Proper Sizing Research Articles

Nursing workload and occurrence of adverse events in intensive care: a systematic review

To identifyevidences of the influence of nursing workload on the occurrence of adverse events (AE) in adult patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). A systematic literature review was conducted in the databases MEDLINE, CINAHL, LILACS, SciELO, BDENF, and Cochrane from studies in English, Portuguese, or Spanish, published by 2015. The analyzed AE were infection, pressure ulcer (PU), patient falls, and medication errors. Of 594 potential studies, eight comprised the final sample of the review. TheNursing Activities Score (NAS; 37.5%) and the Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System(TISS; 37.5%) were the instruments most frequently used for assessing nursing workload. Six studies (75.0%) identified the influence of work overload in events of infection, PU, and medicationerrors. An investigation found that the NAS was a protective factor for PU. The nursing workload required by patients in the ICU influenced the occurrence of AE, and nurses must monitor this variable daily to ensure proper sizing of staff and safety of care. Identificar evidências sobre a influência da carga de trabalho de enfermagem na ocorrência de eventos adversos (EA) em pacientes adultos internados em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI). Revisão sistemática da literatura realizada nas bases de dados MEDLINE, CINAHL, LILACS, SciELO, BDENF e Cochrane deestudosem inglês, português ou espanhol, publicados até 2015. Os EA analisados foram infecção, úlcera por pressão (UPP), quedas e erros associados a medicamentos. Das 594 pesquisas potenciais identificadas, oito compuseram a amostra final da revisão. O NursingActivities Score -NAS (37,5%) e o TherapeuticInterventionScoring System -TISS (37,5%) foram os instrumentos mais utilizados para avaliação da carga de trabalho de enfermagem. Seis pesquisas (75,0%) identificaram influência da sobrecarga de trabalho na ocorrência de infecção, UPP e uso de medicamentos. Uma investigação identificou que o NAS foi fator de proteção para UPP. A carga de trabalho de enfermagem requerida por pacientes na UTI influenciou a ocorrência de EA, e os enfermeiros devem monitorar diariamente esta variável para garantir o correto dimensionamento da equipe e a segurança da assistência prestada.

Economic aspects for solar thermal application in Taiwan

Economic aspects are the dominant factor for dissemination of renewable energy systems. This paper is the first comprehensive study of the economic performance (cost and life cycle savings) of solar water heaters in Taiwan (ten locations). The differences in conventional energy savings (electricity, natural gas-LNG or liquefied petroleum gas-LPG), in terms of water use, inlet water temperature, thermal efficiency and global solar radiation, are estimated. The payback period is evaluated using a sensitivity analysis of the major variables, including the initial capital cost, the daily load volume and the fuel that is substituted. Financial attractiveness is dependent upon the proper sizing of a system and the hot water consumption pattern for each household. The solar fraction is another important indicator. An increase in daily load volume per area of solar collectors installed has a beneficial effect on the economic viability. The financial incentives offered by the government of Taiwan are not sufficiently attractive. More effective energy savings are possible in the commercial sector when solar water heaters are used as a pre-heating device. A performance-based subsidy program would be instrumental in expanding this market in Taiwan. The results of this study can facilitate application of solar thermal energy for Taiwan and other countries.

High-Rise Urban Form and Environmental Performance - An Overview on Integrated Approaches to Urban Design for a Sustainable High-Rise Urban Future

High-rise as a building typology is gaining popularity in Asian mega-cities, due to its advantages in increasing volumetric density with limited land resources. Numerous factors contribute to the formation of high-rise urban form, from economical and institutional, environmental to socio-political. Environmental concerns over the impact of rapid urbanization in developing economies demand new thought on the link between urban environment and urban form. Outdoor and indoor climate,pedestrian comfort, and building energy consumption are all related to and impacted by urban form and building morphology. There are many studies and practices on designing individual “green” high-rise buildings, but far fewer studies on designing high-rise building clusters from the perspective of environmental performance optimization.. This paper focuses on the environmental perspective, and its correlation with the evolution of the high-rise urban form. Previous studies on urban morphology in terms of environmental and energy performance are reviewed. Studies on “parameterizing” urban morphology to estimate its environmental performance are reviewed, and the possible urban design implications of the study are demonstrated in by the author, by way of a microclimate map of the iconic Shanghai Xiao Lujiazui CBD. The study formulates the best-practice design guidelines for creating walkable and comfortable outdoor space in a high-rise urban setting, including proper sizing of street blocks and building footprint, provision of shading, and facilitating urban ventilation.

Production of solar radiation bankable datasets from high-resolution solar irradiance derived with dynamical downscaling Numerical Weather prediction model

Abstract A bankable solar radiation database is required for the financial viability of solar energy project. Accurate estimation of solar energy resources in a country is very important for proper siting, sizing and life cycle cost analysis of solar energy systems. During the last decade an important progress has been made to develop multiple solar irradiance database (Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI) and Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI)), using satellite of different resolution and sophisticated models. This paper assesses the performance of High-resolution solar irradiance derived with dynamical downscaling Numerical Weather Prediction model with, GIS topographical solar radiation model, satellite data and ground measurements, for the production of bankable solar radiation datasets. For this investigation, NWP model namely Consortium for Small-scale Modeling (COSMO) is used for the dynamical downscaling of solar radiation. The obtained results increase confidence in solar radiation data base obtained from dynamical downscaled NWP model. The mean bias of dynamical downscaled NWP model is small, on the order of a few percents for GHI, and it could be ranked as a bankable datasets. Fortunately, these data are usually archived in the meteorological department and gives a good idea of the hourly, monthly, and annual incident energy. Such short time-interval data are valuable in designing and operating the solar energy facility. The advantage of the NWP model is that it can be used for solar radiation forecast since it can estimate the weather condition within the next 72–120 hours. This gives a reasonable estimation of the solar radiation that in turns can be used to forecast the electric power generation by the solar power plant.

Design of a low‐voltage op‐amp‐less ASDM to linearise VCO‐ADC

A very simple asynchronous sigma delta modulator design for linearisation of VCO ADC's is presented. The circuit only consists of a passive feedback filter and a Schmitt Trigger. By proper sizing, the non-linearity error can be reduced to well below 0.12% for input signals that go almost rail-to-rail. The design has been manufactured in the low power version of TSMC 65 nm technology and was measured at a 1 V power supply.

A quantile-based simulation optimization model for sizing hybrid renewable energy systems

As the public has gradually realized the adverse impacts brought by global warming, hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) has become increasingly popular because it can reduce dependence on fossil fuels, while maintaining the stability of power supply. While the HRES is an attractive option in many aspects, the fundamentally uncertain nature of renewable energy sources makes the determination of the proper sizing of the HRES a very challenging task. Contrasting with the existing models that are largely focused on expectation-based system performance, this paper provides a quantile-based simulation optimization model, followed by the development of an efficient solution methodology, to enable the control of the upside risk and, as a result, to enhance the decision quality regarding the sizing of HRES. One advantage of the proposed model is that they can be based on any existing deterministic model that carries a cost structure regarding the sizing of the HRES. Moreover, the proposed solution methodology, consisting of a Monte Carlo simulation method, quantile estimation techniques, and an efficient stochastic optimizer, allows for not only accurate estimation of the objective function value, but also quick identification of the optimal solution due to a uniquely-defined neighborhood structure. An extensive numerical experiment is conducted to verify the efficacy and efficiency of the proposed solution methodology. Finally, in collaboration with a partner in industry, the proposed model and the solution methodology are integrated into a decision support system to provide visualized results for sizing HRES in practice.

Comparison of Cervical Range-of-Motion Restriction and Craniofacial Tissue-Interface Pressure With 2 Adjustable and 2 Standard Cervical Collars.

Randomized controlled trial. The aim of the study was to compare and contrast the restrictiveness and tissue-interface pressure (TIP) characteristics of 2 standard and 2 adjustable cervical collars. This study compared the restrictiveness and TIP of 4 commercially available cervical collars (2 standard and 2 adjustable). Adjustable collars offer potential advantages of individualized fit for patients and decreased inventory for institutions. The overall goal was to determine whether the adjustable collars provided the same benefits of cervical range-of-motion (CROM) restriction as the standard collars without increasing TIP and risk of pressure-related complications. A total of 48 adult volunteer subjects (24 men and 24 women) were fitted with 4 collars (Aspen, Aspen Vista, Miami J, and Miami J Advanced) in random order. Data collection included assessment of CROM restrictiveness and measurement of TIP on the mandible and occiput in upright and supine positions. The experimental, repeated measures design stratified the sample by body mass index (BMI) and sex. All collars restricted CROM as compared with no collar (P ≤ 0.001 each). Aspen was more restrictive than Aspen Vista and Miami J in 4 movement planes (P ≤ 0.003 each), but not significantly different from Miami J Advanced. The Miami J standard collar was associated with significantly lower peak TIPs on all sites and in all positions compared with Aspen (P ≤ 0.001), Miami J Advanced (P < 0.001), and Aspen Vista (P = 0.01 for mandible site and upright position, P < 0.001 for remaining sites and positions). Increased peak TIP correlated with high BMI across all collar types, but was significantly lower for the Miami J collar than the Aspen collar. All collars, compared with no collar, significantly restricted CROM. Although the collar-to-collar comparisons were statistically significant, the differences may have little clinical significance in the acutely injured trauma patient. The Miami J standard collar had the lowest overall TIP in both sites and positions. Ongoing effort should be devoted to staff education in proper sizing and fit, particularly for patients with high BMI.

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF A THERMOELECTRIC POWER GENERATOR UNDER VOLUMETRIC CONSTRAINT

The efficiency of a thermoelectric power generator can be optimized through proper sizing of the device geometric configurations. In the present study, pin length optimization of the thermoelectric generator for a fixed total pin volume is carried out and the pin length maximizing the device efficiency is formulated. The influences of temperature ratio, defined as the upper junction temperature divided by the lower junction temperature, and the figure of merit, defined as Z = α2/KR, on the device efficiency and output power operating at the optimum pin length are examined. It is found that a unique temperature ratio exists which maximizes the efficiency of the thermoelectric device with the optimum pin length.

Energy yield estimation of thin-film photovoltaic plants by using physical approach and artificial neural networks

Nowadays, the estimation of the energy yield of a stand-alone or grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems is crucial for ensuring their economic feasibility and the proper sizing of system components. In fact, the energy yield estimation allows to avoid outages and it ensures quality and continuity of supply. In this context, this paper analyzes and compares two different approaches to estimate energy yield of a 1.05kWp experimental PV plant located at ENEA Portici Research Centre: the first one is based on the physical modelization of the plant; the other one is related to various topologies of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). In particular, in the second case, a new hybrid method, called Hybrid Physical Artificial Neural Network (HPANN), based on an ANN and clear sky solar radiation curves is proposed and compared with a Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) ANN method widely used in the scientific literature. Moreover, using the same structure of the HPANN, a nonlinear AutoRegressive eXogenous (ARX) model, which uses a wavelet network as its nonlinearity estimator, and an approach founded on Adaptive Network based Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) have also been developed.In order to verify the effectiveness of the implemented approaches, measured and estimated data have been compared and errors have been calculated by means of different statistical coefficients. Results demonstrate that the HPANN approach allows a more precise estimation of the ac energy yield, obtaining, in the worst case, values of Relative Root Mean Square Error less than 10%.

Feasibility of active solar water heating systems with evacuated tube collector at different operational water temperatures

With rapid advancements in society, higher water temperatures are needed in a number of applications. The demand for hot water presents a great variability with water required at different temperatures. In this study, the design, installation, and evaluation of a solar water heating system with evacuated tube collector and active circulation has been carried out. The main objective is to analyze how the required tank water temperature affects the useful energy that the system is capable of delivering, and consequently its profitability. The results show how the energy that is collected and delivered to the tank decreases with increasing the required temperature due to a lower performance of the collector and losses in the pipes. The annual system efficiency reaches average values of 66%, 64%, 61%, 56%, and 55% for required temperatures of 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, and 80°C. As a result, profitability decreases as temperature increases. The useful energy, and therefore the profitability, will decrease if the demand is not distributed throughout the day or focused on the end of the day. The system’s profitability was determined in two cases: considering maximum profitability of the system, assuming 100% utilization of useful energy (scenario 1); assuming a particular demand, considering that on many days all the useful energy the system can supply is not used (scenario 2). The analysis shows that through proper sizing of the system, optimizing the number of solar collectors, the investment in the solar system can be profitable with similar profitability values in the two contemplated scenarios. In scenario 2, a combined-delivery system (solar and diesel boiler) generates savings of between 23% and 15% compared to a single-delivery system of diesel, with a reduction in consumption of diesel close to 70%. The number of collectors that maximizes the profitability depends on the required temperature; therefore, in designing this kind of installation water temperature requirements must always be taken into account. From an environmental point of view, CO2 emissions can be reduced between 392 and 325kg CO2 per m2 of collector, depending on the required temperature. The results of this study can be very useful in determining the feasibility of using such systems to supply a part of demand for hot water.

Performance of an improperly sized and stretched-out loose-fitting powered air-purifying respirator: Manikin-based study

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to investigate the protection level offered by a Powered Air-Purifying Respirator (PAPR) equipped with an improperly sized or stretched-out loose-fitting facepiece using constant and cyclic flow conditions. Improperly sized PAPR facepieces of two models as well as a stretched-out facepiece were tested. These facepieces were examined in two versions: with and without exhaust holes. Loose-fitting facepieces (size “large”) were donned on a small manikin headform and challenged with sodium chloride (NaCl) aerosol particles in an exposure chamber. Four cyclic flows with mean inspiratory flows (MIFs) of 30, 55, 85, and 135 L/min were applied using an electromechanical Breathing Recording and Simulation System (BRSS). The manikin Fit Factor (mFF) was determined as the ratio of aerosol concentrations outside (Cout) to inside (Cin) of the facepiece, measured with a P-Trak condensation particle counter (CPC). Results showed that the mFF decreased exponentially with increasing MIF. The mFF values of the stretched-out facepiece were significantly lower than those obtained for the undamaged ones. Facepiece type and MIF were found to significantly affect the performance of the loose-fitting PAPR. The effect of the exhaust holes was less pronounced and depended on the facepiece type. It was concluded that an improperly sized facepiece might potentially offer relatively low protection (mFF < 250) at high to strenuous workloads. The testing was also performed at a constant inhalation flow to explore the mechanism of the particle-facepiece interaction. Results obtained with cyclic flow pattern were consistent with the data generated when testing the loose-fitting PAPR under constant flow conditions. The time-weighted average values of mFF calculated from the measurements conducted under the constant flow regime were capable of predicting the protection under cyclic flow regime. The findings suggest that program administrators need to equip employees with properly sized facepieces and remove stretched-out ones from workplace. Manufacturers should emphasize the importance of proper sizing with their user instructions.

Application of Dc-grid for Efficient use of solar PV System in Smart Grid

This paper is about efficient use of smart dc grid technology for photovoltaic distributed generation and utilizing it in smart way, to build infrastructure more reliable and to achieve the goal to cater the need for tomorrow. As there are many conversion losses from ac to dc, world is moving towards dc appliances as most of the electronic appliances at home accept dc power supply. Receiving dc power from Photovoltaic solar, it is clear there would be benefits in avoiding the conversion losses, especially when most of the devices used at home run on dc. This benefit is further enhanced if dc is directly used for lighting, electric vehicle charging, Digital equipment etc. PV solar energy produces dc power and if used directly then power loss will be minimized. Exact calculation of solar panels and proper battery sizing leads to a reliable distributed generation system. 240Vdc grid will also help to minimize the power transmission losses for up rise buildings, this will further enhance the system efficiency. Proper selection of wire minimizes the electric corrosion. Series and parallel combination of PV and battery cells will enhance the use of suitable power supply for each electronic device. Other side where ac supply is required 240Vdc directly converts to 240Vac for Ac machines such as conventional appliances in order to minimize transformer losses. This paper also presents an idea for smart load shedding techniques and its practical implementation in the form of smart dc Grid. Its various applications will enhance the functionality of a smart Dc grid on residential load.

Krill Herd Algorithm Based Real Power Generation Reallocation for Improvement of Voltage Profile

Present-day Electric Power Systems are driven under much stressed circumstances when compared to the past and creating a developing need for accuracy, flexibility, and reliability in the areas of Transmission, Distribution and Electric Power Generation. In all stages of power system, voltage stability problems are increasing more and more. So, the only alternate solution for these problems is proper placement and sizing of UPFC. The paper presents the Placement and Tuning of UPFC for a multi-objective function consisting of minimization of transmission losses, load voltage deviation. Here L-index is used to place the UPFC in a specified location i.e., weakest bus, critical line and the weak area of the system. In this paper, a newly developed meta-heuristic algorithm named Krill Herd (KH) is introduced to solve multi-objective problem of optimization. Simulation is carried on IEEE 14-bus system and the results have been compared with the Genetic algorithm with and without UPFC.

Design of Low Power Level Shifter Circuit with Sleep Transistor Using MultiSupply Voltage Scheme

New low-power Level Shifter (LS) circuit is designed by using sleep transistor with Multi Threshold CMOS (MTCMOS) technique for robust logic voltage shifting from sub-threshold to above- threshold domain. MultiSupply Voltage Design (MSVD) technique is mainly used for energy and speed in modern system-on-chip. In MSVD, level shifters are required to allow different voltage supply to shift from the lower power supply voltage to the higher power supply voltage. This new low-power level shifter circuit is also used for fast response and low leakage power consumption. This low leakage power consumption can be achieved through insertion of sleep transistor and proper transistors sizing. The proposed design efficiently converts 100 mv input signal into 1 v output signal and achieves the power of 2.56 nW by using 90 nm technology.

Successful Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion with the New Generation Amulet® Device after Late-Occurring Embolization of an Amplatzer® Cardiac Plug in a Patient with Repetitive Strokes.

The Amplatzer Cardiac Plug (ACP) is one of the most commonly used devices for percutaneous left atrial appendage (LAA) closure in order to prevent a stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation and contraindication for long-term oral anticoagulation therapy. We have previously described a patient who had experienced an embolization of the ACP device about 12 months after implantation and the device could be percutaneously retrieved. A few years later, he suffered from a posterior stroke and a stroke located in the brainstem as well as a transischemic attack (TIA). In order to protect him from further cardioembolic events a reocclusion of the LAA with the new generation of ACP device, the Amplatzer Amulet, was performed. A stable position of the device within follow-up period could be confirmed and the patient was free of additional strokes/TIA or bleeding events. This case stresses the importance of proper LAA sizing in order to prevent device embolization and notes that LAA size is not static. Moreover, it demonstrates that repeated implantation of an LAA occlusion device was still possible; one should be aware of undersizing the LAA dimensions and that the modifications of new generation LAA occlusion devices may overcome limitations of first-generation devices in order to prevent a cardioembolic stroke.

Application and Optimization of the Galvano-Coagulator Process To Heavy Metal Waste Streams

The galvano-coagulator is a technology developed in the former Soviet Union in the 1980s. The major feature of the technology is that it appears to be an effective process in hexavalent chromium reduction, with none of the elaborate technology and expensive chemicals required of conventional chrome reduction methods. The technology has also been applied to lead, arsenic and cyanide.The Moscow-based galvano-coagulator manufacturer, O/V Licensintorg, is unclear on the precise mechanism for chromium reduction, and has given unacceptably broad guidelines for designing and operating the units. The described research was intended to identify the mechanism for chromium reduction, and to determine the variables that determine its proper sizing and operating parameters.This title belongs to WERF Research Report SeriesISBN: 9781843396604 (eBook)

Concurrent Optimization of Size and Switch-on Priority of a Multi-source Energy System for a Commercial Building Application

In recent years, the governments of most nations have pledged to (i) limit carbon dioxide emissions, (ii) reduce primary energy consumption by increasing production, distribution and end-use efficiency and (iii) increase the utilization of renewable energy sources. In general, these goals are pursued separately by law, by subsidizing renewable energy technologies, reducing the demand or using high efficiency technologies. In this context, multi-source systems for the fulfillment of energy demands are highly advantageous because they are based on different technologies which use renewable, partially renewable and fossil energy sources. However, the main issues of multi-source systems are (i) the allocation strategy of the energy demands among the various technologies and (ii) the proper sizing of each technology. For this purpose, a model, which takes into consideration the load profiles for electricity, heating and cooling for a whole year is developed and implemented in the Matlab® environment. The performance of the energy systems are modeled through a systemic approach. The concurrent optimization of the size and switch-on priority of the different technologies composing the multi-source energy plant is performed by using a genetic algorithm, with the goal of minimizing the primary energy consumption only. Moreover, a minimization of the net present value is performed in the Italian scenario by considering the cost of technologies and, in particular, the current tariffs and incentives. The optimization model is applied to a thirteen-floor tower composed of a two-floor shopping mall at ground level and eleven floors used as offices.

Optimization of Load Allocation Strategy of a Multi-source Energy System by Means of Dynamic Programming

Multi-source systems for the fulfillment of electric, thermal and cooling demand of a building can be based on different technologies (e.g. solar photovoltaic, solar heating, cogeneration, heat pump, absorption chiller) which use renewable, partially renewable and fossil energy sources. The main issues of these kinds of multi-source systems are (i) the allocation strategy which allows the division of the energy demands among the various technologies and (ii) the proper sizing of each technology.Furthermore, these two issues proves to be deeply interrelated because, while a wiser energy demand allocation strategy can lead to significant reductions in primary energy consumption, the definition itself of an optimal allocation strategy strongly depends on the actual sizing of the employed technologies. Thus the problem of optimizing the sizing of each technology cannot be separated from the definition of an optimal control strategy. For this purpose a model of a multi-source energy system, previously developed and implemented in the Matlab® environment, has been considered. The model takes account of the load profiles for electricity, heating and cooling for a whole year and the performance of the energy systems are modelled through a systemic approach. A dynamic programming algorithm is therefore employed in order to obtain an optimal control strategy for the energy demand allocation during the winter period. While the resulting control strategy is non-causal and therefore not suitable for the implementation on a real-time application, it allows the definition of a benchmark on the maximum primary energy savings achievable with a specific sizing solution. This result is therefore very helpful both in comparing different solutions and in subsequently define a proper causal control strategy. Finally, the model is applied to the case of a thirteen-floors tower composed of a two-floor shopping mall at ground level and eleven floors used as offices.

Commissioning and operational results of helium refrigeration system at JLab for the 12GeV upgrade

The new 4.5 K refrigerator system at the Jefferson Lab (JLab) Central Helium Liquefier (CHL-2) for the 12 GeV upgrade was commissioned in late spring of 2013, following the commissioning of the new compressor system, and has been supporting 12 GeV LINAC commissioning since that time. Six design modes were tested during commissioning, consisting of a maximum capacity, nominal capacity, maximum liquefaction, maximum refrigeration, maximum fill and a stand-by/reduced load condition. The maximum capacity was designed to support a 238 g/s, 30 K and 1.16 bar cold compressor return flow, a 15 g/s, 4.5 K liquefaction load and a 12.6 kW, 35-55 K shield load. The other modes were selected to ensure proper component sizing and selection to allow the cold box to operate over a wide range of conditions and capacities. The cold box system is comprised of two physically independent cold boxes with interconnecting transfer-lines. The outside (upper) 300-60 K vertical cold box has no turbines and incorporates a liquid nitrogen pre-cooler and 80-K beds. The inside (lower) 60-4.5 K horizontal cold box houses seven turbines that are configured in four expansion stages including one Joule-Thompson expander and a 20-K bed. The helium compression system has five compressors to support three pressure levels in the cold box. This paper will summarize the analysis of the test data obtained over the wide range of operating conditions and capacities which were tested.

Best Practices for Implementing High-Resistance Grounding in Mine Power Systems

Proper implementation of high-resistance grounding of mine power systems can reduce arc flash and shock hazards by limiting ground fault current while also permitting reliable detection and clearing of the fault. IEEE Standard 142 defines a high resistance grounded system as one with a purposely inserted resistance that limits ground-fault current to levels such that the fault current (usually thought of as less than 10 A) can flow for an extended time without exacerbating damage. However, the per-phase zero-sequence resistance of the system should not exceed the distributed per-phase capacitive reactance of the system; otherwise, the system will be prone to transient overvoltages and relay selectivity problems. Recent research has shown that in practice, the zero-sequence resistance may be considerably larger than the system capacitive reactance, thereby violating the definition of a high-resistance grounded system. This paper outlines procedures for proper sizing of the neutral grounding resistor considering the distributed system capacitance. The paper begins with a discussion of the problems caused by distributed capacitance in high-resistance-grounded mine power systems. Subsequently, procedures for determining system capacitance, sizing the neutral grounding resistor, and establishing relay pickup settings are given. These procedures are straightforward to apply and do not require computer modeling for implementation. Numerical examples of the procedure applied to a high-voltage longwall system and also an underground mine distribution system are provided.