Professional Duties Research Articles

Concept and content of gender equality: legal aspect

The article studies the concept, essence, and content of gender equality as a legal category. Examples of definitions regarding the understanding of gender equality are provided. It was determined that Ukraine shares the gender principles regarding the establishment of equal rights and opportunities for women and men, declared in international documents. Today, gender equality is considered the main value of the third millennium, along with other values, such as justice, tolerance and freedom. A democratic society must provide equal opportunities for men and women to participate in all spheres of life. Therefore, it is imperative that gender discrimination be eliminated at the state level. It is recognized that effective regulation of gender relations is crucial for promoting gender equality, preventing gender discrimination, and ensuring equal participation of both genders in socially important decisions. This regulation also ensures equal opportunities for men and women in their professional duties and responsibilities. Today, gender equality is a crucial factor in a country’s development, and in the era of globalization, every society must address the issue of gender inequality.It has been established that gender equality is a fundamental component of the general principle of equality. This means that every individual should be treated equally, regardless of their gender. Gender equality, as a legal concept, encompasses the equal rights and opportunities for individuals of all genders, providing the same conditions for the realization of their potential, and affirming the fundamental rights of both women and men. It is emphasized that Ukraine has made some positive changes in terms of gender equality at a legislative level. However, there has been no significant progress in implementation, which has resulted in Ukraine receiving low international ratings regarding gender equality.

Ignorance of language and socio-cultural knowledge is one of the reasons of cadets' failure to assess

The article raises the issue of the relevance of language training for cadets in military universities and highlights the importance of mastering speech etiquette for those who study Russian as a foreign language. The text substantiates the importance of this knowledge for successful communication and the performance of professional duties.

Emotional Intelligence and Transformational Leadership Traits Among Licensed Certified Public Accountants Located in the United States

This current research study examined if there is a linear relationship between various Emotional Intelligence traits and Transformational Leadership Traits among a sample of 104 licensed Certified Public Accountants (CPA) located in the United States who are currently not in workplace leadership positions. This research is appropriate for CPA professionals because CPA professionals must evaluate different points of view, conduct an effective analysis of accounting data, and embrace the highest ethical standards as part of their professional duties. Moreover, Transformational Leadership traits (Avolio & Bass 2004) fit nicely within Peter Salovey and John Mayer’s (1990) elements of Emotional Intelligence. Overall, the research study did find evidence for positive linear relationships between the predictor variables of Emotional Intelligence traits of Managing Their Own Self-Relevant Emotions and Managing Others’ Emotions among licensed Certified Public Accountants (CPA) and the dependent variables of Transformational Leadership Traits related to Idealized Attributes, Inspirational Motivation, Intellectual Stimulation, and Individualized Consideration. The researchers recommend that any future professional development among Certified Public Accountants (CPA) who aspire to seek out workplace leadership positions needs to be focused on the cornerstones of Managing Their Own Self-Relevant Emotions and Managing Others’ Emotions.

Understanding socialization in interprofessional practice: health science perspectives

According to a study of the research, there is a lack of understanding about how students see the professional obligations and functions of other professions. This research aimed to investigate how health professional students (HPS) perceived Inter professional socialization (IPS). Participants came from eight different health-related academic fields, including nursing, radiological science, occupational therapy, clinical lab science, social work, nutritional science, and physical therapy. In all, 300 undergraduate (UG) and 114 graduate students participated. The Interprofessional socialization and Valuing Scale (ISVS-21) was used to gather the data. On a Likert scale with 1 being not at all and 7 being to a very large amount, the participants were asked to score 21 questions concerning their beliefs, practices, and perspectives towards IPS. To examine variations across the health fields, descriptive statistics and analysis of variance were used to analyze the information. According to a descriptive study, 95.2% of students believed IPS was happening to a rather considerable level, with a mean of 5.12 or higher on a scale from 1 to 7. The health fields didn't vary all that much from one another. The results indicate that pupils are prepared to comprehend one another's professional duties and obligations. There are several things to keep in mind for future Interprofessional collaborative activities even if there are no standardized educational methodologies to encourage student cooperation across disciplines.

Pertanggungjawaban Pidana Advokat Tanpa Mekanisme Pemeriksaan Kode Etik Advokat

Advocates in carrying out their profession are under the protection of laws, statutes and codes of ethics, which cannot be prosecuted before a court, either civil or criminal, as long as they have good faith in defending the interests of their clients. However, in practice, many Advocates are caught in criminal cases in carrying out their professional duties. The purpose of this study is to analyze and find out the characteristics of good faith referred to in article 16 of Law Number 18 of 2003 concerning Advocates in terms of law enforcement and legal protection for the advocate profession and criminal liability for the actions of advocates in carrying out their professional duties without going through the mechanism of examining the Code of Ethics. . The theory used to analyze is law enforcement theory, legal protection theory, and criminal responsibility theory. The writing method used is normative writing method, by analyzing a legal issue through laws and regulations, literature, and other reference materials. The results of this study are that the work of a legal advisor is a work of trust in good faith to rectify the problems faced by clients whose existence is regulated and protected by law. The criminal responsibility of an advocate who commits a crime in carrying out his profession must be seen from the mistakes made by the advocate so that he is seen as having committed an act that meets the elements of a crime which must be proven first through an examination of the code of ethics. The government and/or legislators must pay more attention to and scrutinize the formation of statutory regulations so that there are no overlapping rules and so that one law does not conflict with another. As well as to strengthen the profession, it is hoped that there will be a need for stricter and more precise rules that can be used as a legal umbrella in professional life.

Women’s (im)mobility strategies and digital platform adoption: the case study of employees doing desk work in Pune, India

This paper investigates the shift in (im)mobility through the digitalization of practices, based on the views of women working in a multinational IT company in Pune, India. The digital phenomenon, accelerated by the Covid-19 pandemic, influences all areas of society, pushing forward the online economy and transforming daily strategies by facilitating mobility and enabling immobility. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 15 digitally active female participants to determine the role of digital tools in transforming their daily planning strategy, and in motivating their (im)mobility decision. The results demonstrated that the evolution of commuting practices and the adoption of digital platform solutions, as seen by the women themselves, were closely related to their desire for comfortable mobility implying time control and optimization to better complete professional and household duties. The task of driving appeared to be the main avoidance due to inevitable hectic traffic, favoring the use of taxis or company cabs presuming financial status. A preference was given to work from home, and basically to immobility as mobility was regarded as time-consuming. Overall, these digitally privileged women carried out diverse (im)mobility strategies according to their perceptions and multiple structural factors.

Pediatric Nurses' Perceived Competencies toward Palliative Care for Terminally Ill Children.

Paediatric palliative care involves the physical, psychological, and spiritual well-being of terminally ill children and their families. Competency in palliative care centred on personal traits and attributes, key abilities to satisfy professional duty through practise, and knowledge of palliative care. Is to identify paediatric nurses' perceived Competencies toward Palliative Care for Terminally Ill Children. Used was a descriptive research design. The sample included 72 nurses who worked at neonatal, pediatric intensive care units ( NICU, PICU) in four hospitals affiliated to Universal Health Insurance (UHI) in Port Said City, namely ( El Nasr, El Salam, El Hayah, and pain outpatient clinic at El Tadamon) hospital. The structured questionnaire and the nursing palliative care quiz are the first tools used to evaluate sociodemographic characteristics. Data were gathered using a second tool, the Nurses' Core Competencies in Palliative Care questionnaire. Based on the study, 56.9% of nurses had adequate knowledge, and 47.2% of paediatric nurses agreed that they had some extendable palliative care competences.It can be summarized that more than sighlty half of the studied sample have adequate knowledge while the rest of the studied sample have inadequate knowledge,with statistically significant relationship between nurses' overall perceived competence and overall knowledge. The relationship between nurses' overall perceived competence and overall knowledge was very statistically significant. The Recommendation study's findings highlight the urgent need of creating an evidence-based programme for competency training in palliative care, which should be available in every hospital and adhered to all paediatric nurses.

Strategi Kepala Sekolah dalam Meningkatkan Mutu Pembelajaran di MTsN Kabupaten Lampung Utara Melalui Pengembangan Kompetensi Profesional Guru

This study aims to investigate the strategies used by school principals in improving the quality of learning in the State Madrasah Tsanawiyah (MTsN) of North Lampung Regency through developing teachers' professional competencies. The quality of education is strongly influenced by teachers' qualifications, competence, and dedication in carrying out their professional duties. Principals have a very important role as leaders who can influence, motivate and guide teachers to achieve the desired educational goals. This study used a qualitative approach with a focus on describing and analyzing the phenomenon under study. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with principals and teachers, observations, and document studies. The research was conducted in three MTsN in North Lampung District. The results showed that there are various strategies implemented by principals to improve teachers' professional competence. These strategies can be divided into formal and informal activities. Formal activities include participation in seminars, workshops, training, and coaching organized by the Ministry of Religious Affairs, MGMP, madrasah external mentors, and madrasah supervisors. In addition, non-formal activities such as experience-sharing sessions are also organized to facilitate the exchange of knowledge and experience between teachers. The study also identified several obstacles faced by principals in developing teachers' professionalism, such as limited mastery of technology, limited teacher creativity, and the lack of scientific research conducted by teachers. Overall, the role of school principals is very significant in improving the quality of learning at MTsN in North Lampung Regency. Through appropriate strategies, both through formal and informal activities, as well as overcoming the obstacles faced, principals can help improve teachers' professional competence and overall learning quality.

Normative and legal regulation of the questioning of medical workers as witnesses in criminal proceedings: problems of the conceptual apparatus

This article examines the terminological problems of legal regulation of the questioning of medical workers as witnesses in criminal proceedings. For this purpose, the criminal procedural norms regulating the questioning of a medical worker in the status of a witness, as well as the provisions of the Civil Code of Ukraine, the Fundamentals of Ukrainian legislation on health protection, and secondary regulatory legal acts (Rules for prescribing prescriptions for medicinal products and medical products, Instructions on the work of departments (groups, sectors, senior inspectors) monitoring the execution of court decisions of penal institutions and remand prisons, the Procedure for the provision of medical care to those sentenced to imprisonment, the Rules of Internal Procedure of remand prisons of the State Criminal Enforcement Service of Ukraine).
 It was established that Clause 4, Part 2, Art. 65 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine (hereinafter referred to as the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine) of medical workers who, in connection with the performance of professional or official duties, became aware of an illness, medical examination, examination and their results, intimate and family aspects of a person’s life - about information, which constitute a medical secret, it is not allowed to be questioned as witnesses. In such a case, interrogation is possible on the condition that the medical worker is released from the obligation to keep professional secrecy by the person who entrusted them with this information, to the extent determined by him.
 It was found that, as of today, in Ukrainian legislation, the term «medical worker» is contained in several subordinate legal acts, and their content is not the same; the term «medical secrecy» is not formally defined, and such a component of the term «medical secrecy» as «intimate and family aspects of a person’s life» is not defined either in the criminal procedural law or in any other regulatory legal acts.
 Conclusions were made about the need to improve the conceptual apparatus in terms of regulating the questioning of medical workers as witnesses by unifying and specifying the terms «medical worker» and «medical confidentiality», as well as making changes to Clause 4, Part 2 of Art. 65 further - CCP of Ukraine.

Providing of efficiency of realization of rights and defence of legal interests of suffering and civil plaintiffs during pre-trial investigation of falsification of medicinal facilities and improper implementation of professional duties by medical workers

In the article the questions of providing of efficiency of realization of rights and defence of legal interests of suffering and civil plaintiffs are examined during pre-trial investigation of criminal offences in relation to falsification of medicinal facilities and improper implementation of professional duties by medical workers, in particular, due to more wide bringing in of experts for realization of judicial-pharmaceutical, judicial-pharmacological, medico-legal, commodity judicial-expert examinations and others like that during pre-trial criminal realization. With the aim of implementation of process of adaptation of criminal judicial legislation of Ukraine Ukraine to the standards of European Union and practice of the European court on human rights expediency of exception of department belonging of expert services is grounded by creation of only National expert service of Ukraine that will eliminate the risks of prejudice of experts of department establishments. From data of Worldwide organization of health protection, the annual market of the falsifyed medical preparations makes 75 milliards of dollars of the USA, every tenth packing of medications is off-grade or counterfeited in countries with the low and middle level of profits to that it is fixed and Ukraine. Some experts name a number in 30. It is noted on the necessity of implementation of Convention MEDICRIME in relation to providing of realization of rights suffering by a grant and promulgation of information about harmful medicinal preparations, including, publication on the official web-site of Department, that carries out control after quality of medications, all present data about the educed imitations, and also opening of information that gets other states to the corresponding department about the names of products of pirate goods of the medical setting. Realization and to drawing on the results of judicial-pharmaceutical, pharmacological, medico-legal, commodity judicial-expert examinations promotes efficiency of providing of realization of rights and defence of legal interests of suffering and civil plaintiffs during pre-trial investigation of falsification of medicinal facilities and improper implementation of professional duties medical by workers.

Regarding the need for a differentiated approach in the aspect of determining programs for improving the qualifications of Ukrainian lawyers in conditions of digitalization

This article is devoted to revealing the essence of a lawyer’s professional duty to improve his qualifications, primarily through the prism of the lawyer’s right to choose the types of such improvement and by clarifying the feasibility of the existence of various programs aimed at its improvement .The necessity of various types of professional development programs that would primarily take into account the lawyer’s experience (for those who have experience in practicing law and young lawyers) is argued.
 Within the framework of this article, the content and problems of the implementation of the program for improving the qualifications of young lawyers were investigated. The experience of foreign countries is revealed, regarding both the definition of the «young lawyer» category in general, and the specifics of the programs for improving their qualifications. Attention is focused on the need for the Higher School of Advocacy of the National Bar Association of Ukraine to develop the «Young Lawyer» modular program and to make it free of charge, taking into account the payment of contributions by such lawyers specifically to ensure the implementation of lawyer self-governance, one of the main duties of which is to maintain a high professional level of lawyers.
 The article also focuses on the expediency of approving training programs for other persons who have one or another relation to the practice of advocacy. A conclusion is made regarding the positive nature of the development by the Higher School of Advocacy of the National Association of Lawyers of Ukraine of special, adaptation courses (instructions) of professional development for interns, assistant attorneys and individuals, in case of renewal of their right to engage in advocacy and the availability of their completion (online).
 To achieve the goal, the author used the methods characteristic of legal science, and the research was conducted primarily using systemic-structural and comparative-legal methods, as well as the dialectical method of learning legal reality.

Home-Based Dynamics of Sleepiness-Related Conditions Starting at Biological Evening and Later (Beyond Working).

Shift work requires round-the-clock readiness to perform professional duties, and the workers' performance highly depends on their sleepiness level, which can be underestimated during a shift. Various factors, including the time of day, can influence sleepiness in shift workers. The objective of this study was to explore the dynamics of sleepiness-related conditions assessed through heart rate variability analysis, starting from the biological evening and continuing in vivo (at home), without the need for artificial alertness support. The participants solely performed regular evening household duties. A total of 32 recordings were collected from the Subjective Sleepiness Dynamics Dataset for analysis. At 8:00 p.m. and every 30 min thereafter, the participants completed cyclic sleepiness scales (the KSS and the SSS) until the time they went to bed, while their heart rate was recorded. The results of the study indicated that during the biological evening, high sleepiness is associated with a 'stressed' condition characterized by higher sympathetic activation. Later on, it is associated with a 'drowsy' condition characterized by higher parasympathetic activation and a decline in heart rate variability. Our findings provide evidence that the type of condition experienced during high sleepiness depends on the biological time. This should be taken into account when managing work regimes in shift work and developing alertness detectors.

Penerapan Hukum terhadap Pelaku dan Korban Tindak pidana Obstruction of Justice

Obstruction of Justice is an act classified as a criminal offense because it obstructs or hinders the legal process in a case. Lawyers in carrying out their professional duties are often associated with allegations of obstructing the legal process in cases involving their clients. The purpose of this writing is to understand the legal regulations regarding obstruction of justice in Indonesia and the characteristics of lawyer's conduct that can be classified as obstructing the legal process or obstruction of justice. The method used in this article is juridical normative. The research findings indicate that obstruction of justice is generally regulated in Article 221 of the Indonesian Criminal Code (KUHP) and specific legislation. A lawyer can lose their immunity and be considered to have committed obstruction of justice if such conduct is not based on good faith and unrelated to their professional duties.

Assessing Established Residential Compounds between Regulation and Reality Utilizing Space Syntax Theories

Planners and architects should be able to incorporate digital technologies and data utilization to fulfil their professional duty of speculating how people will interact and transact with urban configurations. Analysing spatial patterns and their association with social behaviour contributes to harnessing the impact of connectivity on economic, social, environmental, and land value growth. This research presents a mathematical relationship between three variables; as a result, by the transitive property, the connectivity value of every individual street in the urban spatial layout should indicate the location of the urban block according to their sizes and be related in the same manner. The research aims to investigate the following question: is there a positive of negative statistical coefficient correlation between residential plot sizes and connectivity/integration values presented by Depth Map X in two urban villages in Sulaimanya city? The first section’s findings support the transitive property discussed in the research; furthermore, the second section shows an imbalance in the quantity of residential plots of different sizes on each street, causing the effectiveness of the exploitation of urban land in the case studies to decrease, which disagrees with the standards outlined by the Iraqi Roads and Buildings Regulation and the theories of space syntax. This study contributes to the future design of similar projects in the region by emphasizing the need for the authorities to compel building enterprises to adhere to these standards.

PORTRAYING THE INFLUENCE OF ENGLISH MASTERY ON SELF-CONFIDENCE OF GROUND HANDLING OFFICERS AT AHMAD YANI INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

As a ground handling officer who deals directly with passengers, both domestic and international, they should have the ability to speak English confidently. In practice, their English language sometimes undermines their confidence in performing their professional duties. The purpose of this study is to find out whether English proficiency affects the confidence of Ground Handling officers at Ahmad Yani Airport Semarang as well as their English performance in handling foreign passengers. This study used mixed methods, combining quantitative and qualitative data. The data was gathered through the use of questionnaires, interviews, observation, and documentation. Quantitative data analysis employed hypothesis testing and descriptive statistics which were followed by qualitative analysis. The findings of the study indicate the level of English mastery (X) has a significant influence on the self-confidence (Y) of airport ground handlers, proven by the t-test result indicating t-value 4,211 > t-table 2,2024 at the 5% significance level. In general, their English mastery is categorized as “good” However, several issues such as speaking and listening skills as well as vocabulary mastery, contribute to their confidence to perform English in the workplace. They are less confident with their abilities, struggle to communicate their ideas, and rely on coworkers or translation tools.

Implementasi Supervisi Kepala Sekolah dalam Meningkatkan Kinerja Guru Di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (MI) Sirojul Athfal Pondok Rajeg Cibinong Bogor

This research is based on the demands of the community's needs for quality and higher-quality education. Supervision is an important thing that needs to be done in an effort to improve the quality of education. This supervision is in the form of encouragement, guidance, and opportunities to grow teacher expertise in carrying out their professional duties. This study aims to identify and describe the implementation of school principal supervision in improving teacher performance. This research was conducted at MI Sirojul Athfal Pondok Rajeg Cibinong Bogor. This research is based on the boardman's theory of supervision. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method supported by data collection through interviews, observation, and documentation. The sources of informants in this research were the principal and two teachers. The results of this study indicate that the implementation of the supervision of the principal at MI Sirojul Athfal goes well every semester on a regular and scheduled basis. In stimulating teacher performance, the principal provides support, facilities, and appreciation for teachers. In coordinating teacher performance, the principal holds related coordination meetings, evaluates learning, conducts peer tutoring, and involves teachers in community activities. The school principal provides input, suggestions, and solutions related to difficulties faced by teachers, and in an effort to improve teacher performance, the principal provides motivation and optimizes facilities.
 Keywords : Principal Supervision, Teacher Performance

The formal notice of persons

The public order policeman is a civilian, armed civil servant, with a special status, who usually wears a uniform and performs the duties provided by law for the Romanian Police, as a specialized institution of the state. The policeman exercises his function by officially intervening, when the situation requires it, against any individual, regardless of his rank or social position. Any action taken must be motivated by the need to defend the life and bodily integrity of the individual, but also the property, or to maintain the climate of public safety. In the interaction with the citizens, various situations have been noticed in which the police officers do not address them with sufficient kindness, they apply the legal provisions abusively and even commit acts of impropriety, things incompatible with the status of a police officer or, even better said, the status of the police from a member country of the European Union. The job of a policeman, due to its specificity, comes with special duties and risks, so that through the law on the organization and operation of the Romanian Police and the Statute of the policeman, he is granted rights and obligations by which he can fulfill his entrusted missions, taking at the same time in calculating and ensuring protection. Precisely in order to carry out everything according to the legal provisions and for the safety of people, during and in connection with the fulfillment of the duties, the policeman is invested with public authority. As a result of the usual activities, the operational staff of the Romanian Police may face several situations that can only be solved by means of the laws in force and based on the experience gained. That is why it is necessary to know and respect the methods of intervention by applying appropriate rules, the intervention being an imperative condition for the successful fulfillment of professional duties.

UPDATE OF THE EXPERIENCE OF ORGANIZING LEGAL EDUCATION OF OFFICERS IN HIGHER MILITARY EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS OF UKRAINE: A COMPETENT APPROACH

This article offers a comprehensive analysis of viable tactics for integrating legal education into higher military education in Ukraine in a creative manner. The central objective is to leverage a competency-based methodology to equip officers with the necessary skills and knowledge to execute their legally mandated professional duties competently. The authors posit that this approach is highly efficacious in achieving favorable outcomes. The article emphasizes the importance of utilizing interactive teaching methods, independent work of cadets, and extracurricular activities related to legal education. These approaches contribute to the efficient acquisition of relevant knowledge and skills. In order to enhance the competencies of officers, it is highly recommended to adopt positive practices that are interactive in nature. Some of the most effective methods include incorporating business games, conducting case studies, and utilizing training exercises. Additionally, it is highly beneficial to involve legal professionals in the teaching process, as they can provide valuable insights and expertise. By implementing these strategies, officers can develop their skills and knowledge base, ultimately leading to improved performance and success in their roles. The research findings confirm that the experience of implementing legal education for officers in a higher military school in Ukraine encompasses valuable examples that support the implementation of competency-based principles. These positive practices foster the development of necessary skills and knowledge in the field of military law, equipping officers to address legally regulated situations during their service. In summary, the article explores the potential of the competency-based approach in organizing the legal education of officers in a higher military school in Ukraine. This article provides recommendations for the use of interactive methods and the involvement of legal professionals in the educational process, aiming to enhance the preparation of military experts in the field of military law and ensure their successful performance during service.

THE SETTLEMENT OF MEDICAL ETHICS CODE INFRACTIONS AT RSUD Dr. SOEWANDHIE SURABAYA

Indonesian Honorary Council of Medical Ethics (MKEK) is one of the autonomous institutions of the Indonesian Medical Association that is formed especially at the national, regional, and branch levels to perform professional ombudsman duties, foster professional ethics and/or other institutional and ad hoc duties at their respective levels. The Medical Ethic Code in Indonesia has been regulated in the Decree of the Health Minister Number 434/2002 by the IDI management which has revised and established changes to the results of the national working meeting on medical ethics in 2001. The type of research used is empirical jurisdiction which in its research uses a problem approach regarding medical ethics code infractions at RSUD Dr. Soewandhie Surabaya. The data sources used are (1) primary data sources, such as observation and interviews; and (2) secondary data sources, such as data sources that support the primary data sources (law books, scientific papers, articles, and so on). This research technique used purposive sampling technique. The research results indicated that legal protection against violation of the medical ethic code can be resolved in two ways, such as the criminal process (litigation) and the civil process (non-litigation) in which the initial settlement process is assisted by the Ethics Honorary Council, then further handled by the Medical Ethics Committee through mediation related to the provision of sanctions.

The Lived Experiences of Female Immigrant Carers in Madrid, Spain: A Phenomenological Study.

Immigration and population ageing represent circumstances with important sociocultural and economic repercussions. A qualitative study using interpretative phenomenological analysis was conducted to understand the daily lives and the work of immigrant women dedicated to caring for older citizens. In-depth interviews and discussion groups were carried out in a group of 40 immigrant carers. Data were analysed via the constant comparative method. Three qualitative themes emerged from the data: 'difficult lives', 'working in the home', and 'the vision of the other'. This study highlights the many difficulties encountered by this population. A sense of vulnerability was described while fulfilling their professional duties due to their migrant condition, experiences of gender inequality, and work status. An emotional connection is necessary to provide care, which is impossible in cases of discrimination. Administrative regularisation is necessary to improve the quality of immigrant carers' working conditions.