Production Of Profit Research Articles

Kultūrinio ir simbolinio kapitalo gamyba: „Disney“ fenomenas

Straipsnyje lyginamos K. Marxo klasikinė kapitalo samprata ir P. Bourdieau aiškintos simbolinio ir kultūrinio kapitalo sąvokos. Analizuojami konkretūs "Disney" korporacijos veiksmai, susiję su šių kapitalo formų institucionalizacija ir manipuliacija. Siekiama parodyti, kaip simbolinis ir kultūrinis kapitalas yra susijęs su fetišizacijos ir personifikacijos veiksniais ir kokie instituciniai konfliktai dėl to kyla. Analizuojama "Disney" veikla siekiant išvengti tokio pobūdžio konfliktų: atsisakant auteur praktikos ir animuojant mėgstamiausius herojus. Nagrinėjama "Disney" ideologinių nuostat ų kaita: nuo masių žmogaus poreikių tenkinimo iki šiuolaikinio multikultūralizmo, diversifikacijos ir socialinės fragmentacijos puoselėjimo. Kritikuojamos Th. Adorno ir W. Benjamino pažiūros į "Disney", kaip į hegemoninę industrinio imperializmo korporaciją. Priešingai, pabrėžiama humanistinė, individualizuojanti, kooperacinė, edukacinė šiuolaikinio "Disney" veikla. Pasakojama apie "Disney" pragmatizmą, susijusį su vartotojų ir korporacijos abipusių interesų puoselėjimu kuriant svajonių ir utopijos šalį.

Book Reviews

Book Reviews

Protecting ownership rights through digital watermarking

The Internet revolution is now in full swing, and commercial interests abound. As with other maturing media technologies, the focus is moving from technology to content, as commercial vendors and developers try to use network technology to deliver media products for profit. This shift inevitably raises questions about how to protect ownership rights. Digital watermarking has been proposed as a way to identify the source, creator, owner, distributor, or authorized consumer of a document or image. Its objective is to permanently and unalterably mark the image so that the credit or assignment is beyond dispute. In the event of illicit use, the watermark would facilitate the claim of ownership, the receipt of copyright revenues, or successful prosecution. Watermarking has also been proposed for tracing images that have been illicitly redistributed. In the past, the infeasibility of large-scale photocopying and distribution often limited copyright infringement, but modern digital networks make large-scale dissemination simple and inexpensive. Digital watermarking allows each image to be uniquely marked for every buyer. If that buyer makes an illicit copy, the copy itself identifies the buyer as the source.

Need Based Development and Its Implications for Sustainability

Development implying change or progress has now been recognized as a multi‐dimensional concept. But development measured simplistically in terms of certain quantifiable variables such as gross or percapita real GNP was once considered as the be all and end all of the challenges facing the human beings in terms of hunger, poverty, malnutrition and squalid conditions (Aiken & Follette, 1977; Allen & Thomas, 1990). This preoccupation by development theorists, social thinkers, statesmen and philosophers of the past led to the discovery of a magical word, i.e. creation of wealth as a solution to all those human challenges (Ball, 1992). The goal of wealth‐creation as a measure of unidimensional concept of development, in turn, is said to have been achieved by production for profit alone. Again, the production for profit could be pursued only by those producers who would be guided by self‐interested motives of maximizing output and minimizing costs.

Norwegian mining in the early modern period

The growth of Norwegian mining industry was part of the modernization process that constituted the early modern period in European history. Mining introduced industrial capitalism in Norway, with machines, division of labour, wage-earning and production for profit, social classes of proletarians and capitalists. For Norway then, mining played an important part in the mercantilist economic policy of the early modern period, where growth of industry was an aim, and where statebuilding was looked upon as a mean, but also as a wanted result. Thus for Norway, the statebuilding process started before independence as a souvereign state was gained in 1814. In both these aspects, as an early industry and as an object of politics, institutions and bureaucracy, mining in Norway was heavily influenced by the Saxonian tradition.

Intensively managed pasture in the Great Lakes Basin: A future-oriented review

The contribution of pasture to agriculture in the Great Lakes Basin, and specifically in Ontario, is reviewed from both historical and futuristic perspectives. The ascendency of confinement-based ruminant agriculture is currently under challenge by environmental, societal, and market forces which may favor a less resource intensive approach to livestock feeding. Managing pasture for profitable ruminant productivity represents both opportunities and challenges for contemporary producers, as highlighted with examples from beef, dairy, and sheep research. The premise that research intended to benefit pasture enterprises must incorporate the grazing animal is supported by evidence from several sources, including the comparative performance of livestock grazing alfalfa versus other, less highly bred forage legumes. Emphasis is given to the predominant influence of climatic, soil, and managerial factors on pasture performance, through comparisons of sown and indigenous swards, as well as simple and complex mixtures. It is argued that the contribution of pasture to contemporary agriculture could be enhanced by focusing on alternative selection and management indices, such as stability of nutritional quality with both maturation and temperature, rather than quality per se, vertical profiles in nutrient bulk density in an intact sward, and herbage protein partitioning toward rumen bypass rather than rumen-degradable forms. Research in support of intensively managed pasture must effectively integrate grazing livestock, both as a vehicle to apply realistic stresses against which to test breeding materials and management practices, and as the ultimate indicator of biological and economic response. Key words: Pasture and grazing management, beef, dairy, sheep, alfalfa, bird's-foot trefoil, grass, herbage quality

Declining Social Services and the Threat to Social Reproduction: An Urban Dilemma

RECENT FISCAL CRISES experienced by city and federal governments, together with changes in the economy, have resulted in a decline in basic urban services. Since these services are important aspects of the material resources necessary for survival, their decline is threatening the ability of poor and working‐class populations to maintain themselves. The magnitude of current urban problems suggests that we are in the midst of a nationwide crisis in social reproduction. The complex relationship between production for profit and the provision of goods and services for social existence is discussed. This topic is explored in New York City, in the context of decentralization–a recent reform in city government designed to improve service delivery that involves local organizations and other interest groups having a voice in the decision making affecting the quality of the local environment. The relationship between the needs of neighborhood residents, the organizations that emerge to represent their interests, and urban economic policies are discussed, [decentralization, social reproduction, local organizations, social conflict, urban services, urban neighborhoods, citizen participation]

Marketing Information Systems' Potential to Senior Management

For perhaps most MIS managers, actually completing a systems development project is not nearly as challenging as the task of obtaining senior management's support for the system. This column tells how MIS managers can provide the proper incentive for senior managers to support their systems projects by marketing information systems as necessary products for profit.

Information technology and capitalist development

As the potential for a vast number of new services and products in the wake of IT developments becomes apparent, private capital is moving in to secure its exclusive exploitation for private profits. The article traces the development of existing Information Technologies through the organisational imperatives of the military and multinational corporations. It shows how nearly everywhere capitalist pressure is leading to privatisation of public ownership and control over information systems and how national and international capital is restructuring to exploit IT. In the context of capitalist competition and production for profit the exploitation of IT will worsen class, gender and international inequalities (although in this article the latter two are only briefly touched on). But 81 Gareth Locksley argues that IT still carries the seeds of a more equal society; the left has to rethink and appropriate IT and fight for its development under social control.

Toward an Historical Geography of Missions in Nineteenth Century Southern Africa

Abstract Penetration of southern Africa by European and North American missionaries involved overseas settlement motivated by a deliberate wish to change indigenous society by transplanting Christianity, western civilization and commerce. Local social, economic, political and geographical constraints slowed, diluted and distorted diffusion, obliging missionaries to compromise their intentions and modify their procedures. Resistance to proselytisation by indigenous people and colonial settlers, conversions by selected Africans, and alliances between missionaries and the colonial power all helped shape the impress of mission activity: population and land redistribution; promotion of literacy and health care; production for exchange and profit; erosion of African custom, social organisation and chiefdoms. In all these respects missionary settlement constituted an important preliminary in the incorporation of the southern African subcontinent into the emergent world economy, and a vital agent in territorial r...

The Rhetoric of Presence in Poets and Critics of Golden Age Lyric: Garcilaso, Herrera, Gongora

The model of discourse both implied and enacted by classical rhetoric is founded on the necessity of communication: the rhetor takes the object of imitation and attempts to transmit it through the medium of language to the listener or (later) to the reader.' The excellence of the oration is proportionate to the efficiency of this transmission. The source of the oration (the speaker), its target (the audience) and the message which passes between them (figurative language) all participate in a single process, while retaining, nevertheless, their separate identities. The three traditional ends of rhetoric (the production of pleasure, profit and emotion) are subsumed under this general purpose or officium of persuasion. It is to the achievement of an ever more efficient instrument of persuasion that the rhetors subordinate the serried ranks of trope and

The Socialist Transformation of Cuban Agriculture: Domestic and International Constraints

The world system perspective suggests that socialist governments cannot construct truly socialist societies because they remain part of a larger capitalist world economy and must emphasize trade-oriented production for profit. Using this thesis to examine developments in Cuba since the 1959 revolution, I discuss (1) changes in the role of trade and the impact of the world economy on the structure of Cuba's domestic production; and (2) forces shaping the organization of Cuban agriculture since the revolution. Cuba is affected by global capitalist dynamics, internal class forces, and its distinctive trade relations with the Soviet bloc. I conclude that the world economy perspective enhances our understanding of developments in societies purporting to be socialist, but that the thesis itself is insufficient for a complete analysis. A world system perspective challenges widely held assumptions about development possibilities in countries that claim to be socialist. According to Wallerstein (1974, 1979), societies that nationalize ownership of resources within their territory, declare themselves socialist, and propagate socialist ideologies cannot in fact construct a socialist mode of production because they remain part of the larger capitalist world system.' He also argues that because such countries are integrated into a capitalist world economy, they are pressured to organize production to profit from market trade. Socialist and, especially, communist ideologies obfuscate the fact that regimes committed to socialist transformations remain part of a capitalist world economy. A state which collectively owns the means of production is a collective capitalist firm as long as it participates, as all states are compelled to, in the market of the capitalist world economy. This paper examines how Wallerstein's thesis helps explain certain developments in Cuban agriculture since the 1959 revolution. Efforts to expand and diversify agriculture are constrained by global economic forces and not merely, as Dumont (1970), Mesa-Lago (1978), and Ritter (1974), among others, have tended to stress, by domestic organizational inefficiencies and utopian shortsightedness. I summarize Wallerstein's argument and discuss the conditions that should prevail in Cuba were his thesis correct. Then I examine how and why the agrarian sector has been reorganized since 1959 and what effects the changes have had on the island's relations with the world economy.

Quality control in products liability

The purpose of this paper is to describe the functions of the task called and its relationship to the legal fraternity. It is important for the attorney to understand the functions of the specialist so that the development of a Products Liability case can be concluded in favor of the client. Quality Control is a term often used and seldom understood. The reason for the lack of understanding is that the job function varies among products, plants, individuals and managerial or corporate goals. Every seller of product aims at producing a profit at the lowest possible investment. Some firms take more pride in their product and opt for profit over the long term while others want immediate profit and do not care even if they are in business a few years hence. This philosophy is established by Management with which all employees must cope. It is, therefore, a virtual impossibility to establish a single job description that is applicable to a majority of organizations. The relationship between Quality Control and Products Liability is seen by the legal profession through different colored glasses than the view obtained by the Quality Control (QC) professional. The QC professional is not trained in the details of the different pleadings; such as, strict liability in tort, negligence, res ipsa loquitur, express warranty, or implied warranty. He is also not particularly concerned as his job is to prevent defects of product reaching the customer. He is not concerned about the choice of venue or the difference between various jurisdictions and why certain rules are applicable in the different courts. He is concerned about responding to interrogatories and being deposed. Most of us are introverts, while the practicing trial attorney is an extrovert. Since the QC professional has a prime function of preventing dejects, he is concerned with the product before the accident where the theories of liability, the forum, or the details of 402At are not yet at bar. These usually come after the accident when the plaintiff attorney prepares his case. In considering the QC professional's duties before the accident, it was decided to describe how he would prepare to defend a products liability case.

Critical phenomenology and the dialectical foundations of social change

Marx's view of industrialization as the cul? mination of the social process of modern capitalism (especially the division of labor and its hierarchical control) has been strengthened and clarified by the critical Marxists' (Lukacs, Gramsci, the Frankfurt school) dialectical anal? yses of the deep cultural dimensions of that process. Technological development to aug? ment the hierarchical control of production for profit is formed by and in turn further shapes this sociocultural process. American mainstream politics, its mediating structures institutionally set in the corporate capitalist economy and allegedly rooted in a "pragmatic realist" tradition, is bounded, in reality, by the technological world-view. Activities undertaken within this horizon ultimately are aimed at domination, "mastery", or "control" inasmuch as the "outside world" is pictured as a field of resource objects to be exploited by calculative/ manipulative approaches. The Frankfurt "critique of instrumental rationality" is integral to a dialectical theory of this system which, in certain transfigured forms, overshadows the so-called "anti-capitalist" bloc as well. The Frankfurt critique should be understood as broadening, not replacing, the general Marxist critique of industrial capitalism. Perhaps what has yet to be thoroughly under? stood is the achievement of Horkheimer, Adorno, and Marcuse in helping to show that a self-critical socialism worthy of the name must slip the cultural yoke of the technological world-picture wherever the latter is projected. In confronting the cultural roots of the modern capitalist world system, along with the new sociocultural formations of the technological world-view, the Frankfurt school paved the way for insights into the recent anti-socialist politics of technocratic elites in the era of "detente" (e.g. Brezhnev vs. Brzezinski). Here I shall attempt to assess the relevance of (1) the Frankfurt school critique of instru? mental rationality and cultural reification, and (2) the critical phenomenology of the life world and the "material apriori" for (3) a post-modern perspective on the New Left, and the radical theory of social change (especially at the "metatheoretical" level) in the United States. A "post-modern" critical theory, con? cerned as it is with reconstituting social totality and cultural temporality as dimensions of modern political life, focuses not only on in? dustrial capitalism as its primary institutional setting but also on the technological world view as the predominant cultural horizon of contemporary elites. Such a theory must link critique and praxis in order dialectically to transform the time structures of human historical life as well as its social spatial condi? tions. Dialectic of Enlightenment by Hork? heimer and Adorno is a major work of critical marxism especially because it illuminates the Herbert G. Reid is Associate Professor of Political Science, University of Kentucky.

Specialised sire and dam lines. III. Choice of the most profitable parental combination when component traits are genetically non-additive

When crossbred offspring are used for production of an agricultural commodity profit is a function of three genotypes, that of the sire, the dam and the crossbred offspring. Heterosis in the component traits of profit, in any of the above genotypes, affects profit. Thus only when the final product is a four-way cross can we get crossbred parents plus a crossbred progeny and a full use of the available heterosis.When the contributions of the sire and dam to profit are unequal, there is a justification for the breeding and use of specialised sire and dam lines, even though the component traits may be genetically additive. Multiple crosses (three- and four-way) may improve profit over two-way crosses only when there is heterosis in one or more of the component traits.When profitability is presented as a function of productivity and repro-ductivity, five heterosis factors of the component traits may affect profit. These are: (a) Improved efficiency of production in a crossbred ‘commercial offspring’, (b) Improved viability (a component of reproductivity) in a crossbred ‘commercial offspring’, (c) Improved ‘female fertility’ in a crossbred dam. (d) Improved efficiency of the ‘commercial offspring’ through heterosis for maternal effects in the crossbred dam. (e) Improved male fertility through heterosis in the crossbred sire.When the profit equation is non-linear, the same degree of heterosis as that measured on the component traits may have quite a different effect on profit, depending on the level of performance of the traits. By crosses and backcrosses between the parental lines the location and composition of the heterosis factors may be altered favourably.Graphic and algebraic procedures were outlined for finding sire-dam combinations that maximise profit in the presence of heterosis when a group of genetic stocks is available.

Can Democracy Survive Total War?

Fundamentally, I suppose what we mean by democracy is of the people, by the people, for the people. Of course, we know that such a form of government has never actually been realized. Some identify democracy with a free economy, and consider that democratic governments stand or fall with the capitalist system-the system of production for profit, with free private enterprise, money as the medium of commerce, and other characteristic features.