Sales Profitability Research Articles

Analisis Peningkatan Efektivitas Lean Production Management pada CV Kopi Banyuatis di Singaraja

CV Pusaka Bali Persada Kopi Banyuatis (KB) is an industry that processes raw coffee beans into various ready-to-consume coffee products. CV KB experienced a number of problems that had an impact on decreasing competitiveness, such as; production activities not efficient, the occurrence of waste, care and maintenance of machines is less attention. This study aims to (1) identify waste problems and determine priority efforts for handling waste in the CV KB, and (2) analyze the increase in the effectiveness of lean production management in the CV KB. The method used is the analysis of AHP and TPM (5S work culture, eight pillars, and OEE). The results of the identification and analysis carried out, set priorities for handling waste defect (0,367) and over-processing (0,239). The increase in LPM is based on OEE calculations during January to March 2022, which is predicted to increase by 13,04 percent with availability values of 11,32 percent, performance 8,44 percent, and quality 1,57 percent. The prediction of the increase in OEE value that occurs when associated with the total sales obtained by the industry, can result in a prediction of an increase in sales profit of Rp1.552.662,800 for all products sold in 500 g packaging as many as 1890 pcs. CV KB can focus on improving the priority of handling waste, as well as maintaining the quality of machines and production facilities to increase the effectiveness of LPM.

Activities of the precision farming demonstration site

Precision farming is a new technology-based approach to agricultural management that observes, measures and analyzes the needs of specific fields and crops. The introduction of high performance systems can help farmers become more competitive by reducing production costs. The goal is to solve the issues of financial and economic activities of demonstration site on the use of accurate maps of fields with all their characteristics. Methods – economic and statistical, factor analysis, mathematical modeling. Results – economic justification for the activities of scientific and technical program "Transfer and adaptation of technologies for precision farming in production of crop products on the principle of "demonstration farms (polygons)" in the Akmola region" is presented based on data from the activity of production and demonstration site of precision farming RPCGF A.I. Baraev for 2018-2020; method for determining the indicators of efficiency and financial solvency of enterprise in the system of precision farming is proposed; investment financial and economic model of demonstration site was developed and implemented. Conclusions – in the RPCGF A.I. Baraev, the average yield of spring wheat for 2015-2017 amounted to 13.9 c/ha, 2018-2019 - 18.9 c/ha, increase of 36%. For 2018-2019 for spring wheat, the profitability of sales was at the level of 25.9%, profitability of production was 50.9%, which is 2-3 times higher than in 2015-2017. The economic effect will come in the 7th year of operation of this exemplary complex, taking into account the allocated subsidies, in their absence, the project will pay off in the 9th year of using this platform. The net present value of a start-up with and without subsidies is negative, which means that the site does not cover the costs for 10 years of operation, taking into account discounted rates. In this regard, the authors draw attention to the need to improve the existing measures of public support for the system of regulation of crop productivity.

Definition of royalties in license agreements: criteria, approaches and data sources

In the article, the author examines the problems associated with the justification of the cost of the license agreement, which provides for royalty payments. The solution to this problem is aimed at improving the management of intellectual property in Russian high-tech companies to ensure the technological sovereignty of the country. The purpose of the study is to determine criteria, approaches and data sources for calculating royalties for subsequent use when concluding license agreements for the disposal of rights to the results of intellectual activity of the company. Methods used in writing the article: methods of empirical research (comparison, collection and study of data from various sources), comparative and statistical analysis, synthesis of theory and practice in the field of intellectual property valuation. The author has identified the following criteria for the accrual of royalties: (1) scientific and practical orientation of the approaches and methods used; (2) relevance and availability of information when calculating royalties; (3) simplicity of procedures and objectivity of the results obtained. The following approaches to determining royalty rates are considered in detail: (1) the approach of "industry standards" (the method of standard royalty rates), based on the search for published ranges of royalty rates obtained by statistical methods; (2) the market approach (the method of analogues), based on the search and analysis of similar contracts, information on which is available; (3) the calculation approach (the Novoseltsev method), involving the derivation of royalty rates based on the licensor's share of the licensee's profit and the profitability of production and sale of products under the license. The main sources of information used in valuation practice to determine the range of royalty rates are analyzed, their advantages and disadvantages are given. The results obtained will allow companies to make informed decisions when concluding license agreements in terms of determining the amount of royalties, the accrual base and royalty rates, taking into account the specifics of the result of intellectual activity.

Analisis dan Perancangan E-Commerce Mitra Dolanan Store Guna Meningkatkan Layanan Penjualan dengan Metode Extreme Programming

Mitra Dolanan Store is a company engaged in the retail of children's toys. However, the shop is still not supported with good facilities. As in the case of data processing goods and customers still use a system that is less efficient. Likewise in the marketing system in this store, they still do offline marketing by making banners and posters that are installed in front of the store. In this study, the method used in system design is the Extreme Programming method. The Extreme Programming method has the first stage of planning (Planning), then the second is designing (Design), then the third is coding (Coding), and finally the fourth is testing (Testing). These problems must be supported by implementing a system with structured and computerized functions in sales and purchases which is expected to assist shop owners in increasing their business activities. So we need an E-Commerce on a website-based Dolanan Store Partner. Through this web application, it can help Dolanan Store Partners eliminate competition between sellers and can be a special attraction for customers while helping to increase sales profits.

Meta-analysis of the potential of Kazakhstani pork in the global market of meat products: Problems and prospects.

Pig farming is integral in developing Kazakhstan's animal husbandry as it has shown rapid growth in profit and a high turnover. Industrial pig products have significant global demand, particularly in China and Russia. However, as pig farming is a small-scale industry with insufficient mechanization and automation in Kazakhstan, the costs have increased while the quality of Kazakhstani pig products has decreased due to the simultaneous influx of cheap imported pork into the domestic market. This study aimed to analyze the export potential of the swine industry in the Republic of Kazakhstan and assess its impact on the global pork market. A meta-analysis of open sources was conducted for the period 1990-2020, while forecasting was extended to 2025. Statistical methods for the analysis (construction of time series with equal intervals, calculation, interpretation of average values, and growth rates) were used. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to study the dependence of the productivity of pigs on the category of the pig farming enterprise to establish the relationship between the average live weight of one head of pigs and the share of pigs in agricultural enterprises in the total number of pigs. The polynomial smoothing method was used, and a trend line was built, forecasting the number of pigs in Kazakhstan, the production and sale of pig products, along with their cost and profitability. This study briefly characterizes the developing situation of the global pork market. We identified and evaluated the development trends in Kazakh pig farming in terms of their impact on the industry's export potential. Specifically, we determined the following trends: An increase in the actual and projected number of pigs; a decrease in the natural loss of pigs during 2014-2020; the growth of existing and forecast indicators of pork sales in the domestic market; a steady decrease in the share of pigs in small households and an increase in the share of pigs in peasant farms and agricultural enterprises; an increase in the dynamics of the productivity of the pig population; and the growth of actual and predicted profitability of production and sale of pig products. We discussed the main problems that hinder the entry of Kazakhstani pork into the global market: Small-scale farming, insufficient mechanization and automation, and inadequate financial support from the state and banking structures. First, small-scale farming (deduced from the number of pigs by the farm categories) has hampered the small farms' independent manufacture and use of feed grain (i.e., barley, which is abundant in Kazakhstan), which might reduce costs. Moreover, small-scale farms struggle to comply with the waste disposal rules for pig production and environmental safety norms, which limit the export potential of Kazakhstani pork. Second, insufficient mechanization and automation in feeding and breeding (i.e., use of resource-saving technologies) result in inadequate productivity, decreased competitiveness, and failure to meet global standards. Third, insufficient financial support in the form of grants allocated to purposes other than selection and breeding limits the overall development of Kazakhstani pig farming. The positive dynamics of the main development indicators of Kazakhstani pig farming efficiently assess the industry's export potential, according to the country's leading academic specialists and practitioners in the agricultural sector, especially in light of the difficult epizootic situation. This provides abundant opportunities for export supplies in the global meat market. These indicators include the number of pigs, its natural decline, and structure by farm categories. They also include the production, sale, and profitability of production of pig products and the productivity of pigs. As China and Russia currently have a massive shortage of this product in the domestic markets, they are potential importers of Kazakh pork.

Analisis Manajemen Risiko Keuangan Industri dengan Tinjauan Evaluasi Total Productive Maintenance Studi Kasus di PT ABC

PT ABC revenue system in competing with competitors as a global fertilizer supplier, has led to a shift to focus on higher sales levels. Based on the review Total Productive Maintenance , the researcher found that the level of loss from the burden of repairing the operational costs of the APPO machine affects the level of company profitability. Due to damage to the blades and filters the engine creates a discharge load in the short term. The company must emphasize supervision with a minimum standard limit of MTBF, MTTR, and MDT figures for each type of damage. Namely, the broken blade resulted in MTBF of days, MTTR of 30 minutes and MDT of 32 minutes, while the filter was damaged with results of MTBF of 9 days, MTTR of 11 minutes, and MDT of 5 minutes. The damage that occurs is found to be forcing the machine's performance to be irregular and not maintained, when the production and post-production processes will be carried out. Another thing that the researcher revealed in this finding is that the amount of load on the APPO machine must be adjusted to the upper threshold limit for the raw materials to be processed. Because if this continues to happen in order to pursue sales targets and high demand, it is said that the level of machine maintenance losses will dominate profits, as well as sales profits.

Sustainable Development Solutions for the Medical Waste Problem Using Thermal Plasmas

Waste-to-energy (WTE) conversion is a vital process in the Middle East, especially in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), which is considered sustainable development for the environmental strategic project. Previous publications dealt with the environmentally friendly plasma treatment of wastes such as municipal waste, scrap tire waste, plastic waste, and grey water, using thermal plasmas produced by the cornerstone part of plasma reactors, namely the air plasma torch. In the present paper, with a view to energy recovery from medical waste, the thermodynamic properties of air plasma torches with a flow rate of air ranging from 10 mg/s to 30 mg/s and plasma jet temperatures ranging from 1500 °C to 5000 °C were investigated; these include power loss, enthalpy, plasma flux, and torch efficiency variation with plasma input power and air flow rate. The measured electrothermal efficiency of the plasma torch is in the range of 42% to 80% and increases with the increasing input power and gas flow rate. In Makkah, the number of beds in the hospitals is 10,500; the average annual weight of the medical waste in the hospitals is 2835 × 103 t, with an extracted amount of pyrolysis oil equivalent to 2268 × 103 t and an equivalent energy of 90 × 109 M J. In the proposed plasma treatment project, the amount of diesel oil after the distillation process will reach up to 1928 × 103 t, with an estimated sale profit of the electricity reaching up to 21 × 106 MW·h. The sale profit of pyrolysis oil in 2022 reaches up to USD 34.44 million, and the sale profit of electricity extracted by using the diesel oil in 2022 reaches up to USD 1020 million for households and USD 1445 million for factories.

Development of sour milk products based on goat's milk on the example of yoghurt with dietary fiber

The work is devoted to the development of sour milk products based on goat’s milk using the example of yoghurt with dietary fiber (DF). Gum arabic (0.3, 0.7, and 1%) and bamboo fiber concentrate (BFC) with concentrations of 5, 7 and 10% were used as dietary fiber. According to organoleptic, physicochemical and microbiological indicators, two samples of yoghurt with DF were selected, namely: with gum arabic (0.3%) and BFC (5%). It was shown that in terms of physicochemical parameters (acidity, mass fraction of sugar, dry matter content, and kinematic viscosity), these experimental yoghurt samples slightly differed from the control, but corresponded to the standards specified in the regulatory documentation. It was found that the addition of gum arabic contributed to an increase in the protein content in samples 1.1–1.3 by 0.25; 0.57; 0.79%, respectively. It was also noted that the amount of carbohydrates increased in samples 1.1 – 1.3 by 4.44; 10.44; 14.89%, respectively, while there was no change in the amount of fats in these prototypes. With the addition of bamboo fibers, the level of proteins and fats increased in experimental samples 2.1 – 2.3 by 0.71; 1.00; 1.43%, respectively, and by 0.40; 0.56; 0.80%, respectively. Our calculations of economic efficiency showed that the profitability of sales of our yoghurts made with goat’s milk with the addition of DF was 50%, and the profit from the sale of our products was 9,254.05 thousand rubles per year. Thus, a technology was developed for the preparation of yoghurts on goat’s milk with DF for introduction into catering

Sailing through the storm – performance of Russian manufacturing subsidiaries of multinational corporations in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic

ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to depict the performance of Russian manufacturing subsidiaries of multinational corporations during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Using a unique handcrafted database of financial reports from 259 subsidiaries for 2019 and 2020, we retraced three indicators of business robustness: the dynamics of revenues, positive profitability, and the level of financial solvency. Most of the studied subsidiaries (85%) were able to withstand the crisis and maintain satisfactory financial solvency. Revenues decreased in 2020 to 40% of the studied subsidiaries, and the share of loss-making subsidiaries reached 31%. However, more than 40% of the studied subsidiaries achieved both an increase in revenues and positive profitability of sales in 2020. In this respect we may assess the level of ‘ownership advantage’ of multinational corporations regarding assisting their subsidiaries to achieve different elements of business robustness during the pandemic.

Promoting the Diffusion of New Energy Vehicles under Dual Credit Policy: Asymmetric Competition and Cooperation in Complex Network

This study aims to investigate the impact of dual credit policy on the diffusion of new energy vehicles (NEVs) from the perspective of complex interactions among heterogeneous manufacturers. Thus, the market competition and credit cooperation relationships, constituting the complex interrelated system in NEV diffusion, are considered in this paper. To this end, we established a double-layer complex network to depict the asymmetric competition and cooperation structure, and developed an evolution game model on network, revealing the diffusion rule and trend of NEVs among manufacturers. Simulation results show that the existence of credit cooperation relationship can effectively improve the diffusion of NEVs, especially when implementing cooperative strategy that prioritizes helping manufacturers with low sale profits. Such a cooperative strategy is effective for maintaining high diffusion of NEVs even under low NEV credit’s trading price. Meanwhile, the monopoly competitive structure characterized by scale free is harmful to NEV diffusion. However, credit cooperation can eliminate the by-effect of monopoly structure greatly by adopting the strategy of distributing by sale profits. In addition, manufacturers are advised to learn from their competitors during the evolutionary process, which should be the focus of manufacturers to maximize the NEV diffusion under small world competitive structure.

Apakah Ukuran Perusahaan Sebagai Variabel Moderasi?

This study aims to examine whether firm size can moderate the relationship, profitability and level of sales to profit growth in consumption sector manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesian stock exchange for the 2018-2020 period. The sampling technique using purposive sampling obtained 11 companies that meet the research criteria. This research is a panel analysis of regression data using a eviews 12. The results showed that the model that was suitable for this study was to use commond effects compared to other models. The size of the company cannot be used as a moderating variable on the relationship between profitability, liquidity and sales growth on profit growth.

Research on the Complexity of Oligopoly Game under Business Interruption Insurance of the Engineering Project

The convenience of business interruption insurance enables the manufacturer to develop direct channels. This dissertation discusses the price decision of duopoly manufacturers by considering the business interruption risk and the price game model of duopoly manufacturers under business interruption insurance, so that the duopoly manufacturers can produce alternative products and finally sell them to consumers. By using game theory and complex dynamics theory, combined with the numerical simulation method, the result shows that when the decision variable adjustment speed of the manufacturer is too fast, the system will fall into a state of chaos and disorder, and the introduction of business interruption insurance will increase the manufacturer’s optimal sales price and profit. It has a certain reference value to the risk management when the manufacturer faces the risk.

BORSA İSTANBUL’DA İŞLEM GÖREN GAYRİMENKUL FİRMALARININ RASYOLAR ARACILIĞIYLA FİNANSAL ANALİZİ ve SEKTÖRÜN GENEL OLARAK DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Ekonominin itici kuvveti olarak görülen gayrimenkul sektörünün içinde bulunduğumuz yıllarda hem pandemi hem de ekonomik kriz dönemi açısından ne durumda olduğunun incelenmesi amacıyla BIST de işlem gören gayrimenkul firmalarının mali tablolarına göre rasyo analizine tabi tutularak kısa vadeli finansal risk, finansal yapı, verimlilik ve karlılık açısından değerlemesi yapılmış ve bu konuda araştırmacılara bir fikir vermesi amaçlanmıştır. 
 Sonuç olarak EDİP gayrimenkul ve Yeşil Yapı’nın kısa vadeli likidite riskleri yüksek olduğu ama genelde gayrimenkul sektörünün kısa vadeli finansal riskinin az oldu ifade edilebilinir. Gayrimenkul firmalarının finansal yapıları için DAP gayrimenkul ve EDİP Gayrimenkul firmaları haricinde tüm gayrimenkul firmalarının toplam borçlar karşısında özsermayeleri ve toplam aktifler içinde özsermaye paylarının oldukça iyi olduğu söylenebilir. Firmaların satışlar yoluyla verimliliği analizinde en önemli rasyolardan biri de aktif devir hızıdır. Aktif devir hızına bakıldığında İHLAS Gayrimenkul, Yeşil Yapı, KUYAŞ Yatırım ve ENKA İnşaat’a 2019/2021 yılları arasında özellikle 2021 yılına yaklaşırken net satışların %100’ler ve üstünde artışların aktif artışların üstünde olması nedeniyle aktif devir hızını arttırdığını ancak yeterli düzeyde olmadığını görmektedir. Bunun sebebi olarak da aktif tutarlarının net satış tutarlarının çok üzerinde olmasıdır. EDİP Gayrimenkul ve DAP Gayrimenkul ’de ise aktif artışlarının özellikle 2021’de net satışların çok üstünde olması nedeniyle düşüş göstermektedir. Karlılık rasyoları bakımından incelenen gayrimenkul firmalarının ortalamalarını bakılırsa net satış kârlılığının 2019 ve 2020’de negatif olduğunu ancak 2021’de 0,31’lere çıktığı görülmektedir. Özsermaye kârlılığının ise negatif olduğu ancak 2021 yılında 0,46’ya geldiği görülmektedir ancak bunun özsermaye yetersizliğinden oluştuğuna hatırlatmakta fayda vardır. Özsermaye kârlılığı ise eksi ortalamalardan pozitif sonuçlara ve 2021 yılında 0,07’ye çıkmıştır.

The Urgency of Determining Accurate Costing Methods in the Cost of Goods Manufactured

The mechanism for determining product cost is a crucial factor because it can impact sales volume and profit. One of the control mechanisms in determining the cost of goods manufactured is to use the concept of accurate costing. Thus, this study aim to analysis the use of an accurate costing method to minimize errors in determining the cost of goods manufactured. This study uses a literature review with charting the field technique. The results show that each method of assigning costs has its accuracy according to the type of cost charged to the product. Direct costs are assigned to cost objects by direct tracing. Meanwhile, costs that require driving activities are charged using driver tracing. Meanwhile, costs that do not have a causal relationship to the cost object are charged with allocation. The result shows that Activity Based Costing (ABC) is rated as the most accurate method. However, it should be noted that the accuracy of ABC depends on the ability of resources to identify cost drivers. Failure to identify cost drivers can be a boomerang that makes ABC's effectiveness lower than conventional methods.

Activities of Excise Supervision During the Introduction of State Sales of Alcoholic Beverages on the Left Bank of Ukraine at the End ХІХ – of the Early ХХ Century

The purpose of work is to analyze the activities of the excise departments of the Ministry of Finance of the Romanov Empire during the introduction of state sales of alcoholic beverages on the Left Bank of Ukraine in the late ХІХ – early ХХ centuries. On the basic of source materials of the end ХІХ – of the beginning of ХХ centuries, and archival documents of the State Archives of Sumy, Chernihiv and Kharkiv regions the activity of excise departments during the introduction of state sale of alcoholic beverages on the Left Bank of Ukraine at the end ХІХ – of the beginning of the ХХ centuries is characterized. It is analyzed that changes in the central office of the Ministry of Finance, which was engaged in indirect tax collection, also affected the activities of excise departments in the Ukrainian provinces of the Left Bank of Ukraine. Excise departments in the region have acquired greater regulatory powers regarding the taxation of taxable persons, increased the staff of excise agencies and increased cash expenditures on business operations of the departments, they formed new structures of officials subordinate to the Ministry of Finance. The poorly accounted reasons for the introduction of the state wine monopoly are highlighted, among which it is worth noting the chronicprotracted crisis of overproduction of the wine industry, which was not a side effect of the monopoly, but preceded it. It is noted that the profitability of state sales of alcohol is high and it has grown. On the other hand, the introduction of state sales of alcoholic beverages carried the risk of increasing dependence on drinking income of a significant part of the revenue side of the budget. It is also noted that the increase in profits from the circulation of alcoholic beverages was mainly due to increased taxation of production indicators of taxable entities, along with variations in purchase and distribution prices for raw alcohol and rectified alcohol, rather than an increase in alcohol consumption by the population. The introduction of state sale of alcohol had one of the least significant consequences, compared to the excise system of taxation of alcoholic beverages, the overpayment of the population, when drinking alcoholic beverages. When implementing the state wine monopoly of the territory of Chernihiv, Poltava and Kharkiv provinces, the excise supervisory authorities, taking into account the predominance of small-scale agricultural distilling in the deployment, were forced to guarantee the plants a minimum supply, given the size of the province`s factories. Due to the restriction of the alcohol trade on the Left Bank of Ukraine, the illegal sale of alcoholic beverages spread, which, despite the police measures of excise supervisors, could not be stopped. With the introduction of the wine monopoly, the consumption of spirits among the population decreased, as the reform changed the conditions of production and sales, but did not and could not affect the reasons for the consumption of spirits, as the reasons are derived from a number of social and cultural factors, these reasons do not depend on the trade in alcohol. Therefore, the impact of dry legislation on the Left Bank of Ukraine in the 1914–1917 years needs to be disclosed.

Improve Household Income Through Peking Duck Farming

Background: Community service was carried out to increase household income in the Serdang village, Curug district, Tangerang regency, by breeding and rearing Peking ducks. Contribution: Peking duck breeding and rearing farming is considered relatively low in maintenance, attainable ducklings, and affordable feed; while the problem of Peking duck breeding and rearing farming is the lack of capital. Method: The implementation methods consist of: the planning stage, the implementation stage, and the evaluation stage. Results: The result of this community service is the achievement of total 2,597.9 Kg of ready-to-sell Peking ducks, with the sales profit of Rp 17.950.750 per month. From the total of 1,100 heads initial ducklings reared the mortality rate of 91 occurred at the vulnerable age (5-15 days). Conclusion: By the end of the second season of community service, 3 (three) participants become self-suffcient Peking duck breeders

Corporate efficiency factors of the management system of oil and gas companies in Russia

The paper presents a factor analysis of the performance indicator of companies in the Russian oil and gas industry for 2014 and 2021. As a result of the analysis, it was revealed that the profitability of sales has the greatest impact on the change in the performance indicator of the industry. The classification of companies according to the degree of influence of factors on the change in the performance indicator has been compiled. The comparative analysis of factors of domestic and foreign companies was completed.

Generating More Hydroelecticity While Ensuring the Safety: Resilience Assessment Study for Bukhangang Watershed in South Korea

The recent integrated water management policy and carbon-neutral policy can be seen as a turning point that changed the major frameworks of water resource policy and energy policy in the world. Values of hydropower reservoirs, directly related to both policies, should be re-evaluated in terms of resilience. In the past, hydropower reservoirs in Korea have contributed both to flood control and to generating electricity when operating dams within the limited water level during flood seasons. Under such limited operations, the power loss would be inevitable. Therefore, in this study, the concept of resilience was introduced for application to the operation of the hydropower reservoir to minimize such power loss. Also, the framework was able to be used for evaluating power generation performance when setting the target function to the maximization of electricity sale profit. HEC-5 was used for deriving the optimal operation rule, and the scenario was established by referring to the procedure of the general multiple-reservoir operation plan in Korea. As a result of application to the proposed framework, the operation rule that produces the maximum amount of electricity sales was presented, and it was confirmed that flood control and water usage performance could additionally be evaluated. When comparing the past data with optimal operation results for the period 2006~2013, it was found that the resilient operation increased by about 19.83% in terms of electricity generation. In the near future, if various scenarios are added and economic analysis is accompanied, it will be able to judge the best economic effects and the least opportunity costs.

The Kentucky Fried Chicken Integrated Marketing Communications Mix Strategy and Its Sales Revenue, Profitability, and Market Share

The main objective of the study was to assess the level of effectiveness of KFC integrated marketing communications (IMC) mix strategy and its correlation to the marketing outcomes. The study specifically aimed to answer the following: (1) Profile of the respondents – customers and managers; (2) Assessment of the respondents on the effectiveness of IMC mix strategy of KFC in terms of the following aspects: Personal Selling, Non-Personal Selling, Direct Selling, Sales Promotion, Advertising, and Public Relations; (3) To answer whether there is a difference on the assessment of customers and managers on the effectiveness of IMC mix strategy; (4) To answer whether there is a difference on the assessment of customers and managers on the effectiveness of KFC IMC mix strategy when they are grouped by common profile; (5) To answer whether there is a difference on the assessment of customers on the effectiveness of KFC IMC mix strategy when they are grouped by profile; and (6) To answer whether there is a relationship between KFC IMC mix strategy and marketing outcomes. The design of this study is descriptive research which is aiming to record, describe, analyze, interpret and compare the facts, data and information gathered through survey about the IMC mix strategy of selected KFC stores in Metro Manila, questionnaires were distributed to the respondents. A total of five hundred fifteen (515) respondents had chosen using convenience sampling, consisting of customers and managers. Results showed the respondents’ assessment on the effectiveness of IMC mix strategy of KFC, the most effective among the elements is public relations while the least is sales promotion, over-all the IMC mix strategy of KFC is effective.

Effect of Patent Expiry on the Performance of Innovator Multinational Pharmaceutical Companies in a Low Middle Income Country

Patent expiry or loss of exclusivity exposes innovator pharmaceutical companies to changes in the market dynamics brought about by increased production of generics by rival companies after patent expiration. This current study focused on the effect of generic products manufacturing and competitive market pressures, price changes, and changes in sales volumes and profitability of innovator multinational pharmaceutical companies after patent expiry. The methodology of this study involved a descriptive survey design and utilized both qualitative and quantitative techniques for data collection, analysis, and presentation. Primary data were collected using the key informants' in-depth interviews and survey questionnaires. The top management, including regional managers, general managers, and directors of each of the eight companies participating in this study, were interviewed to gather the qualitative data. Thirty-six respondents comprising of Product Development Managers and Business Supervising Managers responded to a survey questionnaire through purposive sampling. Findings depicted a significant effect of patent expiry on the generic production and subsequent decline in the performance of multinational innovator companies in the pharmaceutical industry. This study recommends that multinational innovator companies operating in low-income countries, such as Kenya, develop strategic policies to tap into the market by leveraging generic production through collaborative manufacturing with generic companies to share revenues.