Prohibition Research Articles

Kafala y Derecho español tras la reforma de la Ley 54/2007. A propósito del auto AP de León de 27 de junio de 2019

No reconocimiento de Kafala constituida entre ciudadanos marroquíes a efectos de adopción. Antecedentes y alcance de la prohibición contenida en el artículo 19.4 de la Ley de adopción internacional. La prohibición de constitución de adopción frente a ley personal del menor prohibitiva está dirigida a las autoridades competentes y su infracción, fuera de las excepciones previstas, invalida la adopción.

The impact of nationwide alcohol ban during the COVID-19 lockdown on alcohol use-related internet searches and behaviour in India: An infodemiology study.

Introduction and AimsTo control the spread of COVID‐19, India imposed a nationwide lockdown in phases including lockdown 1.0 (25 March–14 April) and 2.0 (15 April–3 May). Among other restrictions, it involved a complete ban of alcohol sales. We aimed to examine and interpret the changes in online search interest for keywords representing different alcohol‐related themes during the lockdown period in India.Design and MethodsData were extracted using the framework described for using Google Trends in health‐related research. The list of alcohol‐related search queries was prepared for four broad themes: types of alcoholic beverages consumed; means of accessing alcohol; problems experienced due to break in alcohol supply; and help‐seeking for alcohol use disorders. The mean relative search volumes across three time periods (pre‐lockdown; lockdown 1.0; lockdown 2.0) were compared using spss version 23.0.ResultsA significant increase in online search interest for keywords related to the procurement of alcohol was observed in lockdown 1.0 but not during lockdown 2.0, compared with pre‐lockdown. A significant increase in online search interest for alcohol withdrawal was observed during lockdown 1.0 compared to the pre‐lockdown period. A significant increase in online search interest for keywords representing benzodiazepines was observed in lockdown 2.0.Discussion and ConclusionsIndian internet users exhibited significantly increased online interest for alcohol‐related searches during lockdown. It seems that the challenges associated with offering interventions for alcohol use‐related problems are likely to continue once the lockdown is lifted and people have the option to access alcohol and treatment services freely.

Alcohol controls in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic in India: Commentary on Stockwell et al.

The COVID‐19 pandemic and subsequent restrictions have resulted in additional challenges for persons with alcohol use disorders as well as for the effective operation of alcohol controls in different societies. The challenges are different in different systems and economies. Crises such as these often provide governments with opportunities to remake systems. We use the recent experience from India, which rapidly shifted between total countrywide prohibition of alcohol and unrestricted sales during this brief period, to argue against using the present crisis to bring about quick changes in alcohol policy in India. Instead, we advocate sustained, incremental pressure to develop and enforce alcohol control measures in public health delivery systems, in addition to demand reduction measures.

Национальный режим в закупках на примере запрета, предусмотренного Постановлением Правительства Российской Федерации от 30 апреля 2020 г. № 616

Национальный режим в закупках на примере запрета, предусмотренного Постановлением Правительства Российской Федерации от 30 апреля 2020 г. № 616

일본의 도항 금지령과 진봉 관계(進奉關係)

일본의 도항 금지령과 진봉 관계(進奉關係)

Regulating Vice: What the U.S. Marijuana Industry Can Learn From State Governance of Sports Gambling

The United States has long been a country of prohibitions, with the most memorable prohibition in American history being the ban on alcohol sales in 1920, which lasted until the ratification of the 21st Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. While the federal ban on alcohol has long since been abolished, the United States has continued to maintain the rudiments of its federal bans on both marijuana and sports betting, even though the primary beneficiaries of both of these bans has been organized criminal syndicates that have garnered near monopolies over these industries. While somewhat different from the alcohol ban of the 1920s, there are many similarities between today’s bans of both marijuana and sports betting. For instance, the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Murphy v. National Collegiate Athletic Association, which allowed states to legalize and regulate sports betting, catapulted the regulation of sports betting into the national spotlight, alongside marijuana. At the same time, however, there are also a few important distinctions — most notably that the federal Controlled Substances Act (CSA) classifies marijuana as a prohibited substance, whereas federal law classifies sports betting somewhat less harshly. Since the U.S. Supreme Court’s May 2018 Murphy decision, more than 35 states have introduced legislation to legalize sports betting, with 19 states successfully passing laws in the first 18 months since the Court’s Murphy decision. Likewise, medical marijuana is currently legal in 33 states, and recreational marijuana is permitted in 11 states. Nevertheless, in spite of the growing state-level legality of both marijuana and sports gambling, the exuberance for sports gambling by entities like banks and institutional investors has surpassed the marijuana industry despite the marijuana industry having a significant head start. This Article explores why sports gambling has been widely accepted and led banks and financial institutions to take risks that they have not been willing to take for the marijuana industry. It also explores best practices adopted by the sports gambling industry that the marijuana industry may be able to emulate to garner broader legal acceptance.

Mortalidade por acidentes de transporte terrestre no estado de São Paulo: análise da tendência nos anos de 2000 - 2017

O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever o perfil da mortalidade por acidentes de transporte terrestre (ATT) no estado de São Paulo e os efeitos da Lei Seca sobre a taxa de mortalidade. Foram selecionados, pelo Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM), os óbitos com os códigos V01-V89 determinados na 10ª revisão da Classificação Internacional de Doenças (CID-10), tendo como causa o ATT. Calculou-se, para 8 anos antes e 9 anos após a Lei, a taxa de mortalidade por ATT de acordo com faixa etária e sexo. Além da distribuição (absoluta e percentual) da mortalidade por ATT relacionados as variáveis: faixa etária, sexo, raça, escolaridade, estado civil, categoria da CID-10 e por departamentos regionais de saúde (DRS). Os resultados mostraram uma tendência de aumento de óbitos por ATT antes da Lei e uma queda nos óbitos após a Lei, além de maior frequência de mortalidade no sexo masculino, entre 20-39 anos, solteiros, brancos, com escolaridade de 4-7 anos antes da Lei e de 8-11 anos após a Lei. Maior mortalidade nos Municípios da Grande São Paulo, Baixada Santista, Registro e Taubaté tanto antes como após a Lei; maior registro de mortalidade por outros ATT antes da Lei e uma maior frequência de pedestres traumatizados por ATT após a Lei. Conclui-se então que a implementação da Lei Seca interferiu positivamente na taxa de mortalidade observada no período e nas variáveis analisadas.

Extended lockdown and India’s alcohol policy: a qualitative analysis of newspaper articles

ObjectivesSince 25th March 2020 India went into a complete and extended lockdown. Alcohol production, sales, and purchase were barred with this overnight prohibition order. We conducted a qualitative analysis of the media reports published within the first month of the nationwide lockdown with the objectives (a) using the media reports as indications of possible public health impact and population response of a sudden alcohol prohibition in India, (b) suggesting areas for future research. MethodsWe performed thematic and content analysis of 350 articles published online in national newspapers between the 26th March, 2020 and 25th April, 2020. Initial inductive, followed by deductive coding was done in this exploratory thematic analysis. ResultsThe thematic analysis revealed four main themes: the beneficial aspects of the policy, the harmful aspects of the policy, non-compliance and attempts to change and / or subvert the policy, popularity and level of public buy-in of the policy. We generated relevant sub-themes under main themes. Two additional themes, not directly related to the sudden prohibition, were use of stigmatizing language and ethical concerns. The content analysis showed the frequency of the appearance of the main themes and proportions of sub-themes and codes under those main themes. ConclusionThe harms, perceived from the media reports, should be balanced against the potential benefits. Absence of a national-level alcohol policy was made apparent by the reflexive, disconnected, and conflictual measures. Future research could systematically examine the potential ramifications of alcohol prohibition on public health, social, and economic aspects.

Legal Regulation Prohibition of geo-blocking to Create a Single Digital Market of the European Union

В статье анализируется правовое регулирование Европейским cоюзом (ЕС) запрета необоснованной гео-блокировки и иных форм дискриминации на основании гражданства, места жительства или места учреждения как препятствий созданию единого цифрового рынка ЕС. Целью исследования является выявление его особенностей и тенденций. Использованы как общенаучные, так и специально-юридические методы - историко-юридический, формально-юридический, сравнительно-правовой подход, метод юридического прогнозирования. ЕС сталкивается с новыми вызовами, влияющими на достижение его целей, среди которых - цифровизация. Для улучшения правового регулирования внутреннего рынка необходимо постоянное его эволюционирование путем распространения интеграции на различные сферы цифровой деятельности. Так, внутренний рынок ЕС стал включать единый цифровой рынок, одной из опор которого выступает доступ покупателей к товарам и услугам электронной торговли. В статье выявлены проблемы при реализации права конкуренции ЕС, одной из которых является гео-блокировка. Дано определение ключевых понятий исследуемой сферы правоотношений. Необоснованная гео-блокировка означает дискриминационную практику, препятствующую доступу и приобретению товаров или услуг через веб-сайты, базирующиеся в другом государстве-члене ЕС. Она является существенным препятствием реализации основных свобод и/или значительным нарушением конкуренции. Как результат последовательных действий институтов ЕС принят акт о сближении законодательств, имеющий прямое действие - Регламент N 2018/302 о противодействии необоснованной гео-блокировке и иным формам дискриминации покупателей. Суть Регламента сводится к запрету прямой и скрытой дискриминации покупателей в отношении: доступа к онлайн-интерфейсам электронной торговли, к товарам и услугам, условий оплаты, соглашений о пассивных продажах. Регламент предусматривает несколько оснований, по которым различное отношение продавцов к покупателям в зависимости от гражданства, места проживания и учреждения может быть оправдано. Действия институтов ЕС ведут к закреплению более жестких требований к продавцам товаров и поставщикам услуг в исследуемой сфере. Для полной реализации потенциала внутреннего рынка должны быть устранены препятствия, исходящие не только от государственных органов, но также и частных субъектов, примером которых и является необоснованная гео-блокировка.

Analysis of the Positions Held by Countries on Legal Issues of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems and Proper Domestic Policy Direction of South Korea

Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) are being developed by major countries as a core value of future war. The international community is actively discussing the legal issues and regulatory methods of LAWS at the Group of Government Experts (GGE) meetings hosted by the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW). The main purpose of the first part of this paper is to compare and analyze countries’ positions on each issue at the above GGE. At the GGE, there are contrasting stances between those supporting and opposing strict regulations on LAWS. A consensus was not reached on the definition of LAWS and the necessity to create a new treaty that regulates LAWS. However, most countries and NGOs are trying to find a methodology for autonomous weapons to comply with international humanitarian law through “human elements.” It is difficult to expect the creation of a new treaty, so the recent GGE has emphasized the solution through Article 36 of Additional Protocol I. Based on the discussions at the GGE, the second part of this paper will examine the proper policy direction that South Korea can set for LAWS. The issues and trends discussed in the GGE need to be fully understood by government policy makers and defense industry experts. In addition, in order to clarify the implementation of Article 36, it is possible to use a method to prepare regulations in domestic laws or codes of conduct to test compliance with international laws on new weapons including LAWS. As to whether or not to create the new treaty, diplomatic channels can carefully consider options for participating in Europeanled political declarations. Finally, an accurate understanding of the U.S. position on LAWS regulations is needed, and government-led research and development can play an important role in promoting international solidarity among allies.

ESTUDO DO IMPOSEX NO GASTRÓPODE Stramonita brasiliensis (CLAREMONT; DG REID, 2011) NOS MUNICÍPIOS DE ACARAÚ E ITAREMA, LITORAL OESTE DO CEARÁ, BRASIL

Compostos orgânicos de estanho, como o TBT, foram amplamente utilizados em todo mundo por vários anos como componente ativo em tintas de ação anti-incrustante para embarcações. Devido à toxicidade aos organismos marinhos, em 2008 a utilização dessas tintas foi proibida. Entre as alterações provocadas na biota destaca-se o imposex, caracterizado pelo surgimento de estruturas sexuais masculinas em fêmeas. A espécie Stramonita brasiliensis é sensível a esse composto, sendo utilizada como biomarcador. O presente estudo foi realizado em duas áreas estuarinas, sendo uma portuária e uma não portuária, no litoral oeste do Ceará, Brasil. Os índices utilizados para quantificação de imposex foram a porcentagem de fêmeas afetadas pelo imposex em cada ponto (%), o índice do comprimento relativo do pênis (RPLI), o índice do tamanho relativo do pênis (RPSI) e o índice de desenvolvimento do vaso deferente (VDSI). Apenas a região portuária apresentou organismos com imposex, com 82,2% de incidência, com índices RPSI = 0,67, RPLI = 18,8 e VDSI que variou de 0 a III. Diante do exposto, evidencia-se que, apesar da proibição de venda de tintas à base de TBT, registra-se imposex em Stramonita brasiliensis em Itarema, no Ceará, ampliando espacialmente os limites nacionais atualmente conhecidos para o problema.

The Prohibition on Using Cantrang Fishing Gear and the Adaptation Strategy of Fishermen to the Economic Condition of the Fishing Community

The aim of this research is to analyze the effects of the Policy of Regulation of the Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries No.2 of 2015 concerning the prohibition on using cantrang fishing gear and the adaptation strategy of fishermen to the economic condition of fishing community in Medang Deras District, Batu Bara Regency. The type of this research is causal associative research using quantitative approach. Sampling technique used is Taroyamane formula with 5% precision, and then 364 samples are obtained. Data is collected by the writer through observation, interview, and questionnaires. Data is analyzed using descriptive statistics, and multiple linear regression tests, while hypothesis test is through f-test, t-test, and determination test. The results of the test show that there is a positive and significant effect of the Policy of Regulation of the Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries No.2 of 2015 and Adaptation Strategy of Fishermen to the Economic Condition of Fishing community in Medang Deras District, Batu Bara Regency. The results of determination test show that the strength of the effect between the Policy of Regulation of the Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries No.2 of 2015 and Adaptation Strategy of Fishermen to the economic condition of fishing community in Medang Deras District is 37.6%.

Rethinking the principle of prohibition on disadvantageous alteration in criminal sanctions

Rethinking the principle of prohibition on disadvantageous alteration in criminal sanctions

Principle of Under-Protection Prohibition as Judicial Review Standard for Violation of Duty to Protect Basic Rights

Principle of Under-Protection Prohibition as Judicial Review Standard for Violation of Duty to Protect Basic Rights

Prohibiting alcohol sales during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has positive effects on health services in South Africa.

As the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic evolves globally, we are realising its impact on communities from the disease itself and the measures being taken to limit infection spread. In South Africa (SA), 62 300 adults die annually from alcohol-attributable causes. Alcohol-related harm can be reduced by interventions, such as taxation, government monopolising retail sales, outlet density restriction, hours of sales and an advertising ban. To mitigate the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic, SA instituted a lockdown that also prohibited alcohol sales. This led to a sharp reduction in unnatural deaths in the country from 800–1000/week to around 400/week during the lockdown. We reviewed three 2-week periods at a large rural regional hospital: Before Covid-19 (February), during social distancing (March) and during lockdown with alcohol ban (April). A dramatic drop in patient numbers from 145 to 64 (55.8%) because of assault, from 207 to 83 (59.9%) because of accidents, from 463 to 188 (59.4%) because of other injuries and from 12 to 1 (91.6%) because of sexual assaults was observed during the first 2 weeks of lockdown. As healthcare professionals, we need to advocate for the ban to remain until the crisis is over to ensure that health services can concentrate on Covid-19 and other patients. We encourage other African states to follow suit and implement alcohol restrictions as a mechanism to free up health services. We see this as an encouragement to lobby for a new normal around alcohol sales after the pandemic. The restrictions should focus on all evidence-based modalities.

Riba and Interest

Bu çalışmada Kur’an ve Sünnet tarafından yasaklanmış olan riba işlemi, konuyla ilgili ayetlerin nazil olduğu dönemin tarihsel bağlamı üzerinden yorumlanmaktadır. Nitekim söz konusu işlemin tarihsel bağlamından kopuk bir şekilde veya doğrudan sözlük anlamı üzerinden anlaşılması sadece vahim bir hataya sebep olmakla kalmamakta, aynı zamanda Kur’an ve Sünnet’in ruhunu ve maksadını da ıskalamamıza yol açmaktadır. Bu minvalde çalışmamız okuyucuyu önce Kur’an ve Sünnet’in en iyi şekilde anlaşılmasının daha muhtemel olduğu İslam’ın erken dönemlerine doğru bir yolculuğa çıkarmakta ve oradan buraya doğru gelirken riba yasağının ilk beş asır içerisinde nasıl özgün ve saygın konumundan uzaklaştırılarak bambaşka bir boyuta evrildiğini anlatmaktadır. Çalışmamızın konuyu her yönüyle tükettiği elbette söylenemez. Lakin barika-i hakikat müsademe-i efkârdan doğar düsturunca bilimsel gelişmenin fikirlerin tartışılmasıyla gerçekleştiği de inkâr edilemez. Bu açıdan ister tasvip ister eleştiri kabilinden olsun, bu çalışmanın İslam İktisadı alanında hak ettiği ilgiyi görmesini temenni ederiz.

A criminalização da homofobia pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal e os possíveis limites na formação dos precedentes penais

O presente trabalho tem o escopo de averiguar se existem limites na formação de precedentes penais, bem como quais seriam esses limites, partindo da análise da decisão referente à criminalização da homofobia pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal. Para tanto, através de uma pesquisa qualitativa, utilizando-se do método dedutivo e da técnica de revisão bibliográfica, faz-se necessário o estudo da necessidade da criminalização da homofobia, da decisão mencionada, bem como a análise do ativismo judicial em que esta importa e dos possíveis limites para a formação de precedentes no âmbito penal. Verifica-se que a determinação de aplicação da Lei nº 7.716/89 às condutas homofóbicas pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal extrapola a sua competência e não observa o princípio da legalidade, tampouco a proibição da analogia in malam partem.

Proibição de discriminação da pessoa com deficiência: a incidência do princípio da igualdade nas relações privadas

A Constituição Federal tem uma cláusula geral de proibição da discriminação; contudo o tema suscita a incidência do princípio da igualdade no âmbito das relações privadas, o qual é objeto de questionamentos e resistências. No tocante às pessoas com deficiência, o combate à discriminação enfrenta também o desafio de superar a tensão entre igualdade e autonomia privada. O objetivo do presente estudo é analisar os fundamentos e delimitações da vedação da discriminação contra a pessoa com deficiência nas relações privadas. Por meio do método dedutivo e do procedimento de pesquisa documental bibliográfico, constatou-se que a proteção contra a discriminação no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro adota uma perspectiva direta, carecendo de aprofundamento a respeito da proteção contra discriminação indireta. O Estatuto da Pessoa com Deficiência traz diversas normas que proíbem a discriminação contra a pessoa com deficiência, com incidência expressa sobre as relações privadas, mas a questão ainda é objeto de controvérsias.

Abuse of Notary Tenure That Implies Criminal

Notary is a legal profession so that the profession of notary is a noble profession ( nobile Officium ). The deed which is made by the notary can be the legal basis for the status of the property, the rights and obligations of one. Confusion over notarized deed can cause a waiver of a person's rights or the burden of a person on an obligation, therefore notary in the task of his office shall comply with the various provisions of the law number 2 of 2014 on the amendment to law number 30 of 2004 about the Notary Tenure. In the practice of many notary public are found by the parties or other third parties, the notary is often withdrawn as a party to conduct or assist in committing a criminal offence. In law number 2 of 2014 on The Amendment To Law number 30 of 2004 about the notary department there is a vacancy of the norm regarding the criminal responsibility of a notary in the misuse of Notary Tenure. This research aims to analyze the criteria and indicators of Abuse of Notary Office That Implicates Criminal and notary criminal liability in the misuse of notary tenure. This method of research using normative legal, research methods means research using the literature material. The approach is used is a statutory approach, conceptual approach and a case approach. The first result of this research is the criteria and indicators of abuse of the Department of Notary Tenure that Implicates Criminal arising from the admisappropriation of authority which is conducted by the notary stipulated in Article 15 of Law number 2 of 2014 concerning the amendment to the law number 30 of 2004 about the notary tenure. In addition to misuse of authority, the criteria and indicators of abuse of the notary tenure of the criminal arise for not implementing the obligations stipulated in Article 16 paragraph (1) of Law number 2 of 2014 concerning the amendment to law number 30 of 2004 about the notary tenure and the breach of the prohibition set forth in Article 17 paragraph (1) of Law number 2 of 2014 concerning amendment to law Number 30 of 2004 concerning notary. Secondly, the responsibility committed by a notary depends on the mistakes he has made. If the notary violates criminal rules, the notary shall be criminally liable in the form of prison punishment. If the infringed is a civil rules, the notary is subject to a indemnity of the deed and the deed made by the power of the evidence down to be private. Whereas when done is an administrative offence, then the notary can stop from his tenure.

Право на отсрочку арендной платы при запрете пользования недвижимым имуществом Роспотребнадзором

Право на отсрочку арендной платы при запрете пользования недвижимым имуществом Роспотребнадзором