Profile Of Diabetic Rats Research Articles

Positive Regulation of Rhizophora mucronata Poir Extracts on Blood Glucose and Lipid Profile in Diabetic Rats

Background: About, five percent of the population in the world has been clinically determined to have diabetes mellitus and considered as one of the principal reasons for death. The present research designed to assess the impact of Rhizophora mucronata leaves ethanolic extract (EtOH-Et) and its dichloromethane (DCM) and aqueous (Aq) fractions in diabetic rats. Methods: Extract and fractions of R. mucronata were determined qualitative and quantitative methods. Different dose (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg of body weight) of extract and fractions were administered intraperitoneally (I.P.) to the normal glycemic rats and their hypoglycemic effect determined for 24 h. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) was induced by single injection of streptozotocin (STZ; 60 mg/ kg; I.P.), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was induced by STZ (60 mg/kg; I.P.), after 15 min nicotinamide (120 mg/kg; I.P.). The optimum dose of 100 mg/kg body weight of extract and fractions was administrated to the rats orally for 14 days. The blood glucose level estimated on 0th, 7th, and 14th day. The level of serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and lipoprotein cholesterol were also evaluated on the 14th day. Results: The phytochemical results indicated alkaloids, flavonoids, and terpenoids present in the concentrates of R. mucronata. The content of alkaloids in DCM-F was present in high amount compared with ethanolic extract and an aqueous fraction. All the extract exhibited as non-toxic nature. DCM-F treated rats significantly reduced in blood glucose level (P<0.01), serum cholesterol (P<0.05) and triglycerides (P<0.05) levels whereas HDL-C level was found to be increased (P<0.05) as compared with the diabetic control of T1DM and T2DM. Conclusion: DCM-F of R. mucronata act as effective anti-hyperglycaemic and antihyperlipidemic agent in insulin dependent and non-insulin dependent diabetic rats.

Antidiabetic, antioxidant, antihyperlipidemic effect of extract of Euryale ferox salisb. with enhanced histopathology of pancreas, liver and kidney in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats.

BackgroundEthanolic extract of Euryale ferox salisb. (EFx) may have an effect on the activity of hepatic antioxidant enzymes, glycemic control and lipid profile and histopathology of pancreas, liver and kidney of streptozotocin (STZ)—induced diabetic wistar rats.MethodsWistar albino rats were divided into eight groups viz. non-diabetic (normal control), diabetic control (STZ-induced), diabetic treated (infused with different doses of Euryale ferox. Salisb. ethanolic extract) and diabetic conventional treated (treated with Glibenclamide). Diabetes was induced by administering streptozotocin (60 mg/kg body weight) intraperitoneal (i.p). The ethanolic extract was supplemented in different doses through oral route. Biochemical investigations were carried out according to previously reported methods. Histopathological examinations were done accordingly.ResultsThe EFx supplemented diabetic rats significantly (p < 0.001) decreased the blood glucose level in a dose dependent manner. Plasma insulin level was significantly increased in EFx treated rats. The hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes activities were restored to normal in EFx treated rats. Activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were significantly increased (p < 0.001) among EFx treated rats. Lipid profile was reinstated to nearly normal level among EFx treated rats. Histopathological investigations revealed that microscopic architecture of pancreatic, hepatic and renal cells improvised in EFx treated diabetic rats.ConclusionEFx supplement could improve the glycemic control as well as lipid profile in diabetic rats along with improvised antioxidant enzymes which has beneficial effect in preventing the diabetic complications by scavenging the free radicals in diabetic rats.

Haematologic profile and histomorphologic assessment of the pancreas and liver of alloxan-induced diabetic rats treated with graded concentration of quail egg

This study was designed to investigate the effect of quail egg on the haematological parameters and the histopathology changes of the pancreas and liver of alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar albino male rats. Thirty albino rats with a mean weight of 160 ± 15 g were randomly selected into five groups, each with six rats. Groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 were induced with diabetes by intraperitoneal injection of alloxan at a dose of 160 mg/kg. Upon confirmation of diabetes (fasting blood sugar (FBS) >126 mg/dl), rats in groups 2, 3 and 4 were orally administered with 30, 15 and 7.5 mg/ml of quail egg. Group 1 and 5 rats were administered with distilled water to serve as positive and negative controls, respectively. The treatment lasted for 21 days, and blood samples for haematology [red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC), haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC)] analyses were collected on days 7, 14 and 21. On the 21st day, two rats per group were humanely sacrificed and the vital organs (pancreas and liver) were collected for histopathology. Haematologic results obtained showed marked reduction (p 0.05) in the WBC of the induced animals when compared with the positive control. However, on administration of the quail egg at 30 mg/ml, there was a significant increase (p 0.05). The histopathology of the pancreas of the untreated induced rats showed immense cytoplasmic vacuolation, while those treated with 30 mg/ml of quail egg showed mild cytoplasmic vacuolation. The liver histopathology of the untreated induced rats showed mononuclear leucocyte and multifocal areas of coagulative necrosis, while the rats treated with 30 mg/ml of quail egg showed no visible lesion. It can be concluded that quail egg possesses hepatoprotective property and also can improve haematologic profile of diabetic rats.

Evaluation of antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of ethanolic extract of Clerodendrum infortunatum Linn. in experimental animals

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most common non-communicable disease of the modern world. The study of plants having antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic activities may give a new approach in the treatment of DM. The study was intended to evaluate the antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of ethanolic extract of Clerodendrum infortunatum Linn. (EECL) in alloxan-induced diabetic albino rats. Methods: Diabetes was induced in albino rats by administration of alloxan monohydrate (160 mg/kg, intraperitoneal). Rats were divided into six groups of six animals each. First group served as non-diabetic control, second group as diabetic control, third group as standard and was treated with 0.1 mg/kg/day of glibenclamide. Group 4, 5, and 6 received 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight of EECL. Blood samples were analyzed for blood glucose on day 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 and lipid profile on day 28. Results: The EECL showed a significant reduction (p<0.001) in blood glucose level and serum lipid profile levels with 400 mg/kg body weight in alloxan induced diabetic rats as compared with control. Conclusion: It is concluded that EECL is effective in controlling blood glucose levels and in improving lipid profile in diabetic rats.

Antihyperglycemic, Antihyperlipidemic and Antioxidant Activities of Ethanolic Extract of &lt;i&gt;Helleborus niger&lt;/i&gt; Linn Roots in Streptozotocin - Nicotinamide Induced Diabetic Rats

Helleborus niger L (HN) is widely used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus in the Indian traditional system of medicine. Therefore, the present study was done to evaluate the antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant activities of ethanol extract of HN root (EHN) in streptozotocin (STZ) - nicotinamide (NC) induced diabetic rats. in vitro α-amylase inhibition assay, normoglycemic study and oral glucose tolerance test were carried out in different root extracts of HN. Antihyperglycemic effect was assessed in EHN using diabetic rats, which was identified as the most effective extract by initial screening. EHN (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) and glibenclamide (5 mg/kg) orally administered daily for 28 days and the animal was observed in next 14 days. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) and body weight was determined weekly basis up to 42 days. On the 42nd day, various biochemical parameters were estimated. The three doses of EHN shows significantly decrease (p<0.01) in blood glucose levels. The effect was more pronounced in 200mg/kg (71.53%) than 100mg/kg (67.46%) and 50mg/kg (66.63%). In addition, decreased HbA 1 C and improved Hb level were 1 evidenced clearly in diabetic rats. Simultaneously, improvements in serum lipid profile, serum liver profile in diabetic rats were also evidenced clearly. Moreover, body weight and protein levels were increased in diabetic rats. On the other hand antioxidant activity was restored in diabetic rats. Increased glycogen content, glucokinase and decreased glucose - 6 phosphatase, fructose 1, 6 - biphosphatase effects in liver tissues were observed. EHN preserved islet architecture and prevented hypertrophy of β-cells. The EHN is capable of managing hyperglycemia and complications of diabetes in STZ-NC induced diabetic rats. Hence this plant may be considered as one of the potential sources for the isolation of new oral antihyperglycemic agent(s).

Impact of Different Dietary Proteins on Blood Glucose and Lipids Profile in Diabetic Rats

n the current study the effect of whey protein concentrate (WPC), whey protein hydrolysate (WPH), casein and soy protein (SP) on blood glucose, lipid profile and protein pattern in alloxan-induced diabetes in rats was investigated. Male albino rats were divided into six groups each of 7 rats. Two groups served as control (normal and diabetic rats) and the other four groups were induced diabetes then given the diet supplemented with 20 % of casein, WPC, WPH and SP for 28 days. The results revealed increases in serum biochemical parameters including glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol, in addition to decreases in HDL-cholesterol and body weight. While, at the end of the feeding period, all tested groups showed increase in their body weight in different values, also the mentioned biochemical parameters turned to their initial values. On the other hand nonsignificant changes were found in protein pattern parameters. Therefore it can be concluded that the highest recovery of hypoglycemic effect was observed in the groups which received whey protein hydrolsate, soy protein came in the second place followed by whey protein concentrate while, casein came in the last place.

Antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects of Salvadora persica in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Context: Many synthetic antidiabetic components show toxic and/or mutagenic effects. Hence, attention has been given to naturally occurring antidiabetic components. Identification of effective antidiabetic components from plants origin is an ideal strategy for new drug development. The fresh root, bark, and leaves of Salvadora persica L. (Salvadoraceae) have been used in folk medicine for the treatment of a wide range of medical problems such as cough, asthma, scurvy, piles, rheumatism, leprosy, and gonorrhea disorders.Objective: The S. persica root extract was investigated for the reduction of the risk of diabetes in diabetic rats.Material and methods: The hydro-alcoholic root extract, 200 and 400 mg/kg, was fed to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats for 21 d. Blood serum glucose, lipid profile, body weight, and food intake were monitored at 0, 7, 14, and 21 d after induction of diabetes.Results: S. persica hydro-alcoholic root extract was not toxic at doses up to 1200 mg/kg. Significant reduction of blood glucose and lipid profile in diabetic rats treated with 400 mg/kg hydro-alcoholic root extract after 21 d versus diabetic control and glibenclamide-treated rats. The glibenclamide and root extract-treated group’s peak values of blood glucose significantly decreased from 281.50 to 106 mg/dL and 285.50 to 150.25 mg/dL, respectively. Hence, in this study, observations showed that root hydro-alcoholic reduced the blood glucose level in diabetic rats but values did not return to normal controls.Conclusion: The research suggests that the root extract was significantly effective when compared with control and standard in the treatment of hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia in diabetic rats. Therefore, it may be beneficial to diabetic patients.

Mechanism of the beneficial and protective effects of exenatide in diabetic rats

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) agonists are promising therapeutic agents in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. This study examines the mechanism of the protective effects of exenatide in experimental diabetes, employing four groups of ten rats each, in which two groups were streptozotocin-induced diabetic and two were control groups. One control and one diabetic group were treated with exenatide (1 μg/kg body weight (BW)) for 10 weeks. Blood plasma was taken for biochemical analyses while pancreatic tissue was taken for immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy studies and real-time PCR to examine the expression of genes. The results show that exenatide improved BW gain and reduced blood glucose in diabetic rats compared with controls. Similarly, exenatide enhanced insulin release from the pancreatic fragments and improved liver and kidney functions and lipid profile in diabetic rats compared with controls. Exenatide not only induced significant increases in serum insulin level but also elevated the number of insulin-, GLP1- and exenatide-positive cells compared with untreated controls. Exenatide also elevated the number of catalase- and glutathione reductase-positive cells in diabetic rat pancreas compared with controls. Exenatide caused significant elevation in the expressions of pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1, heat shock protein-70, glutathione peroxidase, insulin receptor and GLP1 receptor genes in the pancreas of both control and diabetic rats compared with untreated animals. The results have demonstrated that exenatide can exert its beneficial and protective effects by elevating the levels of endogenous antioxidants and genes responsible for the survival, regeneration and proliferation of pancreatic β-cell.

The Effect of Hydro-Alcoholic Extract of Broccoli Leaves on Sugar and Lipids in Serum of Diabetic Rats

Nowadays, no-drug treatments (medicinal plants) are novel therapeutic approaches in the treatment of diabetes. Broccoli is a plant in the cabbage family, whose large flower head is used as a vegetable. The mass of flower heads is surrounded by leaves. Broccoli was derived from cultivated leafy cole crops in the Northern Mediterranean in about the 6th century. This study aimed at assessing the effect of Broccoli leaves extract on the blood glucose and lipid profile in diabetic rats. Thirty male adult rats were randomly selected and divided into three groups as nondiabetic control; diabetic control; diabetic rats treated with hydroalcoholic extract of Broccoli leaves. In diabetic groups alloxan monohydrate (100 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally to develop diabetes. Then the Test group received intraperitoneal injection of hydro-alcoholic extract of Broccoli leaves (100 mg/kg). At last, glucose cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, VLDL, LDL and insulin contents of the rats' serum sample were determined Diabetic rats treated with extract showed a significant decrease in blood glucose level (p<0.05). Furthermore compared diabetic group, in the extract-treated rats, there was a significant decrease in serum contents of total cholesterol (TC) ,LDL,VLDL and TG, but a significant increase in insulin level and HDL (p<0.05). These results show that the hydroalcoholic extract of Broccoli leaves may be effective in the treatment of diabetes. This effect can be due to the presence of flavonoides and their antioxidant features.

Combination of PPAR-α Agonist and DPP-4 Inhibitor: A Novel Therapeutic Approach in the Management of Diabetic Nephropathy

The present study investigated the combined effect of fenofibrate (PPAR-α agonist) and saxagliptin (DPP-4 inhibitor) in diabetes-induced experimental nephropathy. Rats were administered streptozotocin (STZ) (55 mg/ kg i.p., once) to induce experimental diabetes mellitus. The development of diabetic nephropathy was assessed biochemically and histologically. In addition, the diabetes-induced lipid profile and renal oxidative stress were assessed. The single administration of STZ produced diabetes, which induced renal oxidative stress, altered the lipid profile and subsequently produced nephropathy in 8 weeks by increasing serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, proteinuria, and glomerular damage. Treatment with fenofibrate (30 mg/kg/day p.o.) normalized the altered lipid profile in diabetic rats, whereas the saxagliptin (3 mg/kg p.o.) treatment has no effect on lipid alteration in diabetic rats. Treatment with saxagliptin partially reduces the elevated glucose levels in diabetic rats, whereas fenofibrate treatment has no effect on it. The combination of fenofibrate and saxagliptin was more effective in attenuating the diabetes-induced nephropathy and renal oxidative stress as compared to treatment with either drug alone or lisinopril (1 mg/kg/day p.o.) (a standard agent). It may be concluded that diabetes-induced oxidative stress and lipid alterations may be responsible for the induction of nephropathy in diabetic rats. The concurrent administration of fenofibrate and saxagliptin may have prevented the development of diabetes-induced nephropathy by reducing the lipid alteration, decreasing the renal oxidative stress and providing the direct nephroprotective action.

Study effects of Cumin and DNA profile in diabetic Rats

Recently , herbs have been used as food and for medicinal purposes and have been an exponential growth in the field of herbal medicine and these drags. Many of the oral antidibetic agents have a number of serious adverse effects , thus , managing without any side effects is still a challenge . Therefore, the search for many effective and safer hypoglycemic agents has continued to be an Important area of investigation. Besides drug classically used for the treatment of diabetes ( insulin , sulphonylureas , biguanides and thazolidinediones ), several species of plants have been described in the scientific and popular literatures having a hypoglycemic activity and this activity may be due to its antioxidant properties , flavonoids are commonly found in all plants and also posses hypoglycemic and antidiabetic activities . Because of their perceived effectiveness, minimal side effects in clinical experience and relatively low cast , herbal drugs are prescribed widely even when their biological active compounds are unknown. One of these herbs is cumin which is a a pale green in color and elliptical in shape in shape with deep furrows, it is a hot, nutty flavored spice. Cumin seed was once widely used for flavoring in Europe , it is much employed in India, and it is used as a flavor in cakes and bread. Cumin is an aromatic, astringent herb that benefits the digestion and acts as stimulant to the sexual organ and improves liver function. The aim of this research was study the biological effects of Cumin on diabetic rats and shown it is role against oxidative damage to DNA.

Hypoglycemic effect of Carica papaya leaves in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

BackgroundTraditional plant treatment for diabetes has shown a surging interest in the last few decades. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the hypoglycemic effect of the aqueous extract of C. papaya leaves in diabetic rats. Several studies have reported that some parts of the C. papaya plant exert hypoglycemic effects in both animals and humans.MethodsDiabetes was induced in rats by intraperitoneal administration of 60 mg/kg of streptozotocin (STZ). The aqueous extract of C. papaya was administered in three different doses (0.75, 1.5 and 3 g/100 mL) as drinking water to both diabetic and non-diabetic animals during 4 weeks.ResultsThe aqueous extract of Carica papaya (0.75 g and 1.5 g/100 mL) significantly decreased blood glucose levels (p<0.05) in diabetic rats. It also decreased cholesterol, triacylglycerol and amino-transferases blood levels. Low plasma insulin levels did not change after treatment in diabetic rats, but they significantly increased in non-diabetic animals. Pancreatic islet cells were normal in non-diabetic treated animals, whereas in diabetic treated rats, C. papaya could help islet regeneration manifested as preservation of cell size. In the liver of diabetic treated rats, C. papaya prevented hepatocyte disruption, as well as accumulation of glycogen and lipids. Finally, an antioxidant effect of C. papaya extract was also detected in diabetic rats.ConclusionsThis study showed that the aqueous extract of C. papaya exerted a hypoglycemic and antioxidant effect; it also improved the lipid profile in diabetic rats. In addition, the leaf extract positively affected integrity and function of both liver and pancreas.

Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics of Mangiferin in Conventional Rats, Pseudo-Germ-Free Rats, and Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

To clarify the role of the intestinal flora in the absorption and metabolism of mangiferin and to elucidate its metabolic fate and pharmacokinetic profile in diabetic rats, a systematic and comparative investigation of the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of mangiferin in conventional rats, pseudo-germ-free rats, and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats was conducted. Forty-eight metabolites of mangiferin were detected and identified in the urine, plasma, and feces after oral administration (400 mg/kg). Mangiferin underwent extensive metabolism in conventional rats and diabetic rats, but the diabetic rats exhibited a greater number of metabolites compared with that of conventional rats. When the intestinal flora were inhibited, deglycosylation of mangiferin and sequential biotransformations would not occur. Pharmacokinetic studies indicated a 2.79- and 2.35-fold increase in the plasma maximum concentration and the area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h of mangiferin in diabetic rats compared with those for conventional rats, whereas no significant differences were observed between conventional rats and pseudo-germ-free rats. Further real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction results indicated that the multidrug resistance (mdr) 1a level in the ileum increased, whereas its level in the duodenum and the mdr1b mRNA levels in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum decreased in diabetic rats compared with those in conventional rats. With regard to the pseudo-germ-free rats, up-regulated mdr1a mRNA levels and down-regulated mdr1b mRNA levels in the small intestines were observed. The diabetic status induced increased UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A3, UGT1A8, UGT2B8, and sulfotransferase (SULT) 1A1 mRNA levels and decreased catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), UGT2B6, UGT2B12, and SULT1C1 mRNA levels. These results might partially explain the different pharmacokinetic and metabolic disposition of mangiferin among conventional and model rats.

The combined strategy with PPARα agonism and AT1 receptor antagonism is not superior relative to their individual treatment approach in preventing the induction of nephropathy in the diabetic rat

We have previously shown that the low-dose combination of fenofibrate and rosiglitazone might halt the progression of diabetes-induced nephropathy in rats. The present study investigated the combined effect of fenofibrate (PPARα agonist) and telmisartan (AT1 receptor antagonist) in diabetes-induced onset of nephropathy in rats. The single administration of streptozotocin (STZ, 55mg/kg i.p.) produced diabetes mellitus, which subsequently produced nephropathy in 8weeks by markedly elevating serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and microproteinuria. In addition, histopathological studies revealed the development of renal structural abnormalities such as mesangial expansion, glomerular and tubular damage. Moreover, diabetes-induced nephropathy was accompanied with high renal oxidative stress and lipid alteration. Treatment with fenofibrate (80mg/kg/day, p.o., 4 weeks) and telmisartan (10mg/kg/day, p.o., 4 weeks) either alone or in combination did not affect the elevated glucose levels in diabetic rats. Albeit treatment with fenofibrate normalizes the altered lipid profile in diabetic rats, telmisartan treatment has no effect on it. Treatment with fenofibrate and telmisartan either alone or in combination markedly prevented diabetes-induced onset of nephropathy and renal oxidative stress. Their combination was as good as to their individual treatment, but not superior in attenuating the diabetes-induced nephropathy and renal oxidative stress. It may be concluded that diabetes-induced oxidative stress and lipid alteration, besides hyperglycemia, could play a key role in the induction of nephropathy. Fenofibrate and telmisartan individual treatment was equipotent in preventing the onset of diabetes-induced experimental nephropathy, while their combination did not afford additional benefits in preventing the disease induction of the diabetic kidney.

Effects of rosemary on lipid profile in diabetic rats

This study was to determine the mechanism underlying the hypoglycaemic activity of the aqueous extract perfusion of rosemary in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The sugar level and lipid profile were investigated in plasma of normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats treated with rosemary for four weeks. Diabetic rats exhibited an increase in the levels of sugar, cholesterol, triglycerides and low density lipoprotein (LDL), and a decrease in the level of high density lipoprotein (HDL). The administration of rosemary showed a decrease of 20% in sugar level, 22% cholesterol, 24% triglycerides, 27% (LDL), and increase 18% in (HDL). The findings of this study indicate that the administration of rosemary shows better lipid profile as well as decrease in the sugar level in both normal and diabetic rats.

Antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of aqueous extract of Carica papaya Linn. leaves in alloxan-induced diabetic rats

Background:India is considered as the diabetic capital of the world. The study of plants having antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic activities may give a new approach in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.Objective:The study was intended to evaluate the antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of aqueous extract of leaves of Carica papaya Linn. (AECPL) in alloxan-induced diabetic albino rats.Materials and Methods:Diabetes was induced in albino rats by administration of alloxan monohydrate (120 mg/kg, i.p.). Rats were divided into 6 groups of 6 animals each. First group served as non-diabetic control, second group as diabetic control, third group as standard and was treated with 0.1 mg/kg/day of glibenclamide. Group 4, 5, and 6 received 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight of AECPL. Blood samples were analyzed for blood glucose on day 0, 1, 7, 14, 21 and lipid profile on day 21.Results:The AECPL showed significant reduction (P<0.01) in blood glucose level and serum lipid profile levels with 400 mg/kg body weight in alloxan-induced diabetic rats as compared with the control.Conclusion:It is concluded that AECPL is effective in controlling blood glucose levels and in improving lipid profile in diabetic rats.

Thujone corrects cholesterol and triglyceride profiles in diabetic rat model

Thujone, which is the major constituent in Salvia sp. (Lamiaceae), was found to correct the lipid profile (cholesterol and triglycerides) in diabetic rats. Oral treatment with thujone (5 mg kg−1 body weight dose) significantly adjusted cholesterol and triglyceride levels in diabetic rats (p ≤ 0.05) to normal levels compared to diabetic untreated rats. This provides a premise in the field of finding new agents to treat diabetic complications.

Proteome and phytochemical analysis of Cynodon dactylon leaves extract and its biological activity in diabetic rats

In Indian traditional system of medicine, herbal remedies are prescribed for treatment of various diseases including diabetes mellitus. In recent years, plants are being effectively tried in a various pathophysiological states. Cynodon dactylon is one of them. In the present study, aqueous extract of leaves of C. dactylon was found to have potent antidiabetic, antioxidant and hypolipidemic efficacy in alloxan-induced diabetic rat. Supplementation of this aqueous extract orally at the dose of 450 mg/kg body weight per day in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Plant extract administered for 15 days resulted in a significant diminution of fasting blood sugar level. The lipid profile shows a significant ( P < 0.05) decrease in HDL and increase in ( P < 0.05) cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and VLDL in alloxan diabetic rats, which were normalized after the plant extract treatment. We also investigated the role of AST, ALT, ALP, AP, LDH and CPK ( P < 0.05) activities, which were found to decrease significantly in the aqueous extract supplemented group with respect to diabetic group. C. dactylon extract were further evaluated with gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC–MS). In this, seven chemical constituents were identified from crude leaf sample. 2D electrophoresis analysis of proteins extracted from C. dactylon was performed using pH range 3–10 revealed 95 protein spots in the gel. Our findings suggested that C. dactylon aqueous extract is effective for alleviating hyperglycemia and improving lipid profile in diabetic rats and these could be used in diabetic and coronary heart disease (CHD) management.

Proteome and phytochemical analysis of Cynodon dactylon leaves extract and its biological activity in diabetic rats

In Indian traditional system of medicine, herbal remedies are prescribed for treatment of various diseases including diabetes mellitus. In recent years, plants are being effectively tried in a various pathophysiological states. Cynodon dactylon is one of them. In the present study, aqueous extract of leaves of C. dactylon was found to have potent antidiabetic, antioxidant and hypolipidemic efficacy in alloxan-induced diabetic rat. Supplementation of this aqueous extract orally at the dose of 450 mg/kg body weight per day in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Plant extract administered for 15 days resulted in a significant diminution of fasting blood sugar level. The lipid profile shows a significant ( P < 0.05) decrease in HDL and increase in ( P < 0.05) cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and VLDL in alloxan diabetic rats, which were normalized after the plant extract treatment. We also investigated the role of AST, ALT, ALP, AP, LDH and CPK ( P < 0.05) activities, which were found to decrease significantly in the aqueous extract supplemented group with respect to diabetic group. C. dactylon extract were further evaluated with gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC–MS). In this, seven chemical constituents were identified from crude leaf sample. 2D electrophoresis analysis of proteins extracted from C. dactylon was performed using pH range 3–10 revealed 95 protein spots in the gel. Our findings suggested that C. dactylon aqueous extract is effective for alleviating hyperglycemia and improving lipid profile in diabetic rats and these could be used in diabetic and coronary heart disease (CHD) management.

The low dose combination of fenofibrate and rosiglitazone halts the progression of diabetes-induced experimental nephropathy

The present study investigated the combined effect of low doses of fenofibrate (PPAR-alpha agonist) and rosiglitazone (PPAR-gamma agonist) in diabetes-induced experimental nephropathy. Rats were administered streptozotocin (55 mg/kg i.p., once) to induce experimental diabetes mellitus. The development of diabetic nephropathy was assessed biochemically and histologically. In addition, the lipid profile and renal oxidative stress were assessed. The single administration of streptozotocin produced diabetes, which induced the renal oxidative stress, altered the lipid profile, and subsequently produced nephropathy in 8 weeks by elevating serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, proteinuria, and inducing glomerular damage. Treatment with low dose fenofibrate (30 mg/kg/day p.o.) normalizes the altered lipid profile in diabetic rats, whereas the low dose rosiglitazone (1mg/kg/day p.o.) treatment has no effect on lipid alteration in diabetic rats. Treatment with low dose rosiglitazone partially reduced the elevated glucose level in diabetic rats, whereas fenofibrate treatment has no effect on it. The low dose combination of fenofibrate and rosiglitazone was more effective in attenuating the diabetes-induced nephropathy and renal oxidative stress as compared to treatment with either drug alone or lisinopril (1mg/kg/day p.o., employed as a standard agent). It may be concluded that diabetes-induced oxidative stress and lipid alterations may be responsible for the induction of nephropathy in diabetic rats. The concurrent administration of fenofibrate and rosiglitazone at low doses may have prevented the development of diabetes-induced nephropathy by reducing the lipid alteration, decreasing the renal oxidative stress and certainly providing the direct nephroprotective action.