Program Genres Research Articles

영상물의 제주도 관광지 이미지와 행동의도에 대한 영향

TV 프로그램과 영화 같은 영상물은 대중 속에 깊게 자리 잡고 있을 뿐 아니라 특정장소에 대한 정보를 짧은 시간에 풍부하게 제공해 줄 수 있고, 특정 대상 및 장소에 대한 이미지를 재창조시키며, 시청자들을 특정 장소로 유인하는데 매우 효과적이다. 이런 긍정적인 영향으로 인해 많은 나라와 지자체에서 영상물을 통한 장소마케팅을 활용해 관광목적지 이미지 제고 및 방문유도를 위해 노력한다. 대부분의 영상물에 관한 선행연구도 영상물을 이용한 관광지 장소마케팅의 결과인 관광지 이미지 제고 및 방문의도간의 영향 연구이다. 본 연구는 기존의 연구결과의 재확인과 더불어 영상물 프로그램 장르별 차이에 의한 영상물과 관광지 이미지 및 행동의도의 영향관계의 차이여부를 확인하고자 한다. 이를 위해 세 가지 가설을 설정하였고 설문을 실시한 후 통계 분석을 통해 가설을 검증 하였다. 가설검증 결과 가설 1. 영상물과 관광지 이미지간의 영향관계, 가설 2. 관광지 이미지와 행동의도의 영향관계, 그리고 가설 3. 영상물과 행동의도간의 영향관계는 모두 부분적으로 채택되었다. Media like TV programs and movies has deeply rooted in the public and it can supply affluent informations on special tourist attractions during short time relatively. Media can make the image of special objects and destinations recreated and viewers induced to the special places. Because of these positive effects, many countries and self governing bodies having tried place marketing through media have done their best to raise the image of their tourist attractions and induce a visit. So, most of studies about the effect relations between media and tourist attractions have been done about the confirmation of the impact relation between media and the image raising of tourist attractions and between media and the tourists's visit inducement. This study reconfirms the results of the existing studies and confirms whether the difference of media program genre causes that of the impact relation between media and the image raising of tourist attractions and between media and the tourists's visit inducement. In order to confirm these purposes, 3 assumptions are established and are proved through statistical analyses based on a questionnaire. According to the results of these analyses, all of 3 established assumptions : assumption 1, the impact relation between media program genres and the image of tourist attraction, assumption 2, the impact relation between the image of tourist attractions and behavior intention, and assumption 3, the impact relation between media program genres and behavior intention, are partly accepted.

양방향기능의 보완으로서 PVR(Personal Video Recorder)서비스 분석: 위성방송사례를 중심으로

방송통신융합을 통해 양방향 기능이 방송에서 차지하는 비중이 점차 확장되고 있지만, 위성방송의 경우 양방향 기능이 IPTV나 케이블TV에 비해 뒤쳐져 이에 대한 전략적 서비스로 PVR이 도입되었다. 본 연구는 위성방송가입자들의 PVR 이용행태분석을 통해 현재 도입되고 있는 클라우드 PVR의 주력 서비스 방향에 실증적 정보를 제공하고자 하였다. 위성방송가입자들의 PVR 이용분석 결과, 주된 PVR 이용기능은 '시간대 이동(time-shifting)'으로 나타났으며, PVR의 이용이 많은 이용자일수록 TV 시청량이 증가하는 것으로 분석되었다. 또한 PVR이 방송프로그램을 시청하는데 있어 장르의 집중(concentration)보다는 다양화(diversification)를 가져오는 것으로 나타났다. 결과적으로 PVR의 활성화는 온에어 방송의 시청시간을 자유롭게 변경함으로써 TV이용의 증가 및 다양한 장르의 시청유도에 긍정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되었다. With the help of information technology, PVR has been evaluated as an innovative device that brings epochal changes for program selection and convenience of receivers with the convergence between broadcasting and telecommunication. Satellite broadcasters introduced PVR service to strengthen its interactive function. This study analyzed PVR user behavior and how it changed the existing TV viewing behavior through satellite subscribers. The results revealed that PVR subscribers mainly used it for time shifting like VCR use. FUrthermore, heavy PVR users watched TV more than on average and enjoyed a divers genre of programs. This study provides scholarly implication for PVR using behavior and its effects and its useful information for contents and marketing strategy to help PVR service popularization.

A new television audience measurement framework using smart devices

Television audience measurement is intended to collect information on the audiences watching a specific television program at a particular time. This information is crucial for television broadcasters and advertisers because they need to provide right television programs and commercials to right audiences to maximize their investments in broadcasting. For accurate measurements, a panel of representative audiences must be selected judiciously so that it accurately represents the entire target audience group. However, it is hard to secure a proper number of target audiences due to the expensive and cumbersome installations of measurement equipments. To resolve this issue in panel selection, we propose a novel television audience measurement framework using pervasive smart devices such as a smartphone. In the proposed framework, a short audio signal from a television set is recorded by a personal smart device and is sent to an audio matching server for the identification of the television program shown by the television set. For effective identification, we propose an accurate audio matching algorithm based on spectral coherence and efficient implementation techniques that exploit the inherent parallelism in the algorithm. To verify the plausibility of the framework and the effectiveness of the audio matching algorithm, we conduct experiments with diverse genres of television programs under various recording conditions.

Twitter analysis algorithms for Intelligence Circulation System

The convergence of broadcasting and broadband communications network technologies has attracted increasing attention as a means to enrich the television viewing experience of viewers. Toward this end, this study proposes the `Intelligence Circulation System (ICS)', which provides several services, by using newly developed algorithms for analysing Twitter messages. Twitter users often post messages about on-air TV programmes. ICS obtains viewer responses from tweets without requiring any new infrastructure or changes in users' habits or behaviours, and it generates and provides several outputs to heterogeneous devices based on the analysis results. The algorithms--designed by considering the characteristics of Twitter messages about TV programmes--use auxiliary programme information, similarity between messages, and time series of messages. An evaluation of our algorithms using Twitter messages about all programme genres for a month showed that the accuracy of topic extraction was 85 % for an emphasis on quality (with 56 % of messages processed) and 65 % for an emphasis on quantity (with 95 % of messages processed). The accuracy of message sentimental classification was 66 %. We also describe social recommendation services using the analysis result. We have created a Social TV site for a large-scale field trial, and we have analysed users' behaviours by comparing four types of social recommendation services on it. The experimental result shows that active and passive communication users had different needs with regard to the recommendations. ICS can generate recommendations for satisfying the needs of both user types by using the analysis result of Twitter messages.

The Acceptance of TV Islamic Reality Shows by the Malay Community

Reality television has become increasingly popular since the past few years among viewers and television producers alike due to their own individual reasons. This study tries to understand the acceptance of the reality television, specifically, the genre of Islamic reality television shows among the Malay community. This is a quantitative study, which uses the survey method with questionnaire as the research instrument. The research targets at Malays from the age of 13 years old and above, nationwide. The study will include the level of TV viewing habits among the Malay community, the knowledge about Islamic reality show, the perception and attitude towards these programs, the reasons for watching and the satisfaction gained from watching, as well as involvement and change on the heavy viewers. Currently, a pilot study has been conducted and the full-fledged study is expected to be carried out at the end of March 2012. Communication students from different levels of programme were initially used as the starting point for the data collection. They, in turn, were asked to find other Malays, within or outside the university, from both urban and rural areas. A total 500 questionnaires are being distributed. The reliability of the questionnaire has been tested and amendments have been done for the full-fledged questionnaire. The study incorporated the uses and gratifications theory (Blumler and Katz, 1974) to understand the motives and satisfaction derived from watching Islamic reality TV. The study also tries to test the cultivation theory (Gerbner, 1986) for the heavy viewers of the Islamic reality show on their perception, attitude and behavior. The data will be analyzed using SPSS WIN 16 for descriptive statistics and inferential statistics to answer the objectives of the study and to test its hypotheses. Preliminary findings suggest that the majority of respondents have viewed an Islamic reality show; with Imam Muda as the most popular TV Islamic reality show. They believe that the program genre is good and educational in nature. The main reason for watching it is the Islamic nature and the positive learning experience gained. The respondents also stated that watching TV Islamic reality show improved their Islamic knowledge and practices. Based on the findings, it is suggested that relevant authorities take appropriate strategies to ensure that TV Islamic reality show remains relevant, fun and up-to-date with current issues for the viewers to gain new knowledge and to reinforce that their existing knowledge and practices.

Influence of Television Programs Genre on Violent Behaviour among Young Children

Aims: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between television program genre and aggression behaviour in primary school students. Study Design: Cross sectional design. Place and Duration of Study:The current study conducted in the five provinces of Iran which selected trough a multi -stage random sampling from different geographical areas comprising of North, South, West, East and central area of Iran during September and December, 2011. Methodology: Four hundred twenty four primary students from different grades (grade one to five) were recruited in study. This survey investigated whether exposure to television program type was related to chi ldren's use of social aggression that explored using Buss Perry standard questionnaire. Results:The results of the survey revealed a significant relationship between watching

Validity of Adults’ Retrospective Memory for Early Television Viewing

Two studies examined the validity of adults’ retrospective memory for remote past television viewing. In both studies, participants between 18 and 22 years of age reported their past viewing levels for primetime TV series from 10 years, five years, and one year prior to testing. Validity of those remote memories was assessed via examination of ecological viewing patterns, as well as testing memory for program content. In both studies, people reported expected naturalistic, selective, and logically consistent TV viewing patterns. In Study 1, participants’ cued recall of basic content from a random selection of programs was a clear positive function of reported past viewing levels for those programs. In Study 2, memory for program content was assessed in recognition format, and again was a positive function of reported past viewing levels. Further evidence of validity of past viewing reports was found in predicted developmental trends, namely, viewing levels increased across years, in later time slots, and for more adult program genres. Overall, findings indicated valid reporting of early TV viewing, with implications for retrospective designs for investigating long term relationships between early TV exposure and later adult characteristics.

Context-aware personalized program guide based on neural network

When number of available items surpasses the users' ability to browse them in a reasonable time, personalized recommender systems are used to assist the users to find the items that would match their interests. In this paper, the design of a context-aware recommender system for digital TV is described. Available programs are represented by their features in the adjacent vector space and genre transform is applied to reduce its dimension. Single-hidden layer feedforward neural network is used as a classifier tool which estimates whether certain program is of substantial interest to the observed user; this network is fed with the data on both program genre and the temporal context related to the user's watching habits. Special attention is paid to choosing an efficient network training algorithm and unobtrusive user feedback scheme. Good performances of the proposed system are verified through a series of experiments. It is shown that context information speeds the learning process up and reduces the so-called cold start phase without compromising the accuracy of the delivered recommendations.

Magic Windows and the Serious Life: Rituals and Community in Early American Local Television

This historical study addresses the social impact of early local television by examining the ritual aspects of its now-extinct entertainment programming genres. The study assimilates several theories of ritual and collective memory to explain how this programming shaped the daily lives of television viewers in postwar America. It examines both the nature and form of this programming and how viewers remember it, largely via Internet-based tribute venues. This perspective helps better explain how such programming created a sense of community among technologically determined viewing audiences, and why it continues to structure the collective and individual memories of former viewers.

Separation by Television Program: Understanding the Targeting of Political Advertising in Presidential Elections

Although conventional wisdom suggests that imbalanced message flows are relatively rare in presidential campaigns, this view relies on the assumption that competing campaigns allocate their advertising similarly. In this research, we show that this assumption is false. We combine ad tracking data from the Wisconsin Advertising Project with a unique collection of survey data on the audience for various program genres. Examining advertising in the 2000, 2004, and 2008 U.S. presidential races, we find that the Republican and Democratic candidates distributed their advertising differently across different program genres, reaching different types of voters. A form of microtargeting has increasingly entered into the realm of political advertising buys. We find that who sees certain political ads is more nonrandom than scholars had previously thought, and we find that unbalanced message flows (a precondition for ad persuasion) are more prevalent than conventional wisdom has suggested.

Broadcasters legislative and genres of programming in Brazil

Estuda os gêneros de programação da TV Câmara e da TV Senado, ambas mantidas pelo Poder Legislativo Federal, a partir de uma análise mais abrangente sobre as matrizes culturais dos gêneros de programação televisiva na América Latina. Os dados empíricos, referentes à programação das duas emissoras, são discutidos à luz dos conceitos de autores alinhados aos estudos culturais, especialmente aqueles que tomam a televisão latino-americana como objeto de estudo. Conclui que a programação das duas emissoras mescla elementos herdados das duas principais matrizes dos gêneros televisivos na América Latina: a matriz simbólico-dramática (que prioriza as imagens e a polarização de conflitos) e a matriz racional-iluminista (que enfatiza o debate público e conteúdos para estimular a reflexão). Palavras-chave: América Latina; Brasil; gêneros televisivos; TV Câmara.

Brand placement in scripted and non-scripted Belgian and US programs on Belgian prime time television

Based on an extensive literature review into the characteristics of brand placements and their possible link to placement effectiveness, a brand placement coding framework is developed which, besides program genre and origin, registers the frequency and presence of three essential brand placement characteristics: (1) modality type; (2) prominence level; and (3) plot connection level. As such, this coding instrument can serve as a starting point for future effectiveness research. To explore the cross-cultural relevance of brand placement, a content analysis of one week of prime time television programs broadcasted in Flanders was conducted to examine the differences in frequency and type of brand placements between scripted and non-scripted US and Flemish (Dutch-speaking Belgian) television programs. While no differences concerning frequency were observed, types of brand placement differed significantly between program genres and countries of origin. Flemish marketers more often place their brands in scripted programs, while American marketers seek out placement opportunities in non-scripted programs more often. Overall, American marketeers integrate their brands more professionally in television content than Flemish marketeers, no matter the program genre. An agenda for future research is presented.

Television Co-Viewing in Mexico: An Assessment on People Meter Data

Television co-viewing is a frequent behavior with important social and economic implications. This study proposes a measure of co-viewing on people meter panel data, tests it on a data set in Mexico, and uses it to explore co-viewing. Individual differences in psychographics, program genres and co-viewing of the lead-in programs were discovered as antecedents to co-viewing. Results indicate as well that co-viewing leads to increased watching time and reduced channel browsing, and this effect interacts with group composition. These findings provide further support for the social uses of television theoretical framework, and shed light on the inheritance effects in continuous programs.

Are You Following Me? A Content Analysis of TV Networks’ Brand Communication on Twitter

This study provides a content analysis of television networks’ relational messages on Twitter by employing Bales’s interaction process analysis method. It also explores the phenomena of information diffusion and influence through retweeting behavior. The findings show that television networks employed more task than socioemotional communication across program genres, but suggestions were the most frequently used message content. In addition, more positive than negative socioemotional messages appeared, and socioemotional messages were retweeted more often than task-oriented messages. In response to the ever-changing media marketplace, this study extends the scope of current media branding research and suggests managerial implications for networks’ brand management and relationship-building efforts through social networking sites.

Correlating a Motivation-Activation Measure With Media Preference

This study investigates the relationship between individual differences in motivational system responsiveness and preferences for media genres and programming types. The Motivation Activation Measure (MAM) indexed the trait appetitive and aversive motivation system activation of 206 college-aged participants who subsequently responded to self-report scales designed to measure likelihood to use specific genres of television programming, radio formats, and video games. Predictions were made for the correlation between genre preferences and MAM scores based on a dual-activation model of motivational systems. Results suggest that initial media-selection behaviors may be predicted by conceptualizing genres according to their appeal from motivationally based attributes.

Exchange and interconnection in US network radio: A reinterpretation of the 1938 War of the Worlds broadcast

This article offers a revision of the dominant reading of the 1938 War of the Worlds radio play as an unparalleled example of media power and radio artistry. Analyses of both the sound-text of the broadcast and audience responses collected afterwards show that War of the Worlds – like a number of other radio programme genres – explored the possibility of two-way communication in national network radio. The play celebrated radio's ability to coordinate multiple communication media and create a 'constant communicative presence' in which the listener was a central part. Although many audience members were frightened or disturbed by the broadcast, we argue that the primary audience response was to communicate with others through social and technologically mediated networks. Listeners drew on these networks to interrogate the meaning of the broadcast, share information with family and friends and 'talk back' to the media.

Gender Differences in Adolescents’ Wishful Identification With Scientist Characters on Television

Adolescents’ wishful identification with televised scientist characters was examined as related to interactions among the following variables: gender of participant, gender of scientist character, program genre, and selected character attributes. Findings indicated some gender differences in adolescents’ wishful identification with scientist characters they viewed on television. Boys showed more wishful identification with male scientist than with female scientist characters for all character attributes, and girls showed more wishful identification with female scientist than with male scientist characters portrayed dominant or as working alone. Both girls and boys showed more wishful identification with scientist characters in drama programs than for those in cartoon and educational programs across all character attributes. Both girls and boys showed more wishful identification for some character attributes depending on the program genre viewed. Implications of these findings for producers of television programs and other media are discussed related to efforts to encourage adolescent girls’ interest in science careers.

Beautiful images in spectacular clarity: spectacular television, landscape programming and the question of (tele)visual pleasure

In establishing television's difference from cinema, scholars have too quickly dismissed the medium's spectacular qualities. Arguments about television which emphasize comparison with cinema typically position the medium as visually inefficient, sound-led and lacking in visual detail. Theories of television's distracted viewership also understand television as anti-spectacular, and, as Mimi White has argued, ‘the emphasis on the temporality of liveness on television (immediacy, interruption) distracts from consideration of the medium's spatial articulations’. It is these articulations, in the form of the spectacle of landscape on television, which this essay addresses. Considering the recent cycle of ‘landscape programming’ on British television, this essay explores television's spectacular aesthetic. An analysis is offered of the pictorial qualities of programmes such as Coast (BBC2/1, 2005-), A Picture of Britain (BBC1, 2005), Wainwright Walks (Skyworks for BBC4, 2007), Britain's Favourite View (ITV1, 2007) and Britain from Above (Lion for BBC1, 2008), and visual pleasure on television. It is argued that these programmes presume a contemplative mode of viewing more traditionally associated with the spectacular in other media (landscape painting, film). Whilst rejecting a technologically determinist argument about the rise of HD shooting and viewing technologies and the advent of this genre of programming (particularly through attention to the history of this genre), these recent programmes are understood as post-digital revolution television. This is simultaneously ‘slow television’ which allows for a contemplative gaze on spectacular ‘natural’ landscapes, and also a heavily-CGI'd cycle of programming which draws on a ‘Google Earth’ aesthetic to produce a frenzy of dazzling cartography, showcasing the spectacle of ‘new’ technologies.

Predictors of Localism in Public Television Scheduling in the United States

In the United States, public television claims itself a champion of localism. A prime-time schedule analysis of the Public Broadcasting Service's (PBS) member stations establishes localism scores, and discriminant analysis finds variables that predict differences among stations. Market level variables (income, education, ethnic diversity, geographic component) and organizational level variables (Community Service Grants, membership funding, overall revenue) affect localization of member stations' schedules. This is the first empirical study utilizing a structural operationalization of localism, inclusive of all programming genres, applied to PBS member stations.

Health‐related content in Australian television advertising

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the proportions of health‐related content in non‐program time on Australian television, and how this relates to channel, product category, program genre and whether it is an advertisement or public service announcement (PSA).Design/methodology/approachAustralian prime time television was recorded across three commercial television stations in Sydney. Non‐program content (NPC) was coded according to the channel, program genre, length of content and product advertised. In total, 44 hours of programming was recorded.FindingsNot surprisingly, significant differences were found in the percentage of health‐related content between advertisements (22 percent) and PSAs (67 percent). Again unsurprisingly there was also a significant relationship between the product category and health‐related content (χ2=366.601, p=0.000), but also between health‐related content and program genre (χ2=20.594, p=0.024), particularly situation comedies (31 percent) and sport (15 percent). No difference was found in the percentage of health‐related content between the channels.Research limitations/implicationsDifferences existing in the amount of NPC across program genre suggest that viewers of programs with high rates of health‐related content in advertising may have higher exposure to product dependant health information.Originality/valueHealth information is examined in a general sample without focus on particular demographics or health topics and the role of program genre is investigated.