Propaganda Techniques Research Articles

Populizm penalny w Polsce w latach 2007-2015 z perspektywy socjotechniki władzy

PENAL POPULISM IN POLAND IN 2007-2015 FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF PROPAGANDA TECHNIQUES Penal populism is a phenomenon that receives a lot of attention in the literature. Most often, however, it is being studied from a legal perspective, whereas political motivations and consequences of its application are frequently disregarded. In the article, I analyse in what way, to what extent, and for what purpose penal populism was utilised in Poland in 2007-2015. I argue that it has proven to be an effective tool for conflict management, agenda-setting, and burying bad news.

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A SOCIAL MEDIA ANALYTICS TOOL ‘SOCIAL BEARING’ TO COMPREHEND FOREIGN PROPAGANDA RELATED TO PAPUAN SEPARATIST ISSUES

Foreign intervention in interfering with domestic affairs is a violation of international law. The intervention was in the form of massive propaganda about Papuan separatists carried out on social media Twitter so an analytical tool was needed that made it easier to understand propaganda by foreign parties. The purpose of this study is to determine the implementation of social media analysis tools in the form of Social Bearing to understand foreign propaganda related to the Papua issue. This research is qualitative research using Modern Propaganda Theory. The results showed that Twitter account propaganda could be identified easily through the use of the Social Bearing analysis tool so that the @FreeWestPapuaNL account propaganda techniques and techniques could be identified and visible in the 11 results of the Social Bearing analysis, the account used pervasive propaganda methods while the propaganda techniques were Testimony and Card Stacking. These propaganda methods and techniques constitute a violation of international law due to foreign intervention in Indonesia's internal affairs. For this reason, Indonesia must reaffirm at international forums that the Papua problem is a domestic problem for Indonesia. In addition, foreign parties massively spread content about Papuan separatists, both from their tweets and by sharing tweets from other Twitter accounts. The use of separatist issues is more massive when there are moments that are closely related to the Papuan separatist issue

Newspapers as tools to promote national agenda: How Chinese Communist Party newspapers frame images of the South China Sea disputes for national and international audiences

Using both quantitative and qualitative content analysis, this study investigates how two Chinese Communist Party newspapers frame the same story to international and national audiences. The empirical findings illustrate how propaganda techniques originally developed and applied in Western and democratic countries have been adopted and refined by newspapers in a state-run Communist press environment to create frames that best align with the cultural and political predispositions of domestic and international readers. The findings suggest Chinese authorities understand Western communication theory and appreciate how that theory can be applied to disseminate messages to both foreign and domestic audiences.

Fascist drag

Timo Vuorensola’s Finnish-German sf satire Iron Sky (2012) tells the story of a Nazi invasion from the Moon. At the time, a Nazi return seemed to be far-fetched, even ridiculous. The pointed critique of a Sarah Palin-like president who wins a second term using fascist propaganda techniques was overshadowed by the film’s space opera setting. Although certainly not unique in its critique of the US, this Naziploitation parody was eerily prescient with regards to what Umberto Eco has termed an eternal fascism that will return again and again. Thus, the film invites further questions regarding what is a shift away from the one-sided representation of Nazis in popular sf film. Through a discussion of German scholar Katrin Sieg’s term “ethnic drag,” this article analyzes the intersections of the representation of race and fascism in the film. It posits the term “fascist drag” to refer to Nazi representation as well as a linguistic break in which discussions of fascism in the West became taboo during the Cold War. These movements have until recently remained buried in postwar memory and rehearsed in the popular imagination.

Propaganda as expressed through nouns1

Previous studies have often used a critical discourse approach to analyse propaganda texts. Although the social function of language in propaganda texts is well recognised and researched, the systematic aspect of the language used to fulfil this function seems less well understood. To draw more general conclusions about the way in which nouns are used to express propaganda, systemic functional linguistics was used to analyse texts identified as propaganda. This study is a qualitative study, although a quantitative presentation of the data is also provided. The texts used in the study thematically pertains to former South African president, Jacob Zuma, and are a combination of texts thematically focusing on two controversial South African cases, namely Nkandla and state capture. During Zuma's term, he was implied in both of these cases. The events enjoyed large-scale media attention and many texts were generated, some of which were pro-Zuma and some of which were against Zuma. Some of the salient findings include: the propaganda text group contains more subjective nouns than the non-propaganda text group. This high number of evaluative terms can be understood with the interpersonal metafunction in mind. For propagandists to attain their aims, they have to invite the receiver of the communication to join their perspective. These nouns are often used in collocations and can be used to create a specific discourse in a society. It is well known that nouns are used for different propaganda techniques, especially for dysphemism, but they can also be used for a specific type of dysphemism, namely self-dysphemism.

An Analysis of the Fine Style of Heroes the Left and the Right River Regions Revolutionary Base in the New Era

The revolutionary struggle in the southern border of the motherland in the region of The Left and The Right River has far-reaching historical influence and great contemporary value.In particular, in the course of the Baise Uprising and Longzhou Uprising, countless heroes and martyrs shone with military temperament, noble sentiments and wise thoughts. Although these distinctive characters occurred in the revolutionary era, the spirit of practicality, courage, pioneering, sacrifice, unity and pragmatism embedded in them has a rich ideological connotation over time.The martyrs' deeds and style mean a lot to this red land. Standing at a new stage of development and taking into account the characteristics of the times, we innovate in terms of sublimating the values of the times, propaganda techniques, propaganda means, creating a social atmosphere and improving the education system of universities, and vigorously promote the fine style of the revolutionary martyrs of The Left and The Right River Regions, so that it will have a renewed value in the new era. The people of southwest Guangxi will be inspired to put the martyrs' style into the system, into the text, into the realm, into the teaching, and into the public, it will become a leading spiritual value in southwest Guangxi, transforming it into a driving force for courageous progress, and providing excellent spiritual encouragement and faith support for the rejuvenation of the dream together.

Soviet Mass Loans 1946-1957: Judgments of Citizens (Based on the Materials of Ego-Documents)

The article analyzes the ego documents (diaries of Soviet citizens) of 1946-1957 containing information about Soviet mass loans of this period. The research is aimed at identifying citizens’ judgments about the practices of loan subscription campaigns, subscription amounts, the reliability of Soviet bonds, as well as value judgments about the reforms carried out by the government in this area. When writing the article, the author was guided by the principles of historicism and objectivity. General scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, induction, etc.), historical methods (problem-chronological, comparative-historical) were used in the work. The source base of the study was made up of the materials of the diaries of 21 people (4 – residents of rural areas, and 17 – citizens), of different ages (from 17 to 80 years old) and professions living in various regions of the USSR. It was revealed that the voluntary subscription to the loan was a declared propaganda technique. In fact, the subscription to the loan was an important component of the relationship of workers with the administration, and the refusal of subscription (or reduction of the subscription amount) could be fraught with conflicts with the leadership. In 1946-1957, various judgments about the subscription campaigns were recorded in the Soviet public consciousness: from positive acceptance to categorically negative assessments. In the diary entries of citizens made in the 1940s, positive assessments of loans are recorded, judgments indicating an understanding of their need for the restoration of the country. In the 1950s. negative comments prevail in the diaries. The indicated dynamics correlates with the number of cases of refusal to subscribe to a loan, which became more frequent in the 1950s. In general, we can conclude that in the 1950s a certain fatigue from the endless mobilization campaigns of the post-war period was recorded in Soviet society, one of which was the subscription to a loan.

SINEMATIK TEROR: EKSEPSIONALISME AMERIKA DAN PROPAGANDA ANTI-ISLAM DALAM FILM 12 STRONG

<p><em>The concept of American exceptionalism in American cinema is a way for propagandists to instill certain values or doctrines in the audience. This is clearly depicted through the narrative and non-narrative aspects where each dialogue, characterization, setting and also the way the camera take a shot reflects an effort of exceptionalism that is implanted throughout the film. These efforts led to the practice of propaganda against Islam and Muslim. By using a descriptive analysis method described using binary opposition theory, this research reveals the existence of American exceptionalism indoctrination which has an impact on the emergence of anti-Islamic ideology. The existence of a propaganda technique that is reflected in the film, such as card stacking, creates a cinematic terror in the film about the depiction of Middle Eastern people, especially Muslims.</em></p>

Celebrity Endorsers in Government Communication: A Plausible Option amidst Uncertainty and Declining Public Trust

This paper examines the harness of celebrity endorsers by government organizations as a strategy of political public relations. The purpose of this study was to broaden understanding of how celebrity endorsers and key opinion leaders work in the political realm, notably in supporting government policy. This descriptive-qualitative research uses a single case study on the promulgate efforts of the government’s COVID-19 vaccination program using celebrity endorsements. Literature research and social media material from a celebrity endorser were used as data collection techniques. To discover propaganda techniques, content analysis was performed on Raffi Ahmad’s social media posts. Next, a group discussion with six key informants was held to confirm the findings. Given the context and focus of this study lies on government organizations, we offer a different approach in examining celebrity endorsements by using propaganda theories and concepts. Kahneman’s dual-system theory of fast and slow thinking was also fruitful to rationalize the work of endorsement and relevant to propaganda and other persuasion theories. We found that the key messages that Raffi Ahmad published on his social media contained propaganda elements that had the potential to influence public opinion before making a decision. Therefore, the use of celebrity endorsements by government organizations is likely to be effective in influencing public behavior, or at least in raising awareness of government policies. We conclude that celebrity endorsement can be a plausible option to be implemented in the government communication strategy to achieve certain objectives.

PROPAGANDA TECHNIQUES IN FAKE NEWS PUBLISHED BY SERBIAN MAINSTREAM MEDIA

Observing propaganda as an essential part of the mass-communication process, its techniques and characteristics are changing constantly, both verbally and visually, adapting to the new trends. As Philip Taylor noted, propaganda is ‘a deliberate attempt to persuade people to think and behave in a desired way’ which is based on ‘the conscious, methodical and planned decisions to employ techniques of persuasion designed to achieve specific goals that are intended to benefit those organizing the process’ (Taylor, 2013: 6). If we accept a definition of fake news offered by the Cambridge Dictionary which states that those are ‘false stories that appear to be news, spread on the internet or using other media, usually created to influence political views or as a joke’, then the relation between the two terms becomes more prominent, especially in the modern age. In that context, the goal of this paper is to examine which propaganda aspects are dominant and in what way they are implemented into contemporary fake news, published in Serbian mainstream media. The theoretical framework will be based on findings of contemporary research in the domain of propaganda communication. Through the qualitative analysis approach the authors will conduct the research focusing on detecting and analyzing propaganda techniques used in confirmed fake news articles in Serbian mainstream media which were discovered and deconstructed by reliable and certified fact checkers (Raskrinkavanje and Fake news tragač). The unit of the analysis will be a deconstructed text which is labeled as fake news.

Manipulation and Propaganda in the Russian Media: The Case of the Vriemia News Programme (2017-2019)

Information is a powerful tool used in any society and by any nation to create excepted perception of reality. Russian information operations have always been a very interesting example of using various media to manipulate international and domestic opinion in support of national (government) objectives. The situation has not changed in the contemporary information environment based on the nation’s experiences and skilful utilization of emerging tools and technologies. Those capabilities are used pragmatically by Kremlin-controlled media to shape the future among younger people. In this respect, the paper is based on research conducted in selected Moscow and Saint Petersburg universities, responsible for educating future generations. The research is based on young adults’ perception of the information provided by Channel One (Russian: Первый канал). This is the most influential and popular television channel controlled by the current government; therefore, it plays a significant role in spreading propaganda to shape the perception of the realm by domestic and foreign audiences alike. The authors conducted research in the years 2017-2019, employing the survey method to find out what is the effect of television-based propaganda type of information to manipulate the recipients. The research revealed that, although the Russian media strongly influences the study group, the respondents recognize the utilization of propaganda, which is founded on a one-sided narrative, and they are not easily manipulated. Moreover, the results presented that there is an interdependence between the favourable opinions about Channel One’s Vriemia news coverage and vulnerability to manipulation and propaganda techniques.

Media events, speech events and propagandistic techniques of legitimation: a multimodal analysis of the Greek Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis\u2019 public addresses on the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

The increased information need after the outburst of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has led to the enhanced role of public addresses and press conferences that can broadcast important information simultaneously to a large number of people through a number of different media outlets (TV, radio, internet). Thus, government leaders worldwide have opted for the frequent broadcast of public addresses, reviving the rationale of media events as a way to disseminate their messages concerning the pandemic as widely as possible. The current paper focuses on the Greek case, scrutinizing the public addresses of the Greek PM Kyriakos Mitsotakis in terms of both structural and content characteristics. Through the use of multimodal analysis, we figure out the visual and linguistic characteristics in K. Mitsotakis public addresses. At the same time, we setup a research framework for the qualitative and quantitative examination of similar public addresses in various countries, by combining the theories of media events, propaganda, and linguistic techniques of political legitimization. Our main findings suggest that K. Mitsotakis in his public addresses has made use of direct visual and verbal connections to aspects of “Greekness” in a nation-centric rationale. He relies predominantly on the evocation of positive sentiments and rationalization (as a means of legitimization), in order to achieve political benefits by incorporating the management of the pandemic into the Greek government’s nationalist agenda.

Dwie przestrzenie wojennej propagandy. Język utworów moskiewskich Okien TASS

The aim of the article is to analyze the language of the Soviet propaganda posters from the Second World War period, containing the poetic commentary of the members of the Moscow TASS Agency. The research reveals the main means of persuasion used in the poems. The subject of the analysis is the phenomenon of spreading ideas in two basic social spheres that occurred in the Soviet Union during the war period, which include people who took direct part in military actions, and Soviet citizens who provided the army with all the necessary materials. Texts addressed to potential soldiers contained a direct call to defend the homeland and family. Their most important manipulative tools were emotional arguments and the technique of stereotyping the enemy. Ideas and personal patterns were instilled in the minds of the fighters with various linguistic manipulation techniques. The propaganda referenced to the belongingness need. Different propaganda techniques were used in poems targeted at people behind the lines of hostilities. The authors of the texts of TASS Windows used colloquial language, comprehensible to a wide audience. They created a vision of a world divided into two opposite poles and referred to respected authorities or raised new role models. The propaganda of the victory also required different techniques of information manipulation. The TASS Windows present the unique contribution of the Soviet poets to the action of the mobilization ofsociety to take part in the fight against the German aggressor.

A Critical Discourse Analysis of Negative Propaganda in Selected American and Chinese Channels: (COVID- 19) as a Case Study

Propaganda has important power as a product of modern media (social media, satellite television, the internet). Those means enhance the fast spread of information, news, and events to the public. The thought of a propaganda phenomenon, methodically funded by doctrine, persuades individuals. Propaganda generally involves untrue things that are regarded as aggressive. Essentially, propaganda can be an aware communication act with effective people. For instance, leaders and politicians depend on specific strategies to create many elements of excitement. The obvious example of conversion of people to causing harm to others is the negative propaganda of World War II. As a part of language communication, the study of negative propaganda in visual media is one of the most motivating topics to find out, because of the ability of this matter to manufacture people to understand the insight of propaganda in an altered way. The researcher uses the seventh edition of the (APA) style to introduce this paper. The present study makes a distinctive effort to survey the 'ideological discourse structures' as one of CDA's fundamental concepts .The study goals to analyze and survey the forms and types of propaganda techniques which are employed by the CGTN Chinese and CNN American channels under study. It also goals to investigate the use of illocutionary types in these chosen channels of COVID-19. To achieve the aims of the current study, a proportion of hypotheses are proposed, containing "negative propaganda" that is the main type of content in both the Chinese and American channels within the study. The study covered CGTN and CNN news reports related to the coronavirus. The eclectic model consists of: Van Dijk (2000), Yourman (1939), Shabo (2008), and Ellul (1965). Three of those models (Ellul, Yourman, and Shabo) engaged in propaganda. The rest have certain frames to deal with. According to the analysis of the data, the central conclusions of this investigation have clearly demonst

Les effets psychologiques de la propagande

ContextThe Cambridge Analytica scandal revelation in 2018 lifts the veil on the use of new behavioral micro-targeting techniques for political persuasion. The case rekindles the interest of researchers in the humanities in the contribution of psychology to propaganda and mass persuasion. ObjectivesThis work aims to analyze the psychological effects of propaganda by contextualizing them over the long-term. It questions and updates the thinking of Jacques Ellul on this subject. The aim is to demonstrate that the psychological effects of propaganda are all the more convincing as they are the product of an application of principles drawn from psychology and psychoanalysis to ever more sophisticated tools, the effectiveness of which is now measurable. MethodThe author first traces the history of the tools for measuring the effectiveness of propaganda, then describes the specific contribution of psychology and psychoanalysis to mass persuasion. Finally, he describes the main psychological effects of propaganda. ResultsThe measurement of the effectiveness of propaganda has been the subject of incremental progress throughout the 20th century, before experiencing breakthrough progress with the application of predictive analytics of gigantic behavioral data to the design of persuasive digital infrastructures. Psychology is the discipline whose contribution to propaganda techniques has been the most decisive, so that propaganda produces many and varied psychological effects. ConclusionsPropaganda is an applied science, which takes advantage of the contributions of science to achieve practical goals. Consideration of psychology is crucial in developing effective persuasion techniques.

Coca-cola, Marlboro, Suzuki: Turbofolk music as a tool of political propaganda during the 1990s in Serbia

Abstract This paper analyzes the relationship and correlation between propaganda and the mass media on the example of turbo-folk music as the most influential cultural model in the 1990s in Serbia. The purpose of this paper is to examine the influence and spread of turbo-folk music through various propaganda techniques and through the mass media. The primary aim of the research is to understand the related propaganda and the media, while the starting hypothesis is that turbo-folk music served the political interests of the ruling elites as a distraction from the gloomy political and economic situation in which Serbia was. My intention is that turbo-folk music could be considered as the primary cultural model of that age, just as much as the culture of escapism.

The Inevitability of the USSR Collapse and the Emergence of New Russia in the Mass Media

From a documentary perspective the article addresses issues such as the collapse of the Soviet Union, separatism in the USSR and the existence of similar destructive processes in modern Russia. Special attention is paid to the role of the media in the collapse of the USSR. The goal was to find out whether the collapse of the Soviet Union and the rise of New Russia were inevitable. Consequently, the additional objectives of the article are to identify the main reasons for the collapse of the USSR, to draw an analogy with the situation in modern Russia, to analyze propaganda techniques by examining the Moscow News newspaper, and to study and generalize the main problems of inter-ethnic dialogue in the Soviet and post-Soviet space. The relevance of the topic is justified by the lack of a unified view in the community of experts on the causes and consequences of the collapse of the USSR, as well as by the lack of a unified assessment of the period of Perestroika and the inevitability of the transition from socialism to capitalism in Russia. It is concluded that in the geopolitical phenomenon of the collapse of the USSR occupies a special role the national and international media dimension.

The Role of Propaganda in George Orwell's Animal Farm

Animal Farm is a novel of pure propaganda. Orwell himself admits that he writes this novel in order to be a propaganda against the 'Soviet's myth', to expose Stalin's propaganda and Stalin's Communism. As propagandist, Orwell shows his ideas and opinions towards the dictatorial regimes. This study presents the outstanding role of different types and techniques of propaganda used in the novel by the characters, and how these techniques' persuasion influences are various from one another. The paper also traces the propagandists' ways and methods to make use of people's emotions by appealing to their profound fears and great dreams to befool and deceive them. Orwell gives the most devastating image of a propagandist through the character of Squealer who is crushingly effective to convince the animals and make them believe in everything he says. The paper also sheds light on Orwell's actual efforts to warn people from the tactics used by political regimes, and his attempt to show the effects of illiteracy and lack of education in supporting propagandists' purposes for exploiting people and make them victims of an evil propaganda.

Приемы пропаганды в новостных интернет-мемах мессенджера Телеграм

The authors of the article study the propaganda potential of Internet news memes in the channels of the Telegram messenger by using the method of content analysis. At the first stage of the study, they analyzed topics of Internet news memes and found that their authors prefer news about Russian life, which can be grouped into the categories of «officials and deputies», «internal political conflicts», «statesmen», «curiosities of everyday life» and «law enforcement officers». The preference for these categories indicates a difficult situation in Russian society, the personification of the political sphere and the general entertainment orientation of these patterns of network creativity. At the second stage of the study, the authors established that typology based on the criterion of informational and emotional impact could be applied to Internet memes of not only political, but also news nature. The authors describe the dominance of «tricksters» (memes that ridicule the participants of the conflict from those who are not involved in it) and «attractors» (drawing the attention of outsiders to the actual conflict or a common problem) over «aggressors» (attacking the doctrine, party or person) and «protectors» (praising the doctrine, party or person). At the third stage of the content analysis, they concluded that the classical and modern lists of propaganda techniques were not sufficiently relevant to the specifics of Internet news memes. The range of propaganda techniques in Internet news memes is small in comparison with the materials of the mass media; one of the techniques («Labeling», «Name Calling») is basic, appearing in all registered cases; complementary techniques («Stacking the Cards», «Transfer of Negative», «Appeal to Fear», «Glittering Generalities», «Flag Waving») are sometimes combined with this technique.

Propaganda innovation and resilient governance: the case of China’s smog crisis

Crisis communication is essential to the political stability and legitimacy of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), but how crises are managed in China is little understood. This paper aims to pursue this question through a case study of China’s smog crisis since 2013 – a regular recurring crisis that confronts the population and the Chinese government. The paper explores what innovative media strategies and practices have been deployed by the Chinese government to effectively guide public opinion and maintain social and political stability during smog crises. We first examine the smog coverage in People’s Daily to critique the propaganda and persuasion techniques in its modern crisis reporting. We then look at WeChat-based citizen journalism as alternative crisis communication to identify its popular themes and the CCP’s censorship tactics to manage it. We argue that the CCP’s propaganda during times of crisis has been mainly achieved through the revamping of official journalism on its state media and the differential censorship of citizen discourse on social media. The double-pronged approach ensures the public opinion is properly guided in crises and possible disruption to the regime’s stability is minimized.