-type single phase while the non-oxygen-doped counterpart included Argyrodite phase as a secondary phase [4]. The total conductivity combining contributions from the bulk and grain-boundary was measured by AC impedance method for compressed powder samples with ca. 80% of theoretical density. LSiPSClO0.6 that was synthesized at 475 °C showed conductivity of 8.2 mS cm−1, which was slightly higher than that of 7.8 mS cm−1 observed for non-oxygen-doped counterpart, which contained an Argyrodite impurity phase. The difference in conductivity and phase purity became more significant when synthesized at 400 °C; LSiPSClOz showed 1.5 times higher conductivity as well as much better phase-purity. The correlation observed between conductivity and purity of LGPS-type phase indicated that the larger proportion of LGPS-type phase in the sample contributed to higher conductivity, suggesting control of oxygen-dope can be useful for obtaining LGPS-type material with high conductivity. This presentation will focus on the effect of oxygen-doping towards electrochemical stability, which was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and charge-discharge cycle tests of solid-state-cells using LSiPSCl or LSiPSClO0.6. References Kamaya, N.; Homma, K.; Yamakawa, Y.; Hirayama, M.; Kanno, R.; Yonemura, M.; Kamiyama, T.; Kato, Y.; Hama, S.; Kawamoto, K.; Mitsui, A., A lithium superionic conductor. Nat. Mater. 2011, 10, 682-686.Kato, Y.; Hori, S.; Saito, T.; Suzuki, K.; Hirayama, M.; Mitsui, A.; Yonemura, M.; Iba, H.; Kanno, R., High-power all-solid-stae batteries using sulfide superionic conductors. Nature Energy 2016, 1, 16030.Xu, R.; Wu, Z.; Zhang, S.; Wang, X.; Xia, Y.; Xia, X.; Huang, X.; Tu, J., Construction of All-Solid-State Batteries based on a Sulfur-Graphene Composite and Li9.54Si1.74P1.44S11.7Cl0.3 Solid Electrolyte. Chemistry 2017, 23, 13950-13956.Deiseroth, H.-J.; Kong, S.-T.; Eckert, H.; Vannahme, J.; Reiner, C.; Zaiß, T.; Schlosser, M., Li6PS5 X: A Class of Crystalline Li-Rich Solids With an Unusually High Li+ Mobility. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 755-758.

Roles of transformation interfaces in the design of advanced high strength steels

Alloy partitioning and segregation or precipitation at transformation interfaces have been important in designing the mechanical properties of final products. Some representative examples in high-strength low-alloy steels are briefly discussed, with an emphasis on the transformation interface. For achieving better strengthening-ductility balance in TRIP-aided low alloy steels, it is essential to control carbon enrichment in austenite during ferrite and bainite transformations and the stability of retained austenite. Recent studies on alloy partitioning including carbon enrichment into austenite, provides a deeper insight into transformation mechanisms. We show that energy dissipation during interface migration and strain energy accumulation are important factors to control carbon enrichment into untransformed austenite during the ferrite/bainite transformation. As a counterpart of TRIP steels, interphase precipitation of alloy carbides during ferrite transformation leads to high yield strength and good elongation in low-carbon ferritic steels. A key for further strengthening is clarification of the conditions for refining the carbide dispersion. It is shown that incoherent ferrite/austenite interfaces are superior nucleation sites for carbides.

Organogeles como mejoradores del perfil lipídico en matrices cárnicas y lácteas

La estructuración de aceites comestibles, a través de la organogelación, tiene un potencial prometedor en aplicaciones alimenticias, al ser utilizadas como sustitutos de grasa saturada en algunos productos cárnicos y lácteos de alta demanda de consumo, con la finalidad de mejorar su perfil lipídico, el cual está relacionado con la mejora nutricional que demanda el consumidor actual, por el efecto negativo que tienen las grasas saturadas en la salud. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar diferentes formulaciones de organogeles, aplicados en matrices cárnicas-lácteas, y su impacto en las propiedades finales de tales productos alimentarios, implementados como sustituto de grasa saturada. Se encontró que la sustitución de grasa saturada, por este tipo de materiales, afecta principalmente las propiedades fisicoquímicas, modifica el sabor original de los alimentos y mejora su perfil lipídico; sin embargo, aún no permiten cumplir las expectativas del consumidor final, por las cualidades únicas que ofrece la grasa sólida, lo que representa la principal barrera a superar para su uso en una producción a escala industrial y venta al mercado. Es necesario desarrollar nuevas formulaciones, que asemejen dichas cualidades, para alcanzar la aceptación de los consumidores.

Sonochemically-Promoted Preparation of Silica-Anchored Cyclodextrin Derivatives for Efficient Copper Catalysis.

Silica-supported metallic species have emerged as valuable green-chemistry catalysts because their high efficiency enables a wide range of applications, even at industrial scales. As a consequence, the preparation of these systems needs to be finely controlled in order to achieve the desired activity. The present work presents a detailed investigation of an ultrasound-promoted synthetic protocol for the grafting of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) onto silica. Truly, ultrasound irradiation has emerged as a fast technique for promoting efficient derivatization of a silica surface with organic moieties at low temperature. Three different β-CD silica-grafted derivatives have been obtained, and the ability of β-CD to direct and bind Cu when CD is bonded to silica has been studied. A detailed characterization has been performed using TGA, phenolphthalein titration, FT-IR, diffuse reflectance (DR), DR UV-Vis, as well as the inductively-coupled plasma (ICP) of the β-CD silica-grafted systems and the relative Cu-supported catalysts. Spectroscopic characterization monitored the different steps of the reaction, highlighting qualitative differences in the properties of amino-derivatized precursors and final products. In order to ensure that the Cu-β-CD silica catalyst is efficient and robust, its applicability in Cu(II)-catalyzed alkyne azide reactions in the absence of a reducing agent has been explored. The presence of β-CD and an amino spacer has been shown to be crucial for the reactivity of Cu(II), when supported.

Destructive Testing of Wood Plastic Composite

The paper deals with destructive testing of �new� group of material - Wood Plastic Composite (in short WPC). WPC emerging from a fusion of two different kinds of components - thermoplastics matrix and natural reinforcement (fibres or flour). Natural fibres offer several advantages - they are renewable, inexpensive, low-density, good isolate a sound and low cost. These components are mixed under the influence of high temperature and then pressed to make various shapes. This material contains cracks localized on the interface between the wood and plastic. These cracks occurred due to inhomogeneity of WPC and affected mechanical properties of final WPC product. The testing of mechanical properties (tensile test and bending test) were determinate in VUHZ Dobra (Ostrava) - following the ISO standards. Significant differences between mechanical properties after testing were caused by non-perfect encapsulation between components and non-homogeneity of materials.

Synergistic Effect of Sulfur Electrode Technology and Nature of Anode Materials to Increasing the Energy and Reducing Self - Discharge the Battery Based on Sulfur Cathode

The goal of the achievements that will be presented is to illustrating how nature on the anode material and technology fabrication the cathode based on the sulfur, can dramatically influence on the properties battery with cathode based on the sulfur: - Increasing the energy - Decreasing the self-discharge - Increasing the safety. Among important parameters of technology to fabricating Sulfur cathode have been taking in mind the following: Nature of sulfur: dispersion sulfur or polymeric sulfur;Conductivity of carbon (graphite and black) that are included in cathode mass;Resistance of interface between current collector and layer of the cathode electrode mass.Design of cathode. As the anode materials have been used not only lithium, but also other anode materials that can results in decreasing the self-discharge battery with sulfur cathode: - Composition of silicon and graphite that is without binder - Magnesium alloys Silicon – graphite composite anode have been fabricated via a proprietary method of gas detonation deposition that developed by Enerize For evaluation the properties of initial materials, semi-product and final product Enerize developed and used non-destructive non-contact method and devices. This allows insuring the properties the components of electrodes and properties of final product – battery During presentation will be illustrated and described the parameters of developed battery with Sulfur based cathode. Acknowledgements. This presentation is connected with the framework of NATO, Science for Peace and Security Programme Project SPS 985148 “Development of New Cathodes for Stable and Safer Lithium-Sulfur Batteries” in the light of development the innovating batteries with high energy and low self - discharge that are based on Sulfur cathode and various type anode. Enerize Corporation is the Industrial Partner / End User of this NATO project. Ukrainian State University of Chemical Technology is active participant of this NATO project. The work was also carried out according to the project of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, project No. 42/170790 "Development of high energy power sources based on Ukrainian magnesium and manganese raw material for innovative instrumentation”

Creep behavior and mechanical properties of isotactic polypropylene composites via twice melt injection molding

Abstract Nowadays, the improvement of injection molding technology development research is in great demand due to the limitation of convenient injection molding for structural engineering applications. For injection-molded products, oriented structure is ubiquitous. To promote the formation of oriented structure, exert a positive impact on the final mechanical properties of polymer products, an advanced injection molding process is used to achieve multiple shear melt in this work. Based on our previous work about melt multi-injection molding technology, to investigate the influence about oriented structure of composites attracted by higher shear stress, iPP/MWCNTs and iPP/β-NA composites were studied. Compared to traditional injection-molded samples, the addition of MWCNTs impede the formation of oriented structure. For iPP/β-NA composites, the higher flow shear stress inside the mold wall increase the overall crystallinity but restrain the growth of β-crystal.

Crop-based composting of lignocellulosic digestates: Focus on bacterial and fungal diversity

In this study, organic matter degradation and microbial diversity were assessed during the composting of lignocellulose-rich digestates. Digestates were collected based on each crop type during anaerobic co-digestion of cow manure and barley, triticale, wheat and rye. Bacterial and fungal diversity in digestate composting systems were determined by 16S and 18S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, respectively. Crop-based composting of anaerobic digestates showed similar process trends in terms of pH, temperature, moisture content (MC) and C:N ratio. The properties of final compost products were in accordance with the national legislations regarding soil applications, except MC, which were therefore air-dried before being amended to soil. Most abundant bacterial genera were represented by Luteimonas, Bacillus, Ochrobactrum and Thermobifida. Meanwhile, Thermomyces, Aspergillus, Galactomyces and Neurospora were detected as the predominant fungal genera in all compost samples.

Dynamics of Clay-Intercalated Ibuprofen Studied by Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.

In designing drug delivery systems with improved release properties and bioavailability, the dynamic features of the active pharmaceutical ingredient can be crucial for the final product properties. In this work, we aimed at obtaining the first characterization of the molecular dynamic properties of one of the most common nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ibuprofen, intercalated in hydrotalcite, an interesting inorganic carrier. By exploiting a variety of solid state NMR techniques, including 1H and 13C MAS spectra and T1 relaxation measurements, performed at variable temperature and carrying out a synergic analysis of all results, it has been possible to ascertain that the mobility of ibuprofen within the carrier is remarkably increased. In particular, strong indications have been obtained that ibuprofen molecules, in addition to internal interconformational dynamics, experience an overall molecular motion. Also considering that ibuprofen is "anchored" to the charged surface of the hydrotalcite layers through its carboxylate moiety, such motion could be a wobbling-in-a-cone. Activation energies and correlation times of all the motions of intercalated ibuprofen have been determined.

Ceramic dies selection for electrical resistance sintering of metallic materials

Abstract Processing metallic powders by electrical resistance sintering requires the use of insulating ceramics dies. Selecting the appropriate ceramic material according to the electrical, thermal and mechanical properties is a need. Dies produced with several ceramic materials have been tested during the production of cemented carbide in order to check their behaviour in the process and final product properties. Tialite/mullite, zircon/mullite, zirconium phosphate based ceramic, yttria-stabilized zirconia and sialon, in most cases with modified compositions and shaping processes in order to achieve a high density, have been tested. Dry powder processing by cold isostatic pressing and furnace sintering resulted to be the better process for dies production. The effect of die properties on the produced cemented carbide, and the behaviour and life of the die during the production have been analysed. Very smooth die surface increases the number of cycles withstood during metallic parts production, because of lower extraction stresses, as checked for sialon dies. Zirconium phosphate based dies, with low thermal conductivity, show the most densified hard metal parts surface.