Relative Pronouns Research Articles

Analysis of the Problems in the Use of English Restrictive Relative Clauses by Second Language Learners of Hazara Division

This research study investigates the difficulties faced by second language learners of Hazara division while comprehending English restrictive relative clauses and compares the comprehension sequences with the predictions of Subject-object hierarchy hypothesis and Noun phrase accessibility hierarchy. The study also examines the most challenging relative pronouns for second language learners of Hazara division. Data from one hundred and fifty undergraduate level students across various universities of Hazara division was analyzed. This study concludes that subject relative clauses are the easiest to comprehend, while genitive relative clauses are the most difficult, making the resultant hierarchy align with noun phrase accessibility hierarchy. On the other hand, deviation from Subject- object hierarchy can be observed, as subject-subject relative clauses are the easiest and subject-object relative clauses are the most difficult to comprehend. Additionally, the study identifies relative pronoun "whom" as the most challenging, and "when" as the easiest to comprehend.

Bitar Nazarin Ganga Dogarau a Hausa

A clause which depends on some other clauses for its meaning is called relative clause. Relative clause can be introduced by a relative pronoun that agrees in number and gender with the head noun. This paper intends to only discuss how to constitute relative clause using only relative pronouns. This paper is product of data collection from documentary sources to obtain a sample of related examples. The finding of this paper revealed three strategies used to form some relative clauses in Hausa.

Identification of Morphic Species

This study entitled “Introduction to Morphemic Pairs” is a critical research on the classification of morphemes that are not single morphemes but pairs of morphemes in the field of morphology. In order to make the subject clearer, this article has covered all those morphemes which are considered as single morphs by the researchers; however, they are not single morphs. In order to make this issue more clearly, the definition of morphology and morpheme have also been discussed in this study which is not part of the particular classification. The study shows that personal pronouns, relative pronouns, some adverbs and metaphoric symbols are not single morphs but pairs. The study begins with a preface and importance of the study, questions, aims, methods and conclusion of the study and references are other topics included in the study.

Translation and cultural Gaps

The research has dealt with the concept of culture as a combination of various codes in life and all the acts practiced by community using a language. Socio- .cultural knowledge is a necessity in any translation process Since each culture has its own identity which is different from other cultures, there are gaps between any two cultures as well as overlaps. Cultural gaps would lead to difficulties in translation. These gaps can be found in tradition, geographical names, food, clothes, proper names, non-linguistic behaviors, language structures, such as: lexical items, idioms, proverbs, punning, metaphors, poetic texts; syntactic structure such as: word order, adjectives, tenses, articles, relative pronouns, demonstratives and dialect variability such as: syntax, lexicon, and phonology. Each of these gaps form a particular degree of difficulty. Sometimes only intelligent, sensitive and skillful translators can find a way out of them. As for cultural overlaps, which may occur between languages rather than others due to the factors of travel, trade, scientific cooperation, translation, or media they offer a good aid to translators.

Two Convergent Effects of Language Contact in Romanian: The Relative Pronoun cine ‘who’

This paper focuses on a construction attested in Old Romanian and Lipovan Romanian, but unavailable in standard Modern Romanian: the use of cine ‘who’ as a relative pronoun in headed relative clauses. We put forth the hypothesis that this structure is an effect of language contact. In particular, the interrogative cine ‘who’ acquired its relative value and the possibility to be used in headed relative clauses by grammatical replication of the Old Church Slavonic equivalent, respectively of the Russian equivalent. Although the two scenarios appear to be similar, the two varieties followed two distinct diachronic paths.

The acquisition of nominal gender agreement: praxeology analysis of Arabic second language text book “Silsilah Al-Lisaan”

PurposeAssessing whether a book is relevant or suitable for use in teaching materials is not an easy and haphazard matter, various methods and theories have been offered by researchers in studying this matter. Taking a study of the context of textbooks, researchers found the urgency that textbooks are a foundation for education, socialization and transmission of knowledge and its construction. Researchers offer another approach, namely by using praxeology as a study tool so that the goals of the textbooks previously intended are fulfilled.Design/methodology/approachThe researcher uses a qualitative approach through grounded theory. Grounded theory procedures are designed to develop a well-integrated set of concepts that provide a thorough theoretical explanation of the social phenomena under study. A grounded theory must explain as well as describe. It may also implicitly provide some degree of predictability, but only with respect to certain conditions (Corbin and Strauss, 1990). Document analysis in conducting this research study. Document analysis itself examines systematic procedures for reviewing or evaluating documents, both printed and electronic materials.FindingsTwo issues regarding gender acquisition have been investigated in L2 Arabic acquisition studies; the order in which L2 Arabic learners acquire certain grammatical features of the gender system and the effect of L1 on the acquisition of some grammatical features from L2 grammatical gender. Arabic has a two-gender system that classifies all nouns, animate and inanimate, as masculine or feminine. Verbs, nouns, adjectives, personal, demonstrative and relative pronouns related to nouns in the syntactic structure of sentences show gender agreement.Research limitations/implicationsIn practice, as a book intended for non-speakers, the book is presented using a general view of linguistic theory. In relation to the gender agreement, the presentation of the book begins and is inserted with the concepts of nouns and verbs. Returning to the praxeology context, First, The Know How (Praxis) explains practice (i.e. the tasks performed and the techniques used). Second, To Know Why or Knowledge (logos) which explains and justifies practice from a technological and theoretical point of view. Answering the first concept, the exercise presented in the book is a concept with three clusters explained at the beginning of the discussion. And the second concept, explained with a task design approach which includes word categorization by separating masculine and feminine word forms.Practical implicationsPractically, this research obtains perspectives studied from a textbook, namely the Arabic gender agreement is presented with various examples of noun contexts; textbook authors present book concepts in a particular way with regard to curriculum features and this task design affects student performance, and which approach is more effective for developing student understanding. Empirically, the material is in line with the formulation of competency standards for non-Arabic speakers in Indonesia.Originality/valueWith this computational search, the researcher found a novelty that was considered accurate by taking the praxeology context as a review in the analysis of non-speaking Arabic textbooks, especially in the year 2022 (last data collection in September) there has been no study on this context. So then, the researcher finds other interests in that praxeology can examine more broadly parts of the task of the contents of the book with the approach of relevant linguistic theories.

When phonology outranks syntax: Postponed relative pronouns in Pindar

In ancient Greek, relative pronouns are, as a rule, subject to wh-movement and obligatorily surface at the left edge of the relative clause. However, the archaic poet Pindar sometimes allows material belonging to the relative clause to appear in front of the relative pronoun, which is then postponed within its clause. In this paper, I survey all relative clauses in the surviving texts by Pindar and study the possible differences in semantics and syntax between relative clauses with initial and postponed relative pronouns, which turn out to be indistinguishable in both respects. I suggest that postponed relative pronouns do move syntactically to the Spec of their relative clause but are then optionally treated as postpositive words and surface in second position in the relative clause. Phonological arguments, based on the distributional properties of postpositive words and on the metrical makeup of Pindar’s texts, are put forward to show how postponed relative pronouns select a host at the left edge of the relative clause and incorporate phonologically to it. The informational status of relative pronouns as ratified (given) topics triggers their phonological demoting, which turns them into postpositive words, a regular process in ancient Greek. Approaching the position of relative pronouns as a conflict between syntactic and (informationally driven) phonological alignment explains why Pindar’s strategy for relativization remained rare in ancient Greek and eventually disappeared: It took one specific poetic genre to allow phonology to outrank syntax.

Morphological Analysis of "The Flag of Albania" in the Context of Linguistics Development of Nineteenth-Century. The Case of Pronouns

The newspapers of late nineteenth-century are considered an important vector in Italian linguistic history due to their undoubted impact on the common language. What characterizes the journalistic prose of the time, valid to a certain extent even today, are the great heterogeneity of the expressive registers on the one hand and the linguistic homogeneity on the other. In this context, the journalistic language must undoubtedly be placed on the tracks of the literary language of tradition, that’s why our morphological analysis in this article is in full harmony with the developments of the contemporary literary language. The linguistic analysis of the examined journal, «The flag of Albania», will prove to be true. Our analysis will not be broad-based grammar, but will only touch the grammatical category of pronouns. We will examine the most salient forms of personal, indefinite, demonstrative, relative and interrogative pronouns accepted by the author in various contexts of use, explaining the reason for this choice and why one form is more frequent than the other.

Referential Expression Type and Definiteness as Factors in Asymmetrical Object Marking in Modern Hebrew

The subject of this study are the referential expressions that encode the O-participant in a transitive clause in the Modern Hebrew language. The goal of this study is to establish the significance of “definiteness” as a factor in asymmetric object marking for different types of referential expressions used by the Modern Hebrew speakers. For this purpose, the author considers the ways of expressing the category "definiteness" in various Modern Hebrew referential expressions that encode the O-participant in a transitive clause, and carries out a quantitative and comparative analysis of the ways of formalizing these expressions, using two research corpuses with a total volume of about 101 000 words. As a result of the analysis, it is concluded that, despite the clear correlation between the “definiteness” and the way noun phrases in the direct object role are constructed, “definiteness” is the only factor licensing asymmetric object marking for only one category out of the four considered, for proper names that are obligatorily marked. The remaining categories (definite noun phrases with other indicators of determination, indefinite noun phrases and pronouns) are all optionally marked within one or more types of referential expressions within each category. Of particular importance are the conclusions about the optional marking of referents encoded with the kol quantifier (55% of referential expressions with a quantifier and a relative pronoun are marked), partitive constructions (75% are marked), demonstrative and relative pronouns (48% and 66-85% are marked, respectively). It is proposed that for these types of referential expressions, there are additional factors that license asymmetric object marking in Modern Hebrew and that to determine them it would require further study of the discourse-pragmatic characteristics of referent-encoding expressions, including their referential status, status of animation, activity in discourse and degree of topicality.

입력처리 교수가 한국 중학교 영어 학습자의 관계대명사 학습에 미치는 영향

This study aims to explore the effects of Processing Instruction (PI) on learning English relative pronouns by middle school third graders compared to Traditional Instruction (TI). Pre-test, post-test, and delayed post-test measures involving an interpretation task and a sentence-level production task were analyzed to examine the effects of learners’ target grammar learning and their long-term retention. For statistical analyses of the data, paired samples t-test and repeated measures ANOVA were performed. The results demonstrated that PI had immediate positive effects on the subjects’ interpretation and production of relative pronouns, whereas TI did so on their production only. For the high-level proficiency groups, only PI learners showed a significant improvement in both interpretation and production of the target grammar. For the low-level proficiency groups, both PI and TI did not have positive effects on interpretation. The positive effects of instruction were maintained over time for both groups.

어린이 영어 모국어 화자의 관계절 습득과 통사적 특성에 관한 연구

The purpose of this study is to investigate the early language acquisition of relative clauses and the internal syntactic properties of native English - speaking children from the perspective of Minimalist Program. The methods of this study are based on Minimalist Program (Chomsky 1995, 2008) and Theory of Parameter (Chomsky 1981, Hyams 1986, 2011, Rizzi 1990). Early relative clauses differ from the adult grammar, in two respects: first, pied - piping in relative clauses is absent. Children produce relatives with preposition stranding, an option available in their target language. Radford (2004) suggested that relative that in child relative clauses is a relative clause complementizer rather than a relative pronoun. The second feature of early relative clauses is the use of resumptive pronouns. English - speaking children accepted resumptive pronouns at a significantly higher rate than adults in all contexts for which gaps were grammatical (McKee and McDaniel 2001). In this study, the properties of relative clauses in child language reflect the process of developing language faculty.

The Effect of the Qur'anic Evidence in Favoring Different Issues in it Between the Factors of Al-Jurjani and Al-Barkawi

The best of what he wrote on the factors, Mukhtasar Al-Jarjani (d. 471 AH) and Mukhtasar Al-Barkawi (d. 881 AH), although the second author wrote his book "To rectify the first after nearly four centuries" Al-Jurjani's book still takes precedence, preferring his issues over the second, which he came to rectify, according to the researchers' opinion, as it became clear to us in the issues we discussed. Prepositions, as it is not well-known among prepositions, and prepositions are strange, as mentioned by Al-Ashmouni, and by the consensus of grammarians, the preposition does not work with the apparent noun, and its common use comes with the apparent noun and the separate pronoun. How does it work with the relative pronoun? The name of the condition (if) is not the factor of assertiveness, but it is a compound of (if) and (what), so the tool becomes (if), but the assertion does not work; because of Jazm tools, Jazm worked; to include the meaning of (if) the conditional in terms of meaning, it indicates doubt about the occurrence of a thing or possibility, or the impossible, unlike (if), which indicates certainty or preponderance. And (if) is the same tool (if) and is attached to it (what), then it is not working, just as it is not mentioned in a Qur'anic text that it is working. What also differed in it was the ratio of factors to listening and measurement, in factors that Al-Jurjani counted as aural, which Al-Barkawi counted as standard. Because if the factors are limited in number, then it is more appropriate for them to be auditory for the standard condition to be continuous and to be made under total control, or for a universal rule that applies to all its members, and this condition is not fulfilled in what was limited to a number.
 Keywords: grammatical factors, Al-Jurjani and Al-Barkawi factors, balancing stud factors, Al Jurjani's factors, Al-Barkawy's factors

Could it be that what I’m writing to you is Behind Thought?

This text gives an account of the experience of reading Clarice Lispector’s Água Viva in the form of a brief dialogue with the text. It foregrounds the writing voice’s address of a second person and the attention this address brings to the acts of writing and reading that hold the two pronouns in relation, producing at once an infinite and nonexistent distance from being to being. The dialogue observes Lispector’s insistent return to the formulation “atrás do pensamento,” which has been translated into English as “beyond thought” and can also be translated as “behind-thought” or as the background of thought, in a more spatial sense. Nancy reads the translation into French, where this spatial nuance is preserved, in consultation with Lusophone interlocutors about the specificities of the Portuguese original. The dialogue interrogates the link across this dimension, the recurrence of the pronoun it in the original Portuguese version of Água Viva, and the acts of writing and reading a text that brings awareness to a living, pulsing, ongoing, and escaping instant beyond meaning that is nonetheless the cause of the address in the first place. The dialogue follows the thread of this movement as it slips out behind thought, where Água Viva meets other books attuned to the instant and in which the dialogue’s “I” feels their vitalizing effects.

Analysis of Pronoun in “Cinderella” Story by Disney

This research aims to analyze pronouns used in a story with title “Cinderella” by Disney. Researchers chose descriptive qualitative method to analyze the data in order to show pronouns that appeared in the story of Cinderella. There were several steps that researchers conducted to collect data, including read the story, then identified the pronouns, and finally analyzed each pronoun from the story descriptively. This research found that there were 15 pronouns used in the story of Cinderella with six types of pronoun. These pronouns include 5 personal pronouns as subject (They, She, It, He, and I), 2 personal pronouns as object (her and them), 3 possessive adjectives (her, his, and their), 2 relative pronouns (whose and who), 2 demonstrative pronouns (this and that), and 1 indefinite pronoun (everyone). In addition, the pronoun that appeared the most was “her” as much as 22.92%, and conversely, pronoun that appeared the least were “their, this, whose, I, everyone, and who”, which each of them only appeared 1 time in the story (2.08% for each pronoun).

Translation‐Induced Interrogative Relativizers and Stability in Icelandic

AbstractThroughout the history of Icelandic, invariant particles, which do not inflect for semantic or syntactic features of the antecedent, are the typical markers of relative clauses (Þráinsson 2007). Another, putatively foreign strategy—relativization with interrogative–relative pronouns—is archaic in Modern Icelandic, but is frequent between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries, a period featuring a high degree of literary translation from languages which themselves possessed interrogative–relativization strategies. In this paper, I examine both internal processes of grammaticalization and the effects of contact on the development of this strategy from Old‐to‐Early Modern Icelandic by comparing the translation of the morphosyntatic structures of relative clauses among the languages involved in this contact scenario: Icelandic, German, and Latin. Using the Icelandic Parsed Historical Corpus (Wallenberg et al. 2011), I conduct a diachronic corpus study that quantifies the development of this relativization strategy. I argue that the proliferation of the Icelandic interrogative–relativization strategy is a contact phenomenon stimulated by pattern borrowing from (primarily) Latin, but contextualized and made possible by a state of systemic variability and instability in the relative paradigm in Early Modern Icelandic.

О вмещающих конструкциях, и не только о них

The grammatical descriptions of Russian relatively extended compound sentences with an accommodating meaning are analysed, their characteristics in the existing literature are specified. The specificity of the syntactic connection in such sentences is considered on the basis of three components – the content of the main part, the relative чтоand its syntactical position in the subordinatepart. It has been found that the syntaxemic connection between these components is multi-layered and asymmetric, and its regulator is the чтоrelative, which serves as a tool, on the one hand, having semantic breadth to accommodate multiple and diverse content, and on the other hand, having grammatical flexibility to embed the contained meaningful volume into the position of any participant in a typical situation, named in the subordinate part. By its anaphoric and accommodating meaning, the relative что is an indicator of the case relation of the predicate unit, i.e. a kind of “inflection” of the main part, to the same extent as the correlative pronoun то acts as an “inflection” of the subordinate part in the accommodating constructions, with the difference that relative что is anaphoric and refers to the already named antecedent, whereas то is cataphoric and its accommodating meaning is directed to the harbinger, the postcedent. For the denotative level of a compound sentence, it is important what syntaxemes the correlativeand relative pronouns are, what relations they form and in what combinations they form the staple that connects the parts of a compound sentence together. A part of the inventory of staples in relatively extended sentences is demonstrated and the ways in which they are formed and replenishment in the Russian language are shown.

On the constructions involving the ‘decumulation of the relative pronoun’ in less-literate writings

Cet article se propose d’interroger l’usage du morphème que dans son emploi décrit comme « décumul du pronom relatif » par la littérature (Bauche, 1920 ; Frei, 2011 [1929] ; Brun, 1931 ; Guiraud, 1966), en se fondant sur des données authentiques, attestées dans des écrits de scripteurs peu lettrés du début du XXe siècle. Après un bref aperçu du fonctionnement du pronom relatif que dans des états plus anciens du français et en synchronie, nous présentons des attestations diachroniques du « décumul du pronom relatif » ainsi que sa description dans les ouvrages du XXe siècle portant sur le « français populaire ». La dernière partie est consacrée à l’analyse des occurrences relevées dans notre corpus de travail : à partir de celles-ci, nous faisons l’hypothèse que, dans les constructions examinées, le fonctionnement syntaxique de ce que se rapproche de celui de la conjonction que.

Variations of Relative Clause Translation from Indonesian to English

Relative clauses are clauses that explain a noun in order to define or explain a noun further, articles, adjectives, or relative clauses are often used. In an effort to translate from the source language into the target language there is often a strategy used in translating these relative clauses. There are differences in realization in translating these relative clauses, making the researcher wanted to know on how the variations in the equivalent translation of Indonesian relative clauses into English are. There is a novel and its translation used in this research design. The novel that will be used as a source of data in this study is Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer and its translation ‘The Earth of Mankind’. Data collection was carried out by listening (observing method) and noting (note-taking method) the relative clauses of data on novels in the Indonesian language as the source language and their translation into the target language. The data were then analyzed to find equivalent relative clause variants in Indonesian in English. By analysisng the data it can be found that the variations of relative clause translation from Indonesian to English are (1) relative clauses (with relative pronoun who, which, that, whose, whom), (2) adjectives, (3) present participle, (4) past participle, (5) noun phrase, (6) prepositional phrase, (7) noun class, and (8) verb.

The Syntax Analysis In Relative Clause Found In The Novel “The Wonderful Wizard of Oz”

The paper analyzed syntax in relative clauses found in the novel “The Wonderful Wizard of Oz”. This research aims to analyze the syntax structure in the relative clause and find out the types of relative clauses found in the novel entitled “ The Wonderful Wizard of Oz”. This is library research with qualitative method. The data source of this study was “The Wonderful Wizard of Oz”, a literary work of kid story by Lyman Frank Baum. The theory of relative clauses that was proposed by Quirk (1985) and Sneddon (1996) was used to conduct the data. Furthermore, the researcher used the theory proposed by Brown and Miller to analyze the syntax structure. The data were taken from the novel entitled “The Wonderful Wizard of Oz”. The type of relative clause found is restrictive relative clause with the relative pronoun who.

Free Relatives in Standard Arabic: An Agree-Based Account

This work examines free relative constructions in Standard Arabic (henceforth SA or Arabic) and aims to provide an agree-based analysis for those constructions. The study introduces the free relatives and how they differ from headed relative constructions. It also discusses the nominal nature of SA free relatives. In addition, the study discusses some syntactic properties of the construction under study such as word order and agreement. It also examines the nature of the relative elements man, ma, and allaði and its set. The study introduces a syntactic analysis of SA free relatives that is based on Groos and van Riemsdijk (1981), Caponigro (2000), and Himmelreich (2017) which proposes the movement of the relative pronoun from base generation position to the Spec of the CP headed by an empty D. The analysis accounts for the case matching in Arabic free relatives.