Project Documentation Research Articles

Factors Influencing the Quality of Project Documents Produced by Construction Professionals in South Africa

ABSTRACT This research aims to identify and compare the factors influencing the quality of documents produced by different construction professionals in the South African construction industry. While previous studies have predominantly focused on design quality, this study adopts a comparative approach, encompassing a broader range of built environment disciplines. A survey was conducted with 507 construction professionals, including architects, civil/structural engineers, quantity surveyors, electrical engineers, and mechanical engineers. The survey data, analyzed using descriptive analysis, revealed 20 key factors affecting document quality, with 10 identified as most important. Notably, technical skills/knowledge emerged as a critical factor not previously emphasized in other studies, while low fees, highlighted in earlier research, were reaffirmed as an important factor. This study enhances construction literature by providing a detailed, discipline-specific analysis of factors affecting document quality, filling a gap in the existing research literature.

Historical Game Consulting: A Modular Syllabus

This is the sixth in a series of articles created as part of the project titled Historical Consultancy for Games by the Games Research Association of Poland, funded by a grant from CRPK. Building on previous articles, it presents a modular course syllabus for history students, designed to develop competencies useful in game consulting. The modular approach means that, rather than a single unified program, there is a collection of autonomous several-week blocks from which various configurations of topics and tools can be selected. These modules cover working with visual, textual, and numerical materials, gathering information through fieldwork, as well as working with project documentation.

ПРАКТИЧНО-ДОСЛІДНИЦЬКИЙ ПРОЕКТ ЯК ІНСТРУМЕНТ ДОСЛІДНИЦЬКОГО НАВЧАННЯ У ПІДГОТОВЦІ ВЧИТЕЛІВ НІМЕЦЬКОЇ МОВИ

The article highlights the concept of research-based learning and analyses its implementation in European higher education institutions. It is found that pedagogical universities in Ukraine lack the necessary tools for the development of research skills in future teachers. There is also a lack of empirical research on research-based learning. These factors have led to the relevance of this article. The article presents one of the forms of implementation of research-based learning in the international curriculum "DLL - Learning to Teach German" for the training of future teachers of German. This programme is implemented with the support of the Goethe-Institut at the Mykhailo Kotsiubynskyi VDPU. The article describes the framework of implementation and the results of observations and empirical analysis of the development of students' competences. Research and reflective learning in the context of the DLL programme is carried out through the implementation of a practical research project (PRP). The emphasis is on the study of one's own teaching activities, observation and indepth reflection. It is noted that the implementation of the PDP poses certain challenges for students due to their lack of teaching experience and unfamiliarity with independent research. This context serves as the basis for a practical study based on the analysis of individual documentation of research projects completed by students over the last three years. The aim is to check the level of students' ability to reflect on their own experiences and to identify ways of improving their teaching practice. For a more in-depth analysis, five aspects of reflection were identified, distinguishing between PDRs based on their own teaching and those based on observation. The use of qualitative textual analysis, deductive and inductive approaches allowed us to draw conclusions and suggest ways to improve students' preparation for undertaking such research.

ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ ВРЕМЕНИ ПРИБЫТИЯ ПЕРВОГО ПОЖАРНОГО ПОДРАЗДЕЛЕНИЯ НА СТАДИИ ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИЯ ОБЪЕКТОВ

his article is devoted to the analysis of existing regulatory requirements for the movement time of fire-service equipment, the time of turnout and departure of the fire protection forces upon an alarm call. There is a consideration of possible options for the determination fire-fighting response time to the design objects and structures in order to show object compliance with the Technical Regulations for fire safety requirements. The relevance of this topic is related to the possibility of double interpretations of regulatory requirements for fire safety and the lack of regulatory speed of the fire-fighting equipment for different design objects. As a result fire safety experts state remarks about project documentation during the examination.

CALCULATION OF THE SEISMIC RESISTANCE OF THE START-UP AIR SYSTEM OF RDES

The earth beneath our feet is alive, even though it is a rocky planet. Despite the fact that geological activity cannot be felt, sometimes it manifests itself sharply and dangerously. Earthquakes and seismic phenomena are responsible for the transmission of these tectonic shocks and have forced people to be prepared for different situations with the oscillation of the earth's crust. Seismic shocks cause many dangerous phenomena: landslides and avalanches in the mountains, flood waves (tsunamis) on the shores of seas and oceans, cracks and liquefaction on the land surface. Depending on the magnitude of the earthquakes, each year there are from one to two dozen earthquakes with a power of more than 7 points according to the Richter scale. How can the destruction of building equipment, disasters and deaths be prevented and what is "seismic resistance" is the question of our research. In order to confirm that the equipment is guaranteed to perform its functions under seismic conditions, equipment qualification is performed. The assessment of the initial state of seismic qualification consists in comparing the seismic qualification characteristics with the seismic qualification requirements, as well as establishing the availability of information in the factory and project documentation regarding the fastening of the equipment, and allows to establish whether the qualification requirements presented in the process of seismic qualification were taken into account during development and staging for production, manufacturing and installation. Seismic qualification characteristics are contained in the design documentation of equipment developers and manufacturers and can be specified in different forms: values of acceleration amplitudes; the intensity of the earthquake and the level of installation of equipment above the zero mark; test parameters, mechanical performance groups, etc. If the qualification characteristics of the equipment meet the defined or calculated qualification requirements, then the qualification of such equipment for earthquake resistance is established.

STAGES OF CREATING INFORMATION SYSTEMS FOR MANAGING THE ACTIVITIES OF HOTEL ENTERPRISES

The paper examines the impact of the war on the hospitality industry, which is facing an acute crisis. To overcome this challenge, businesses need a comprehensive transformation, including the introduction of innovations, improved service levels and the expansion of information campaigns, including in the digital environment. The post-war economic recovery is expected to be accompanied by a decline in wages and staff reductions, but the growing number of jobs will enable development in new areas such as automation and robotics. Automated management systems for the hotel business are becoming increasingly important as they help to reduce costs and increase productivity. In particular, the authors describe an algorithm for building enterprise management information systems (EMIS) that covers all stages from concept development to project support, emphasising the importance of security and flexibility in planning and implementing the system. The algorithm for implementing an IMS begins with a conceptual study, which involves a survey of the facility, formulation of goals and objectives, analysis of documents and identification of software tools. After that, a technical assignment is developed that outlines the basic requirements for the future system. The design stage includes choosing a structural concept, defining database parameters, and creating a set of project documentation. Implementation includes the creation of software and the development of a user interface. The final stages include testing, putting the system into operation, and staff training. The final stage of system maintenance involves warranty service and adjustments to ensure the system's reliable operation in the long term. Particular attention is paid to the creation of databases, which are the basis for the information system. Testing and experimental operation is the final step in the development process, ensuring the system's adaptation to real operating conditions. Implementation of an IMS at modern hotel enterprises allows achieving qualitative changes in management, contributing to safety, speed of operations, saving management resources and making timely management decisions. The article also discusses the conditions necessary for the successful implementation of an IMS: choosing a reliable manufacturer, checking compatibility with local standards, professional qualifications of the team and financial feasibility. A systematic approach to the development and integration of information technologies in the management of hospitality enterprises ensures the effectiveness of solutions, improving their quality and productivity.

PRODUCTION OF WEBGL BASED DIGITAL DOCUMENTATION OF PONTE MOLINO GATE FROM POINT CLOUD

In recent years, it has become increasingly important to rapidly present and share data from photogrammetric techniques in digital documentation projects. In this study, Potree, a WebGL-based software, is employed to digitally document the Ponte Molino Gate in Padova, Italy. This historically significant gate, dating back to between 40 and 30 BC, was scanned using a terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) to generate a comprehensive point cloud. The study demonstrates the advantages of using WebGL technology for the presentation of large-scale data by processing and visualizing the point cloud with Potree. It also highlights Potree’s effectiveness in enabling virtual exchange and interactive exploration of cultural heritage assets, while discussing its potential applications in GIS, terrain modeling, and urban planning.

Artification and Social Sustainability in Smart Energy Companies and Non‐profit Organizations. The ‘Time‐Lapse’ Creative Project

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates the role of artification in promoting social sustainability within smart energy companies and non‐profit organisations. Specifically, it explores how contemporary art‐based interventions foster social sustainability both internally and externally in corporate and non‐profit settings. It focuses on creative partnerships involving the Italian energy company Edison, the EOS Foundation and Kayròs, a non‐profit dedicated to protecting minors and vulnerable communities. This research employs a case study methodology, combining qualitative interviews with key stakeholders and analysis of project documentation to understand how these organisations integrate contemporary art into their sustainability initiatives. The findings demonstrate that partnerships with contemporary artists enhance social sustainability by engaging employees and communities in meaningful cultural projects. These collaborations have helped to create art‐centred solutions that address corporate social responsibility goals and community development. This has been achieved by incorporating art‐based initiatives both within company operations and through outreach programs aimed at external communities.

BIM tunneling documentation in Rohbaustollen Angath

AbstractSince 2023, Austrian Federal Railways (ÖBB), with BEMO‐ÖSTU STETTIN, has been constructing the 2.6 km raw construction tunnel Angath (Rohbaustollen Angath) along the Angerberg. It will support geological investigations, logistics for the future main railway tunnel Angerberg, and act as a rescue tunnel, ensuring safety. The project includes a pre‐cut, tunnel excavation, and a 110‐meter section of the main railway tunnel, with turning niches and cross adits. Building information modeling (BIM) is used for design, tendering, control, and documentation. The integrated project delivery (IPD) model ensures shared responsibility for risks and costs. BIM optimizes data flow and transparency, with tunneling documentation collected on‐site, verified in ÖBB's Common Data Environment (MSP), and used for parametric modeling. Cost and progress monitoring occur via software RIB iTWO (Version 2023, 2023). Project documentation and the linking of the documentation into a 3D BIM model of a tunnel enables early detection of deviations and appropriate action to be taken, with transparency and traceability being critical to the success of the IPD project.

INNOVATIVE APPROACHES TO DESIGNING FIRE BARRIERS FORTRANSFORMER SUBSTATIONS

Purpose. To study project solutions aimed at improving a comprehensive approach to ensuring fire safety of transformer substations. Methods. The authors used methods of analysis and synthesis, summarization of materials of scientific works, regulatory documentation, project and technical documentation, probability theory, decision-making theory. Results. Design work is an important component of the process of designing and building transformer substations taking into account fire safety requirements. Design solutions for the enclosing fire protection structure must include the following sections: 1. Architectural and construction part. 2. Ventilation.3. Power supply and electric lighting. 4. Fire alarm. 5. Automation. The complex of transformer substations, surrounded by fire barriers, taking into account the described project solutions, is transformed from a static construction into a dynamic electrified structure controlled by logical devices. The devices respond to the state of the object’s technological parameters. The design and manufacture of fire barriers should consider analysis of potential threats and risks of fire, fire resistance of the material, design, compliance with safety standards and regulations. A comprehensive approach to ensuring fire safety of transformer substations has been improved. Solutions for the design of fire barriers take into account not only protection against the spread of fire, but also fire detection in the initial stages, as well as ensuring the safe course of technological processes of the facility. Scientific novelty. The authors improved the design solutions for creating a fire barrier when fencing open transformer substations of the enterprise, which consists in the use of an integrated approach, which includes, in addition to construction solutions, the use of modern automation and measuring equipment. The project features ventilation openings, axial exhaust fans with electric fire valves, smoke sensors, temperature and optical flame sensors, lighting devices, relay logic control modules. Practical significance. The proposed project solutions will help prevent the spread of fire in transformer substations, facilitate early fire detection, and ensure the safety of technological processes at the facility. Keywords: transformer substation, fire safety, fire barriers, security, project solutions.

Urban Transformation of the City Quarters Through the Example of the City Quarter J14 Rasadnik Skopje

Nowadays, rural-urban migration is quite pronounced, and almost half of the world's population lives in cities. Urbanization on a global level, defined as an unstoppable rising phenomenon, opens up a series of opportunities and challenges for architects and city planners in transforming existing urban environments into more efficient and self-sustaining living spaces. The application of international design standards in correlation with the requirements and needs of the cities and their inhabitants as primary users of the space can greatly improve and advance the process of urban planning, by finding the best and highest quality solutions for citizens, land owners, and the wider social public. For this purpose, following the requirements of the Municipality of Kisela Voda in the city of Skopje, based on a previously announced International Competition for the development of a Conceptual urban architectural solution for the city quarter J14 - Rasadnik, municipality of Kisela Voda, Skopje, by a group of architects, including the author of the paper, an urban-architectural solution was prepared for this area, which is expected to be a relevant basis for the further preparation of urban and project documentation. In this paper, the city quarter J14-Rasadnik, municipality of Kisela Voda, will be analyzed in its current state, and proposed solutions will be given for rethinking the settlement following the principles of sustainability for a balanced economic, social, and ecological development of the settlement and beyond.

Developing an Integrated Analytical Framework for Sustainability Assessment: Focusing on Selected Projects in Riyadh

Riyadh, the capital of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, is now presenting itself as one of the most attractive capitals in the Middle East, with a number of ambitious expansion projects that aim to develop the city and align its urban development with the goals of Vision 2030. This urban renaissance requires researchers to adopt evaluation approaches (BSAMs) based on comprehensive sustainability criteria represented by environmental and cultural sustainability, community engagement, and economic feasibility. This research relies on the ETE methodology to determine evaluation criteria and their weights, which is a systematic and interactive method of prediction based on the opinion of a group of experts, or what is known as the Delphi method. Experts answered questionnaires to determine the weights of the criteria in three rounds where they received an anonymous summary of the experts’ predictions from the previous round with the reasons they provided for their judgments. The responses were then analyzed to identify recurring and converging themes and contradictions using the top-of-priority similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) technique, thus deriving an integrated evaluation model. The model was applied to evaluate architectural practices in Riyadh through three major projects: the King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, the King Abdullah Financial District, and the King Abdullah Financial District Metro Station. Data sources included comprehensive site visits, detailed project documentation, and expert evaluation through structured questionnaires to gain a realistic view of attitudes towards architectural needs and sustainability. This adds to the knowledge on how globalization interacts with the urban renewal landscape in Riyadh and encourages us to continue proposing effective evaluation models by drawing attention to the multidimensional nature of sustainability. This in turn points to the need for continuous re-evaluation of architectural activities in Riyadh through project evaluation results that attest to their compatibility with international standards and local cultural contexts. Overall, the proposed evaluation model has proven successful in testing projects at the local level by providing a sustainable framework. The results showed that projects adhere to varying levels of sustainability requirements, but, more importantly, these evaluation models were developed to rationalize accelerated construction processes.

Techno-optimism versus techno-reality: an analysis of internationally funded technological solutions against illegal unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing in Ghana and Guinea-Bissau

ABSTRACT Maritime governance has been immersed in growing techno-optimism. Technological developments have largely increased the capacity of states to render legible activities at sea and thus more effectively govern them. One area in which such techno-optimism has gained force but is yet to prove itself is the fight against Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated (IUU) fishing. While technology-aided international cooperation has been crucial in curbing piracy, it has been slower to tame IUU fishing. In this article, we study international projects introducing technology-based solutions against IUU fishing in West Africa. Triangulating project documentation, donor evaluations, interviews, and other secondary sources, we assess how the techno-optimism driving those initiatives meets the techno-reality of their contexts of implementation. We find that, while grounds for optimism are far from unwarranted, realizing the potential of technological solutions against IUU fishing requires securing parallel cooperation that allows states to transform technology-based awareness into action.

Influence of Technical Reasons on Cost Overruns of Infrastructural Projects: A Sustainable Development Perspective

Cost overruns are a significant issue in infrastructure projects, adversely affecting not only economic performance but also sustainability goals by straining resources and extending project timelines. There is consensus among researchers about the persistence of cost overruns and the importance of accurate estimates. However, there are significant differences in the explanation of the reasons for the overruns. While we recognize the importance of understanding the reasons for cost overruns at all stages of project development, we have focused on the reasons for cost overruns after contract award due to the rarely available real and valid data collected at the source of the information. We analyze the deviations between actual and contracted costs, as well as the dependence of cost deviations of individual project types on the size of the contract. For example, the size of the tunnel significantly affects relative cost deviations, while for standard viaducts or road sections this effect is minimal. The results confirmed that cost overruns are less frequent in standard facilities than in those where the experience factor has little influence on the final cost estimate. For example, deviations in the average value of the contracted costs for highway sections range between −12.1% and 27.9% of the contracted value, and for standardized viaduct projects they range between −16.73% and 6.27% of the contracted value. The type of distribution function of deviations between actual and contractually agreed costs was investigated, and a predictive model for estimating future cost deviations of project programs was presented. The goal is to improve economic sustainability and the related optimization of resources in the development of infrastructure, which contributes to the broader agenda of sustainable development. The results encourage the adoption of improved project documentation and forecasting tools, which are essential for sustainable project management.

Lessons from a participatory community cricket breeding project in Vientiane Province, Lao PDR

Abstract Edible insect production is a key tool for sustainable development and global food security, but its social dimensions and the organisation of farming operations remain understudied. Crickets are among the most recognised edible insects for farming and offer appealing development opportunities for Lao PDR – a Southeast Asian country whose cricket farming sector has lagged behind neighbouring Thailand and which continues to experience challenging economic and food security conditions. Concerning these sustainable development and research priorities, this paper presents the case study analysis of a service evaluation of Cricket Lao Farm, which implemented a project on the distributed (off-site) production of crickets among local community members. Data collection took place from September to November 2023 and included a survey with 30 participants complemented by qualitative information from discussion groups, home visits, informal conversations, and project documentation. While small-scale farming operations ended within a year due to widespread cricket mortality of unknown cause, community-based cricket farming was in principle profitable and demonstrated strong development potential and local relevance. Furthermore, most of the community-based farmers were motivated and interested in resuming operations in the future. The analysis of this case offers important lessons for further development of the cricket farming sector in Lao PDR, highlighting the challenges of the Western social enterprise model in a development setting, the need to actively manage participation, and to develop an understanding of local community structures before commencing operations. To ensure future success, projects should include robust monitoring and evaluation plans; regular and bidirectional communication between community members and the central farm; co-development of breeding strategies, response plans, and good animal husbandry practices; and community engagement activities involving local schools.

Закладка виноградника на основе принципов энерго-ресурсосбережения

Abstract. The article contains materials that form the basis of a feasibility study (FS) for laying a vineyard (from planting to fructification), developed according to the principle of energy and resource conservation provided for in the project assignment. The project documentation is being developed in order to optimize the complex of sequential technological operations and production processes aimed at creating a sustainably functioning viticultural economy. The general principles of energy and resource conservation include: the latest achievements of science and best practices in the field of viticulture, rational use of land funds, thanks to preliminary soil surveys, optimized varietal composition, design of plantings and compact placement of arrays with the prospect of irrigation, reduction of energy losses to the level of operationally unavoidable, the use of highly concentrated, complex agrochemicals and methods of their application, the availability of appropriate infrastructure, design estimates optimized with the prospect of improvement and modernization (energy and resource-saving object estimates), planned economic productivity of plantations, measures to maintain the economic fertility of soils corresponding to the biological requirements of grape culture, which determines the stability and productivity of perennial plantations. Methodological approaches and current methods, publications of a recommendatory nature used for the development of a feasibility study are indicated. The successive stages of the development of project documentation are considered, the techniques that contribute to reducing the costs of production processes are outlined. The recommended regionalized and promising assortment of grapes for the formation of highly productive stable ampelocenoses ensuring stable highly profitable functioning of enterprises of the grape-growing industry in the Krasnodar region is presented and justified. The recommended current varietal composition of plantings is compiled taking into account the edaphoclimatic conditions of the design object, the agrobiological characteristics of grape varieties, as well as taking into account current global trends in the organization of a sustainably functioning highly efficient industrial enterprise for the production of viticulture products. Keywords: ampelocenosis, project assignment, long-term planning, varietal policy, energy and resource conservation

Management of the Territory Restoration Process Following a Disaster: The Case of the South Moravian Region in the Czech Republic

The article presents a methodology for the management of repairs to property damaged by a disaster. The article describes the procedure for the development of an organizational layout, along with planning and managing activities leading to the restoration of damaged property. Last but not least, the article deals with financial planning. The methodology presented was applied to a case study that was conducted in the village of Hrušky, South Moravian region, the Czech Republic, which was hit by a tornado in 2021. More than three years have passed since this tragedy, and repairs to the village’s property are still planned to continue until the middle of 2025. Qualitative approaches to data collection and evaluation were used for data collection, especially in-depth interviews related to the given issue. The mayor of the village, the village management, and representatives of construction companies were involved in the in-depth interviews. Another important source of data was the project documentation and the municipality’s accounting records. The main outputs include a list of construction works, which served as a basis for the financial damages; the municipality’s participation in state subsidy programs for the financing of the restoration; and, last but not least, a list of works that was used to create the project documentation for the reconstruction of individual buildings. Other outputs of the work include a structural plan, which has been developed for the purposes of planning and managing activities leading to the restoration of the damaged area, and a financial plan, which contains information on expenses and funding sources. The key contribution of the paper is a methodical procedure for the identification, the design, and the execution of crucial activities connected with the restoration of the territory after a disaster. The methodological procedure is designed considering the experience associated with a specific disaster, namely, a tornado in the southeastern part of the Czech Republic, which served as the basis for this case study.

Аналіз міжнародного досвіду під час впровадження контрактів «Design-Build» та «Design-Build-Operate»

Introduction. The article examines the international experience of implementing large infrastructure projects in various countries using the “Design-Build” and “Design-Build-Operate” methods. It analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of these approaches and explores the possibility of applying them in infrastructure projects in Ukraine. Problem Statement. The shortcomings of the traditional project implementation method involve sequential completion of design and construction phases, time spent on organizing tenders for each stage, coordinating various contractors, and the distribution of responsibilities between the designer and the builder. Additional time costs may also arise if changes need to be made to the project documentation during construction. Objective. To analyze international experience in implementing infrastructure projects using “Design-Build” and “Design-Build-Operate” contracts. The goal is to identify the advantages and disadvantages of these contracts and determine their potential as an alternative to the traditional method for possible implementation in Ukraine. Materials and Methods. The research is based on analyzing international experiences with

BIM IMPLEMENTATION FOR HERITAGE RENOVATION THROUGHOUT PROJECT LIFECYCLE: CURRENT USE, BENEFITS, AND BARRIERS

Introduction: Building Information Modeling (BIM) has garnered significant attention due to advancements in sophisticated technologies and methods. However, a comprehensive review of the existing literature indicates a lack of research exploring the application of BIM in managing the entire intervention design and renovation processes from a broader system perspective. The purpose of the study was to fill this gap by identifying and evaluating the current utilization, benefits, and barriers associated with implementing BIM in the lifecycle of renovation projects. The study methodology is based on conducting 31 structured interviews with experienced professionals who have employed BIM in their project deliveries. The results reveal that the primary benefits of BIM adoption, in descending order of importance, pertain to improved collective understanding of design intent, lower risk and better predictability of outcomes, better-designed and performing buildings, more accurate project documentation, and increased accuracy of the cost estimate. However, there are several prominent barriers: project budget, complexity of modeling historic structures, cost to hire BIM professionals, and the lack of BIM knowledge. The findings will advance BIM adoption for heritage renovation and enable project stakeholders to focus on realizing the benefits and potential uses of lifecycle BIM, while also addressing the critical challenges discussed in this study.

Leveraging Qualitative Analysis Software to Complement Traditional Qualitative Research Approaches for Curriculum Design: Results of a Needs Assessment Study

ABSTRACT Educational programs are continually challenged with maintaining a curriculum that meets the current and future needs of the industry they serve, and accreditation requirements. Research methodologies of interviews, focus groups, and surveys to accomplish these requirements have a long-standing documented history in the literature. Interviews and focus groups can provide collection of rich information, but have limited sample size, and greater potential for participant and researcher bias. Survey research can be more objective and reach larger population, but results are limited to the type and quality of questions posed by the researchers, and honesty of the participant responses. Technological advances in data collection and analysis have been improving research methodologies for decades. This paper describes a research approach for conducting a program needs assessment. Using structured focus groups and qualitative artificial intelligence software, MAXQDA, the methodology identified 15 themes for activities commonly performed by entry-level construction management graduates. Within the themes, 17 common types of knowledge, and 15 types of skills were identified. Key knowledge included Terms & Symbols, Project Documents, Materials & Methods, Software Platforms, Scopes of Work, and Contract Structures. The top skills identified were Oral & Written Communication, Using/Learning Software/Technology, Collaboration/Teamwork, Analyzing/Interpreting Documents, and Personal Organization/Time Management.