Professional Routines Research Articles

Foreword - Technology, Creative Industry and the Great Empire of Imaginariness

There seems to be a certain consensus among the scientific and medical community that Covid-19 is becoming less of a pandemic and more of an endemic disease. In this sense, we’ll have to be able to adjust our lives taking into consideration the coexistence with the virus until it is possible to normalize its negative impact following a prophylactic approach in a medium to long-term basis, recurring to vaccines and other antiviral medication that are gradually at our disposal. However, as a result of Covid-19’s impact, many personal and professional routines have changed, in some cases quite substantially. One of the most (negatively) affected activities are precisely the ones of the cultural and creative industry worldwide. This is due, in part, to the fact that its foundations and reason of being depend on social and physical interaction: entertaining, informing, inform, socializing and experiencing. Social interaction is one of the most important bases of Creative and Cultural Industries, and it has been strongly constrained by the pandemic – or endemic disease – we are going through at this moment in history. However, technology seems to be a greater protagonist having a constant presence in our lives today, namely when it comes to new ways – or attempts – of social interaction and new experiences in the virtual world.

Taking care. Nursing towards Covid-19 patients during the pandemic emergency in Italy: a qualitative study.

Background and aim of the study:The Covid-19 pandemic has clearly impacted the Italian healthcare system. The growing number of patients in critical conditions has required a reorganization of the hospitals wards and of other healthcare structures, by changing the working routines of health professionals. The aim of the study is to explore if and how the nursing care towards Covid-19 positive patients have changed during the pandemic.Method:Qualitative study with a phenomenological approach conducted through semi-structured interviews. Interviews have been carried out during the months of October and November 2020. Our research involved 21 nursing professionals attending post-graduate courses at the Department of Medicine and Surgery of the University of Parma (academic year 2019/2020) and who have worked during the pandemic period in health services structures and organizations.Results:The interviews showed how, during the period of the pandemic emergency, the care relationship between nurses and patients has changed because of the priority given to clinical and technical practices, in some cases, “life-saving”. This happened due to different factors such as the nurses’ fear of being infected by the virus and the lack of a sufficient time to ensure an holistic and integrated approach towards an increasing number of patients in highly complex conditions. Thus, the dimension of caring has been consciously overshadowed.Conclusions:The health emergency that has hit Italy since the first months of 2020 has shown structural limits and gaps of public health policies, hospital settings and national health services organization that already existed in the pre-pandemic period. It also highlighted how, even before Covid-19, nursing was already in part denoted by a loss of caring, a missed nursing care.

Challenges for science journalism in the Corona pandemic-some observations about amediated world event

Die Massenmedien haben das Virus SARS-CoV‑2 zu einem Weltereignis gemacht. Das Volumen und die Kongruenz der journalistischen Themenauswahl übersteigen nicht nur in Deutschland das bereits hohe Niveau der H1N1-Pandemie 2009 in allen Medien um ein Vielfaches. In diesem Diskussionsartikel werden Herausforderungen für den Journalismus thematisiert, die sich bei der Berichterstattung über die wissenschaftlichen Aspekte der COVID-19-Pandemie ergeben haben.Zu Beginn der Pandemie herrschte aufgrund einer zunächst unzureichenden Faktenlage eine echte epistemische Unsicherheit vor. In vielen Redaktionen mangelte es an professionellen Routinen für einen kompetenten Umgang mit vorläufigen Forschungsergebnissen und für das Erkennen von wissenschaftlicher Reputation von Forschenden. Auch stellte der Umgang mit wissenschaftlichen Fachbeiträgen, die noch kein Peer-Review durchlaufen haben (Preprints), eine erhebliche Herausforderung dar. Wo das Peer-Review entfällt, müssen Wissenschaftsjournalist*innen andere Indikatoren heranziehen, um die Qualität und Relevanz einer Forschungspublikation einschätzen und wertvolle Beiträge von bloßem „Hype“ unterscheiden zu können.Die beobachteten Phänomene während der Pandemieberichterstattung zeigen, wie unverzichtbar professioneller Wissenschaftsjournalismus in der Demokratie ist, weil nur so nichtwissenschaftliche Publika richtige und wichtige wissenschaftliche Inhalte einordnen können und informiertes Vertrauen in Wissenschaft entwickeln können.

Street level bureaucracy in response to environmental pressure. Insights from forestry and urban green space governance in Poland

Forestry and urban green space governance experiences rapid changes due to bottom up environmental pressure and top down changes of legislation. To deepen our understanding of crafting preferable environmental reactions towards environmental pressure, we introduced the perspective of environmental street-level bureaucrats (SLBs) and explored it using Oliver’s strategic response framework. Drawing from case studies on the governance of the moose and urban green space in Poland, we investigated the complex and mediating sphere of SLB “policy intentions” in environmental governance. We argue that SLBs can distance themselves from new expectations if these are perceived as “socially constructed” and potentially disturbing for SLBs’ professional routines. Such limited or moderated reactions can be a coping mechanism of SLBs trying to balance a complex landscape of various, even contradictory pressures. Our findings break the monolithic-type image of a ‘decision-maker’ into complex web of interrelations between administrative units and political structures. They also suggest a need of new forms of environmental (post-) bureaucracy to reinforce social trust and to deal with ambiguities of nature.

Professional dental cleaning in dogs: clinical routines among Swedish veterinarians and veterinary nurses

BackgroundDental disease is very common in dogs and veterinary professional dental cleaning and examination, together with daily dental home care, is the foundation for good dental health. To our knowledge, no previous study has investigated professional dental cleaning routines in small animal veterinary practice. A validated questionnaire survey was distributed to all veterinarians and veterinary nurses with registered e-mail addresses in the Swedish national registry (veterinarians; n = 3657, veterinary nurses; n = 1650). Response rates were 32% for veterinarians (V) and 38% for veterinary nurses (VN).ResultsIn total, 73% (V)/96% (VN) of respondents reported that professional dental cleaning was performed at their work place under general anesthesia, and 27% (V)/18% (VN) that dental cleaning was performed under sedation. Of the respondents, 43% (V)/96% (VN) considered regular dental cleaning under general anesthesia fairly or very important, and 49% (V)/47% (VN) stated that it was sometimes important for good dental health in dogs. A majority of respondents, 84% (V)/97% (VN), reported that dental extractions were performed at their clinic, and 72% (V)/90% (VN) had access to dental radiography equipment.ConclusionA majority of Swedish veterinarians and veterinary nurses perform professional dental cleaning under general anesthesia with access to dental radiography equipment, in accordance with national and international recommendations. However, a considerable proportion of professional dental cleanings were performed under sedation only, and extractions performed without access to dental radiography equipment were common, suggesting several areas of improvement in the routines in Swedish veterinary clinics and hospitals. Our results clearly indicate the need for improved educational efforts to increase the awareness among veterinary health professionals regarding guidelines and official recommendations in canine dental care.

Jornalismo, colaboração e interesse público

Investiga-se de que modo Folha de S. Paulo e O Estado de S. Paulo atuam em parceria com agentes internos e externos ao Jornalismo para utilizar a Lei de Acesso à Informação em coberturas noticiosas. Por meio de Análise de Conteúdo, são examinadas 75 matérias publicadas entre 2012 e 2017 considerando-se aspectos tais como esfera da administração pública acionada via L.A.I. e tipos de agentes que solicitaram os dados. Descobriu-se que a cooperação no uso da L.A.I. ainda é pouco recorrente nas rotinas de produção. O estudo é pertinente ao refletir sobre o Jornalismo enquanto mediador da transparência e acerca das transformações das rotinas profissionais frente a inovações legais e tecnológicas.

Implementation of a Standardized Initial Assessment for Demand Management in Outpatient Emergency Care in Germany: Early Qualitative Process Evaluation.

BackgroundInadequate assessment of the severity and urgency of medical problems is one of the factors contributing to unnecessary emergency department (ED) visits. The implementation of a software-based instrument for standardized initial assessment—Standardisierte medizinische Ersteinschätzung in Deutschland (SmED) (Standardized medical Initial Assessment in Germany in English)—aims to support health care professionals and steer patients toward the right health care provider. This study aimed to explore the implementation process of SmED from a user perspective.ObjectiveThis study aims to evaluate the overall perception of SmED by health care professionals using the software, to examine to what extent SmED influences the workload and work routines of health care professionals, and to determine which factors are associated with the use of SmED.MethodsAn early qualitative process evaluation on the basis of interviews was carried out alongside the implementation of SmED in 26 outpatient emergency care services within 11 federal states in Germany. Participants were 30 health care professionals who work with SmED either at the joint central contact points of the outpatient emergency care service and the EDs of hospitals (ie, the Joint Counter; Gemeinsamer Tresen in German) or at the initial telephone contact points of the outpatient emergency care service (phone number 116117). Matrix-based framework analysis was applied to analyze the interview data.ResultsHealth care professionals perceived that workload increased initially, due to additional time needed per patient. When using SmED more frequently and over a longer time period, its use became more routine and the time needed per call, per patient, decreased. SmED was perceived to support decision making regarding urgency for medical treatment, but not all types of patients were eligible. Technical problems, lack of integration with other software, and lack of practicability during peak times affected the implementation of SmED.ConclusionsInitial experiences with SmED were positive, in general, but also highlighted organizational issues that need to be addressed to enhance sustainability.Trial RegistrationGerman Clinical Trials Register DRKS00017014; https://www.drks.de/drks_web/navigate.do?navigationId=trial.HTML&TRIAL_ID=DRKS00017014

Who is the censor? Self-censorship of Russian journalists in professional routines and social networking

Today’s communicative environment, including the rise of social media, makes journalists perform publicly as both professionals and private citizens. In these circumstances, practices of self-limitation and self-censorship may extend to online behaviour. In this article, we analyse what makes journalists in public affairs media limit themselves in expression, both in editorial production and in online posting. We ask whether their self-censoring is related to personal, editorial, or external factors; whether political threats triumph over personal self-branding and professional/commercial reasons and whether these factors work differently in editorial and online behaviour; and whether journalists behave differently on different social networks. To formulate the answers, we use the results of a survey of 95 journalists from 51 Russian regions and seven in-depth interviews. Our results show that, in an organisationally weak journalistic community that operates in a restrictive environment, understanding of self-censorship differs significantly from that in Western democracies. It includes both self-limiting under pressures and personal-level ethical decisions that substitute professional codes of conduct. Moreover, for online posting and editorial work, there are different dominant ‘perceived censors’. Political threats remain the most significant of all external pressures both online and offline, but personal motives lead the decision-making in posting on social networks. Russia is characterised by platform-wide echo-chambering and high differentiation between users of Facebook and the Russia-based VK.com (formerly Vkontakte). We observe this difference in journalists’ descriptions of self-limitation on these networks.

How Teachers integrate Dashboards into their Feedback Practices

In technology empowered classrooms teachers receive real-time data about students' performance and progress on teacher dashboards. Dashboards have the potential to enhance teachers' feedback practices and complement human-prompted feedback that is initiated by teachers themselves or students asking questions. However, such enhancement requires teachers to integrate dashboards into their professional routines. How teachers shift between dashboard- and human-prompted feedback could be indicative of this integration. We therefore examined in 65 K-12 lessons: i) differences between human- and dashboard-prompted feedback; ii) how teachers alternated between human- and dashboard-prompted feedback (distribution patterns); and iii) how these distribution patterns were associated with the given feedback type: task, process, personal, metacognitive, and social feedback. The three sources of feedback resulted in different types of feedback: Teacher-prompted feedback was predominantly personal and student-prompted feedback mostly resulted in task feedback, whereas dashboard-prompted feedback was equally likely to be task, process, or personal feedback. We found two distribution patterns of dashboard-prompted feedback within a lesson: either given in one sequence together (blocked pattern) or alternated with student- and teacher-prompted feedback (mixed pattern). The distribution pattern affected the type of dashboard-prompted feedback given. In blocked patterns, dashboard-prompted feedback was mostly personal, whereas in mixed patterns task feedback was most prevalent. Hence, both sources of feedback instigation as well as the distribution of dashboard-prompted feedback affected the type of feedback given by teachers. Moreover, when teachers advanced the integration of dashboard-prompted feedback in their professional routines as indicated by mixed patterns, more effective types of feedback were given.

Managing Social Networks in Online-Native Newsrooms: When Less Means More

During the last few years online-only media have been explored as an alternative to mainstream media. The development of this new media model coincides in time with an increase in dependence on social networks. Online media editors estimate that one third of their visits proceed from Facebook, a figure that obliges them to create specific strategies to ensure their company’s reputation and growth in the 2.0 field. The aim of this article is to assess what motivates Spanish digital-native newspapers to act on social networks, analyse their internal view of these channels, and describe their strategies for managing their relationship with audiences. Based on a qualitative and longitudinal approach, we conducted in-depth interviews with the social media editors of the most relevant digital-native newspapers in Spain—<em>El Confidencial</em>, <em>Eldiario.es</em>, <em>El Español</em> and <em>El HuffPost</em>—during 2017 and 2019, in order to trace the evolution of their professional routines. These social media editors consider that although digital-native newsrooms are smaller than traditional ones, they are more agile in reacting to metrics. Our results also confirm that Instagram is generating great expectations, and the new paywall system is affecting the way audiences are understood.

Settler Colonialism, Policing and Racial Terror: The Police Shooting of Loreal Tsingine

On 27 March 2014, Loreal Tsingine, a 27-year-old Navajo woman was shot and killed by Austin Shipley, a white male police officer, also 27 years old, who said he was trying to apprehend her for a suspected shoplifting. Shipley was never charged, and the Department of Justice declined to investigate the Winslow police on the matter. This article explores Shipley’s killing of Loreal Tsingine and the police investigation of the shooting as quotidian events in settler colonial states. Police shootings of Indigenous people and the legal response to police use of force (along with everyday settler violence) are a part of the racial terror that is a central part of settler colonialism. Both the shooting and the official narratives of it as a justifiable use of force reveal the psychic and material underpinnings of a settler state, a state that continually imagines and consolidates itself as a community of whites imperiled by Indians among others. White settler violence directed at those imagined as threats lives just beneath the surface of everyday settler life, and importantly, flows through institutions such as policing, embedding itself in everyday professional routines. The extractive relations that are the basis of settler colonialism require and produce white subjects for whom Indigenous lands and bodies are the resource for white identity; policing is one site where white men and women (as well as those aspiring to whiteness), can enact racial hierarchy on behalf of the colonial state with impunity.

СОВЕТСКОЕ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ НА МИКРОУРОВНЕ: БРИКОЛАЖ, ДЕФИЦИТ, ТВОРЧЕСТВО

The phenomenon of Soviet fashion is widely acknowledged, but it is still little known about Soviet designers’ professional routines and the way they solved their professional tasks in a planned economy. The existing studies explored Soviet fashion as part of the planned economy and everyday culture. The study aims at explaining how Soviet designers overcame the limits of the planned economy and made performative statements. Soviet fashion design is analyzed in terms of bricolage. Evidence comes from archival documents and 14 in-depth interviews with ex-employees of the Perm Clothing Design House and Experimental Workshop of Everyday Service Department. As a result, the author describes the features and peculiarities of individual bricolage in Soviet fashion design, resources enriching bricoleurs’ repertoire, and practices of dialogues of the bricoleurs with resources and technologies. Designers did not limit themselves to reproducing official principles of Soviet fashion, but using the bricolage opportunities, they endeavored to make the inner sense shift. Their performative statements did not transform the public fashion discourse, but they affected the professional discourse of a concrete organization or co-workers. In the context of Soviet subjectivity studies, our findings extend the vision of Soviet subject’s creativity under conditions of scarcity and government control.

Multiplicity, heterogeneity, and coordination: the production of food and nutritional care based on inter-consultation support practices

This ethnographic study aimed to understand the production process in food and nutritional care in the setting of primary healthcare, based on inter-consultation support practices. Fieldwork was conducted in two family health units and their respective territories, together with the team from the Expanded Center for Family Health and Basic Care. References for the data analysis were Deleuze and Guattari, Túlio Batista Franco, and researchers associated with Actor-Network Theory such as Annemarie Mol and John Law. The study found that the production of food and nutritional care emerged from links between multiple actors in dynamic and interconnected networks. The practices of care proved to be strongly linked to food's modes of insertion in the daily routines of health professionals and users, revealing paradoxes in the relations of mutual support and expansion of access to food in the territories. Comprising the material heterogeneity in the mediation of interactions, food has an outstanding capacity to spawn connections. Sharing meals mobilized subjectivities through the use of emotional and sensory modes of knowing, learning, and providing care. Experiencing inherent tensions, the relations between micro and macro policy, inter-consultation supporters, together with the other actors, coordinated the networks for the production of food and nutritional care in an open, dynamic, provisional, profuse, and shared process. This understanding can contribute to more active and conscientious positions that move towards shared responsibility in the struggle for the implementation and execution of public policies that guarantee the population's food and nutritional security.

Evolving data teams: Tensions between organisational structure and professional subculture

This study explores the integration of data journalism within three European legacy news organisations through the lens of organisational structure and professional culture. Interviews with data journalists and editors suggest that professional routines resonate with established data journalism epistemologies, values, and norms that appear to be constitutional for an inter-organisational data journalism subculture. At the same time, organisational structure either integrates the journalistic subculture by increasing levels of complexity, formalisation, and centralisation or rejects it by not accommodating it structurally or culturally. The three data teams work along epistemologies of computer-assisted reporting, investigative journalism, and data journalism but differentiate themselves through nuanced understandings of data journalism practice, driven by individual journalists. After a structureless episode, one team sets itself apart as it diverges from data-driven routines and orients itself towards technological and interdisciplinary interactive journalism. The findings show an interdependence of individual efforts, varying conceptualisations of data journalism practice, and interplay between organisational structure and professional culture.

Pozisyon Okulu mu, Kaynaklara Dayalı Yaklaşım mı? Yöneticilerin Stratejik Konulara İlişkin Görüşleri Üzerine Nitel Bir Araştırma

Amaç: Çalışmanın amacı, seçilmiş üst düzey yöneticilerin stratejik kararlarında Pozisyon Okulu ile Kaynaklara Dayalı Yaklaşımın iddialarından hangilerine yakın durduklarını belirlemektir.Yöntem: Çalışma hem konunun bağlam ile ilişkisinin kurulmasını hem de odaktaki olgunun ayrıntılı olarak sorgulanmasını gerektirdiği için nitel yöntem mantığına ile tasarlanmıştır. Kasti örneklem tekniği ile farklı endüstrileri temsil eden büyük ölçekli altı firma araştırmaya dâhil edilmiştir. Firmaların kuruluşundan günümüze gelişimini ve bu sürede alınan stratejik kararlara ilişkin bilgi sahibi olan yedi üst düzey yönetici ile yüz yüze mülakat yapılmıştır. Veriler, Pozisyon Okulu ile Kaynaklara Dayalı Yaklaşımın görüşleri doğrultusunda nitel içerik analizi tekniği ile çözümlenmiştir. Bulgular: Bulgular şunlara işaret etmektedir: a)Yöneticiler stratejik ve yönetsel kavramlara farklı içerikler atfetmektedir; b) Yöneticiler stratejik konular hakkında konuşurken ikili bir dil kullanmakta ve ‘mektebi’ ve ‘mesleki’ dilleri ayrışmaktadır, c) Türkiye’de kamu ve özel sektörün stratejik yönetim uygulamalarının yaygın olarak Pozisyon Okulunun görüşlerine göre biçimlenmesi, yöneticilerin formel ifadelerini bu okulun görüşlerine yaklaştırmaktadır, d) Yöneticiler Pozisyon Okulu ile Kaynaklara Dayalı Yaklaşımın görüşleri arasında geçiş yapabilmektedir. Sonuç: Çalışmada, yöneticilerin strateji anlayışlarının Pozisyon Okulu’nun görüşlerine yakın olduğu saptanmıştır. Dahası, tercih ettikleri kavramların da belirgin biçimde Pozisyon Okulunun söylemini yansıttığı anlaşılmıştır. Buna karşın, yöneticilerin terminolojiye hâkimiyetlerini sergileme eğilimindeyken Pozisyon Okulunun, kendi uygulamaları ile ilgili değerlendirmeler yaparken ise daha çok Kaynaklara Dayalı Yaklaşımın söylemine yakın ifadeler kullandıkları saptanmıştır. Bu durum ortaya mektebi ve mesleki olmak üzere ikili bir dil çıkarmaktadır. Bu nedenle, bu ikili dilin ileriki çalışmalarda sorgulanması önerilmektedir. Ayrıca, yöneticilerin söylemsel tutarlılıktan çok pratik sonuçları önceleyerek pragmatist bir tavır sergiledikleri belirlenmiştir. Çalışmanın bulguları, bu iki yaklaşımı birleştirme gereğini savunanlar ile farklı kalmaları gerektiğini iddia edenlerin tartışmalarını destekler yahut reddeder nitelikte çıkarımlar yapmayı mümkün kılmamıştır. Yine çalışma sonrasında görülmüştür ki yarı yapılandırılmış mülakatlarla elde edilen veriler yöneticilerin biçimsel ifadelerinin arkasındaki örtük anlamları açığa çıkarmada yetersiz kalmaktadır. Bu sebeple, gelecekte alanda yapılacak çalışmalarda farklı mülakat tekniklerinin yanında zengin ikincil veri setlerinin de kullanılması gerekliliğine dikkat çekilmektedir.

Una década de WhatsApp: las nuevas rutinas de producción permiten el zapkeeper de la audiencia y la creación de noticias

This paper proposes a close observation for journalism in the era of WhatsApp from the follow up of the program from April 8 to 12, 2019 of “Jor- nal BandNews Rio – 1a Edicao”, a radio news programme. From the thinking of researchers such as Lage (2001), Traquina (2005), Castells (2015), Wolf (1985) and Aguiar (2014), the study strains around classic theories such as newsmaking and gatekeeper in contemporary times. In conclusion, it presents the changes in the routines of press professionals that make it possible to think about the emergence of zapkeeper and audience newsmaking.

Filming for Television

A media archaeology project reveals how film crews worked together. By reuniting analogue equipment with the professionals who used to use it, the ADAPT project is able to unpack the professional routines and relationships of both people and technology that are at the core of television production. This detailed study of a film crew setting up 16mm equipment reveals the constraints and affordances that defined analogue television material. To study working practices in a historical setting also reveals that there is an absent area in contemporary production studies: the work of ‘content acquisition’.

The Hamburg integrated medical degree program iMED.

The integrated medical degree program (iMED) was established in winter semester 2012/2013 at the Faculty of Medicine of Universität Hamburg with the aim of improving medical education. The main features of the iMED medical degree program include the close integration of theoretical knowledge and practical skills, scientific orientation and the teaching of psychosocial and communication skills. All these features are commonly found in the modular compulsory core curriculum and elective courses (“2nd Tracks”): The compulsory core curriculum comprises 19 modules which are arranged thematically in seven module groups and cover three stages of a “learning spiral”. By comprehensively coordinating the teaching content and the learning objectives of the participating theoretical and clinical subjects, theoretical content is taught on the basis of real patient’s medical histories from the first stage of the learning spiral. The elective courses enable students to learn and apply scientific work in a structured curriculum according to their own interests. Relevant practical skills for students future professional routines are taught in the longitudinal training course “Clinical Examination Methods plus Communication” (KUMplusKOM), which runs through the entire curriculum up to the final practical year. Accompanying, extra-curricular projects such as crash courses in the natural sciences or using the iMED Textbook as an online learning platform increase the attractiveness of the iMED degree program. Results of the evaluation show that the introduction and the accompanying optimization of iMED were very successful.

Preventive measures of infection related to peripheral venous catheter: adherence in intensive care

Objective: to analyze the adherence of nursing professionals to preventive measures of infection by peripheral venous catheter. Methods: a cross-sectional study carried out in an adult intensive care unit with 47 nursing professionals. Results: statistically relevant measures for adherence to infection prevention were identified, such as double checking of drugs, verification of medication prior to administration, certification of allergy in patients prior to administration, separation of material prior to procedure, length of stay of the catheter for less than 72 hours, fixation exchange in 24 hours, actions related to the handling of the injection ports and connectors, and access salinization after administering solutions through the catheter. These measures were not yet fully added in the professional routines of the research subjects, despite professionals had stated they knew them (97.9%) and that the measures contributed to preventive actions (100.0%). Conclusion: the investigated nursing professionals showed low adherence to the preventive measures of infection in the peripheral venous catheters.

Social media as public opinion: How journalists use social media to represent public opinion

Public opinion, as necessary a concept it is to the underpinnings of democracy, is a socially constructed representation of the public that is forged by the methods and data from which it is derived, as well as how it is understood by those tasked with evaluating and utilizing it. I examine how social media manifests as public opinion in the news and how these practices shape journalistic routines. I draw from a content analysis of news stories about the 2016 US election, as well as interviews with journalists, to shed light on evolving practices that inform the use of social media to represent public opinion. I find that despite social media users not reflecting the electorate, the press reported online sentiments and trends as a form of public opinion that services the horserace narrative and complements survey polling and vox populi quotes. These practices are woven into professional routines – journalists looked to social media to reflect public opinion, especially in the wake of media events like debates. Journalists worried about an overreliance on social media to inform coverage, especially Dataminr alerts and journalists’ own highly curated Twitter feeds. Hybrid flows of information between journalists, campaigns, and social media companies inform conceptions of public opinion.