Particleboard Production Research Articles

Physico-Mechanical Properties of Particle Board made from Coconut Shell, Coconut Husk and Palm Kernel Shell

This research involves the production of particle boards made from coconut shell, palm kernel shell and coconut husk in different ratios varying from 25%, 30%, 35%, 40% and 50%. These materials were homogeneously mixed with Urea Formaldehyde resin which was the adhesive used commonly known as Top Bond. The physical and mechanical characteristics of produced particle boards which were density, water absorption, thickness swelling, modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity were analysed. The densities ranged between 995kg/m3 and 600kg/m3. The particle board which had 50% coconut shell, 25% palm kernel shell and 25% coconut husk (E1) had the least value for water absorption after 2hours and 24 hours which was 17.26 and 26.19 respectively. The mean values for Modulus of Rupture and Modulus of Elasticity varied from 0.650N/mm2 to 3.149N/mm2 and 11.659N/mm2 to 146.850N/mm2. It was observed that the particle board which had the most preferable properties both physical and mechanical properties was E1 which was composed of 50% coconut shell, 25% palm kernel shell and 25% coconut husk.

Circular vs. linear economy of building materials: A case study for particleboards made of recycled wood and biopolymer vs. conventional particleboards

This paper proposes the assessment of particleboards based on the Circular Economy (CE) approach, in which wood wastes and bio-resins are used to produce circular construction materials and compare them with conventional panels made of synthetic polymers and virgin wood particles. The use of discarded wood in particleboards aims to provide circular routes for this solid waste instead of the landfill after use. In addition, two bio-based polyurethane (PU) and urea–formaldehyde (UF) polymers are compared for the production of particleboards. The alternative particleboards are made with raw wood shavings of the species Pinus taeda, Pinus elliotti and Eucalyptus urograndis, without sifting processing. The particleboards are evaluated by the screw pull-out tensile test, three-point bending test, swelling after water immersion and colourimetry. Additional analyses such as surface roughness, thermal conductivity, apparent porosity and scanning electronic microscopy are performed for the characterisation of the panels. The technical viability of particleboards is obtained by mechanical analysis for higher density composites of PU polymers and eucalyptus wood. Finally, a life cycle assessment of particleboards made from recycled wood and bio-resins reveals that all scenarios for the production of particleboards in a CE approach are environmentally benign alternatives, reducing up to 95% of the environmental impacts to human toxicity, abiotic depletion and other impacts compared to the traditional and linear scenario. The best circular scenarios are more sustainable than linear scenarios, especially for the cases of particleboards are made with medium densities involving eucalyptus or pinus wood wastes and PU polymer.

Low-formaldehyde emission composite particleboard manufactured from waste chestnut bur

Chestnut bur is an agro-waste material generated in the chestnut production. It is a tannin-rich lignocellulosic material which might be a promising raw material for low-formaldehyde composite particleboard production when using urea–formaldehyde (UF) as bonding adhesive. In this study, the characteristics of chestnut bur were analyzed to assess its application value for composite panel. Five-type particleboards were manufactured from the mixture of chestnut bur/poplar particles with the weight ratios of 0/100, 25/75, 50/50, 75/25 and 100/0, UF resin was used as bonding adhesive. The effects of the addition amount of chestnut bur on the physical, mechanical properties and formaldehyde emission of particleboard were studied. The results showed as follows: (1) chestnut bur showed low cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin contents, but high extractives and ash contents compared with poplar wood. Chestnut bur and poplar wood had the similar fiber morphology. (2) Composite board with relatively good performances could be manufactured with mix particles of chestnut bur and poplar wood. With the increasing of chestnut bur content, the mechanical properties of the composite board decreased, whereas the dimensional stability increased. (3) The total phenol content in the chestnut bur was as high as 13.79%. The phenolic substance in the chestnut burs could react with free formaldehyde. Hence, the free formaldehyde emission of particleboard was effectively reduced. In summary, waste chestnut bur is a suitable material which can not only be utilized as the base material, but also a natural free formaldehyde scavenger for composite particleboard production.

Production of Fire-Resistant Particle Boards from some Agricultural Residues

The research aims producing fire-resistant particle boards using different types of highly combustible agricultural residues. The some mechanical propertiesparametersincluded modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity while physical properties were water absorption, swelling thickness, mass loss, ignition, glowing time, width and length of the burnt area. Particleboards variables were adhesives (urea formaldehyde ratio of 10%, sodium silicates and paraffin wax ratio of 5%,hardener (ammonium chloride) and fire-retardant (a mixture of di-ammonium phosphate and boric acid is nontoxic ratio of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 %. All above carried out under four press temperature (100,120,140,160 C°), four thicknesses of 14,16,18 and 20mm and four agricultural residues cotton stalks, corn stalks, rice straw and sawdust. The manufactured boards were tested according to TS-EN standards. The results recorded that the maximum modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture of 4750 and 28.5 N/mm2 respectively were obtained using cotton-stalk particle boards, pressing temperature of 140 °C and particle board thickness of 14 mm. The maximum averages water absorption percentage after 2 and 24 h was 28 and 73% respectively and the maximum averages swelling percentage after 2 and 24 h was 22.3 and 33.7 % respectively, were obtained using rice-straw particle boards under pressing temperature of 100 °C and particle board thickness of 20 mm. The most fire-retarding properties were improved with the increase in fire-retarding-content up-to 15 %. Higher amounts resulted in decreasing of the fire-retarding properties.

Determination of the adhesive content of medium density particleboards produced with bio-based polymer

This work contributes to the use of alternative adhesives in the wood-based industry, where pine wood is commonly used. The investigation identifies the influence and the optimal content (8, 12 and 15wt%) of a bio-based polyurethane adhesive in the production of medium density particleboards (MDP). A compaction pressure of 4 MPa at 100oC for 10 minutes is considered in the manufacture of panels based on pine wood residues and bio-based resin. The bulk density, flexural modulus (MOE) and strength (MOR) properties under static three-point bending are obtained according to the Brazilian standard NBR 14810. The results are compared with NBR 14810 and other standards to verify its performance based on the minimum requirements. Bulk density is not significantly affected by the investigated adhesive levels. MOE and MOR reach average values equivalent to 12wt% and 15wt% of the adhesive, and both meet the minimum requirements established in international normative documents. The adhesive level range responsible for maximizing ρ, MOE and MOR is between 12.42wt% and 15.79wt%.

USE OF RESIDUES FROM THE CELLULOSE INDUSTRY AND SUGARCANE BAGASSE IN PARTICLEBOARDS

The use of alternative materials such as lignocellulosic residues in the production of particleboards has increased considering that these residues are produced in large volumes and often do not have an appropriate destination. This research studied the use of residues from cellulose industries, sugarcane bagasse, and castor oil-based polyurethane resin in the production of wooden panels and evaluated the influence of using these residues on the physical and mechanical properties of the panels. The products were manufactured according to the Brazilian standard ABNT NBR 14810 and the requirements of the panels were evaluated based on national and international standards. All treatments partially met the regulatory requirements. The addition of bagasse led to an improvement in physical and mechanical properties, with treatment 2 (50% wood residue and 50% bagasse) presenting the best performance, which indicates the possibility of using panels with residues with non-structural purpose in environments to improve the thermoacoustic performance of rural buildings. The statistical analysis indicated that the percentage of bagasse was significant, improving the evaluated properties.

Study on untreated and alkali treated rice straw reinforced geopolymer composites

In this study, plant fibre reinforced geopolymer composites were prepared using industrial waste slag and agricultural residue rice straw. The properties of the untreated and alkali treated rice straw reinforced geopolymer composites were investigated. The bending strength, water absorption thickness swelling rate and water absorption of the composite materials were evaluated. The results show that both the untreated and alkali treated rice straw can significantly improve the bending strength of the geopolymer; however, the alkali treated rice straw exhibited a higher enhancement effect. At a curing time of 28 days, the bending strength of the alkali treated rice straw reinforced geopolymer composites (ATRSRGC) with 10% fibre content reached 13.6 MPa, which exceeds the requirement specified by the China National Standard “Cement Bonded Particleboard” for superior product (≥10 MPa). The water absorption thickness swelling rate and water absorption of these two composite materials increased with the increase in the fibre content. However, with the increase in the water immersion time, their water absorption thickness swelling rate and water absorption showed different changes. We found that the ATRSRGC had a higher water absorption thickness swelling rate than the untreated rice straw reinforced geopolymer composites (UTRSRGC), indicating that high water absorption thickness swelling rate should be considered if the alkali treated rice straw is used for the production of particleboards. Infrared spectroscopy analysis shows that the rice straw and geopolymer were physically combined. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy analysis results show that the geopolymer matrix bonded with the alkali treated rice straw better than the untreated rice straw.

Effect of silane coupling agent pretreatment on the properties of rice straw particleboard bonded with prevulcanized natural rubber latex

Burning rice straw particles is a problem for generating atmospheric particulate matter (PM2.5) in Thailand. Increase in value-added rice straw such as production of rice straw particle board is an attractively promising product. The prevulcanized natural rubber-bonded rice straw particles using bis-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)tetra sulphide (Si-69) acting as silane coupling agents were used to produce rice straw particle board. The effect of Si-69 concentrations of 2, 5, 7, and 10%w/v on the properties of rice straw particle board was investigated. The surfaces of treated rice straw particles were characterized by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In addition, modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), internal bonding (IB) thickness swelling (TS) and water absorption (WA) of the prepared samples were measured. The result illustrated that the rice straw particle board was successfully manufactured using prevulcanized natural rubber and Si-69 coupling agent. The rice straw surface was fully covered by Si-69 and the amount of silicon and sulphur elements were increased with increasing Si-69 concentration. Consequently, the IB, MOR and MOE of the rice straw particle tended to increase with increasing Si-69 concentration. This is possibly due to good interfacial adhesion and reasonable stress transfer between rice straw particles and prevulcanized natural rubber as well as higher crosslink density of prevulcanized natural rubber. On the other hand, TS and WA of the rice straw particle were sharply decreased with increasing Si-69 concentration because the rice straw surface may be partially covered by the hydrophobic parts of Si-69.

Utilization of tea oil camellia (Camellia oleifera Abel.) shells as alternative raw materials for manufacturing particleboard

Tea oil camellia (Camellia oleifera Abel.) is a unique oil crop belongs to the genus Camellia of the Theaceae family with more than 4.4 million hectares in China to produce more than 2.4 million-ton fruit in 2019. There are about 1.8 million-ton by-products of tea oil camellia shell (TCOS). In view of the huge amount of TCOS produced, it is a severe concern to utilize the TCOS on a large scale instead of discarding it to cause various forms of environmental pollution and problems. Herein, we investigated the feasibility of using TCOS as a new lignocellulose resource instead of wood for particleboard production. The effective variables, including adhesive content, hot-pressing parameters (temperature, time, and pressure), and the ratio of shell particles to wood particles, were systematically investigated. Results showed the suitability of TOCS as a raw material for the particleboard industry. Accordingly, using 50 % of TOCS particles and 50 % commercial wood particles in the mat with 8% pMDI adhesive exhibited modulus of rupture (MOR) value of 13.4 N/mm2, modulus of elasticity (MOE) of 1840 N/mm2, and internal bonding strength (IB) of 1.22 N/mm2, qualified EN standard for particleboard type P2 (dry conditions), and its thickness swelling (TS) of 17 % met the minimum requirement of EN 312 for particleboard type P3.

Influence of Leather Fiber on Modulus of Elasticity in Bending Test and of Bend Strength of Particleboards

Abstract The society’s development provides consequences such as the increasing generation of industrial waste. In the city of Franca, Sao Paulo’s inland city, there are footwear industries that generate a large amount of leather waste during their production process. In most cases, there’s no use of this waste and they’re disposed of in landfills. A reuse alternative is the production of particleboards used in construction sectors. Therefore, one of the biggest challenges is the use of this leather waste adding value to the product and enabling the production of sustainable material. This work proposes the production of particleboards from Eucalyptus wood and leather fibers using castor oil polyurethane adhesive. In addition, the assessment of the leather fiber influence on modulus of rupture and elasticity obtained from a static bending test. The study investigated the proportion of 10%, 25% e 50% leather waste in relation to Eucalyptus particles and 10% castor oil polyurethane adhesive. The mechanical performance of the panels was evaluated based on ABNT NBR 14810-1 and 2 (2013; 2018). The results allowed us to ascertain that the incorporation of 10% leather waste in particleboard rated them, according to NBR 14810-1 and 2 (2013; 2018), as structural panels of type P4 for use in dry conditions.

The effect of the size and shape of wood particles on the tensile strength perpendicular to the plane of the particleboard: Experiments and modeling

One of the problems of sustainable development is the technologies improvement for the rational use of wood and other raw materials of plant origin. The literature reflects a large amount of applied research that was conducted to justify new technologies for the production of particle boards (PB). The main attention in the known works is paid to the influence of the particle size distribution on the strength of PB. The influence of particle shape on the PB strength has been studied to a lesser extent. In this regard, this article considers the influence of the shape and size of particles on the tensile strength perpendicular to the plane of the PB. A geometric analysis of the particle shape is performed. It was taken into account that the PB strength depends on the shape and size of the particles, as well as on the number of adhesive contacts between particles. To obtain quantitative estimates, formulas were substantiated confirming that an increase in the length of the particles and a decrease in their transverse dimensions lead to an increase in the PB strength. Experimental research methods were used, and mathematical modeling of the sample failure area was performed.

Evaluation of waste chicken feather protein hydrolysate as a bio-based binder for particleboard production

The present study investigate the beneficiation potential of extracted keratin protein hydrolysate from chicken feather waste biomass as bio-adhesive for the production of particleboard. Chicken feathers were hydrolyzed using hybrid alkaline hydrolysis, and the obtained keratin protein fraction was used for bio-adhesive formulation. The formulated adhesive was employed for particleboard fabrication using the American National Standards Institute (A208.1) 1-L-1 grade specification. The quality of bio-adhesive and the particleboard mechanical strength performance were evaluated with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE) and density. The FTIR spectra confirmed the amine, alkyl side chains and carboxylic groups of the amino acids in the unmodified keratin-based binder. The spectra revealed the covalent bonding between the azetidinium of the citric acid-based polyamide-epichlorohydrin cross-linking and the hydroxyl groups of the keratin protein hydrolysate. The fabricated particleboard's mechanical strength performance met the specification for the 1-L-1 grade of the American National Standards Institute (A208.1). The respective values obtained for modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity of the panels made with unmodified keratin-based adhesive were 6, 5 and 1184, 34 ​MPa, respectively. The cellulose nanocrystals incorporation as a filler enhanced the formulated bio-adhesive static bending and bonding strength properties. Therefore, these findings demonstrate that keratin hydrolysate protein extracts from chicken feather waste could be considered as a potential feedstock for environmentally friendly wood composites bio-binder production.

Raw natural rubber latex-based bio-adhesive for the production of particleboard: formulation and optimization of process parameters.

In this study, bio-adhesives from natural rubber latex (NRL) were combined with starch and formic acid to fabricate jute stick-based particleboards (JSPs). Different blends of NRL, starch, and formic acid, i.e., 6 : 1 : 1, 2 : 1 : 1, and 2 : 3 : 3, were used to produce particleboards using a pressing temperature of 180 °C and applied pressure of 5 MPa using a 5 min pressing time. The particleboards were tested for physical, mechanical, and thermal properties according to ANSI standards. Based on initial screening, the best formula (NRL/starch/formic acid of 2 : 3 : 3) was used to optimize the temperature and pressing time for the highest board performance. The highest density, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and modulus of rupture were 830 g cm−3, 10.51, 2380, and 20.05 N mm−2, respectively. Thermo-gravimetric analysis indicated that thermal decomposition of samples primarily occurred in a temperature range of 265 to 399 °C, indicating good thermal performance. The measured physical and mechanical properties of the produced JSPs fulfilled the production standards. However, fulfilling the water absorption and thickness swelling criteria was a challenge. The results indicate that NRL is a promising alternative binder when blended with starch and formic acid.

Research of suitability of some mechanical properties of particle board produced from cotton stalks to standards

Today, reduction of forest resources and wood-based panel production of intense pressure from environmentalists on this issue has led to new searches. At this point, various studies and researches are carried out on the subject.This research was also planned within this scope. In this study, mechanical properties of particle boards (650 kg/m3) produced using urea cotton stalks and wood (% 100, 75, 50, 25, 0) for general purposes under laboratory conditions were investigated. At the same time, the results were compared with relevant standards. For production of particleboards, urea formaldehyde resin (65%) and as hardening agent ammonium chloride (33%) were used. The result showed that the mean value of bending strength, modulus of elasticity and resistance to axial withdrawal strength of the specimens, janka results ranged from 13.11 to 18.01 N/mm2, from 2819 to 4620.8 N/mm2, from 984.6 to 1089.4, from 0.55 to 0.97 N/mm2 and from 32.2 to 54.41 N/mm2, respectively. In the statistical analysis, (except for 100% wood chip) it was understood that, properties of the particleboards have improved with the rising percentage of wood particles in the particleboards. In addition, it was determined that the bending resistance and the modulus of elasticity in bending, the tensile strength perpendicular to the surface and the screw holding resistance perpendicular to the surface were meet the minimum requirements required in TS-EN 310, TS EN 319 and BS 1811, respectively.

Physico-Mechanical and Biological Durability of Citric Acid-Bonded Rubberwood Particleboard.

This study investigated the effects of different citric acid content on the physico-mechanical and biological durability of rubberwood particleboard. Particleboards with density of 700 kg/m3 were produced with three different citric acid contents, namely 10, 15 and 20 wt%. Particleboards made from 10 wt% urea formaldehyde (UF) resin were served as control for comparison purposes. FTIR analysis was carried out and the formation of ester linkages between -OH on cellulose and carbonyl groups of citric acid was confirmed. The peak intensity increased along with increasing citric content, which indicated that a higher amount of ester linkages were formed at higher citric acid content. Citric acid-bonded particleboard had inferior physical properties (water absorption and thickness swelling) and mechanical properties (internal bonding strength, modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity) compared to that of the UF-bonded particleboard. However, the performance of particleboard was enhanced with increasing citric acid content. Meanwhile, citric acid-bonded particleboard displayed significantly better fungal and termite resistance than UF-bonded particleboard owing to the acidic nature of citric acid. It can be concluded that citric acid is a suitable green binder for particleboard but some improvement is needed during the particleboard production process.

Effect of Chainsaw Chips Use on Some Panel Properties in Particleboard Production

Bu çalışmada motorlu testere ile ağaç kesiminde meydana gelen talaşların yonga levha üretimine uygunluğu ve levha özelliklerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Hammadde olarak sahil çamı, kayın ve dişbudak odunlarından elde edilen motorlu testere talaşı (MTT) ile endüstriyel odun yongaları (EY) kullanılmıştır. Deney levhaları üre formaldehit tutkalı ile 3 tabaklı olarak üretilmiştir. Elde edilen levhaların fiziksel ve mekanik özellikleri standart yonga levha özellikleriyle karşılaştırılarak motorlu testere talaşının yonga levha üretimine uygunluğu belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre MTT yongaların yonga levha üretiminde kullanılabileceği ve fiziksel ve mekanik özelliklerin genel amaçlı kullanımlara uygun olduğu değerlendirilmiştir. Deney levhaların mekanik özelliklerinden en yüksek yüzeye dik çekme direnci (IB) 0,51 N/mm2 ile EY kontrol levha grubunda, en yüksek eğilme direnci (BS)12.84 N/mm2 olarak MTT kontrol grubu levhalarında elde edilmiştir.

Assessment of wood industrial pollutants based on emission coefficients in China

AbstractThe implementation of circular economy in wood industries is an effective way for future sustainable development. The wood industries in China are not in the direction of circular economy approach due to less availability of assessment/calculation data of pollutants as per life cycle assessment (LCA) criteria. The present study focuses on the calculation of emission and pollutants from wood industries as per LCA; the emission and pollution data were collected from fiberboard Medium-density fiberboard (MDF), plywood and particleboard (PB) production. The comparative analysis of dust emissions, industrial waste gases and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were performed among three wood industries. The results revealed that the fiberboard industry was the highest emitter of dust, industrial waste gas and COD; and particleboard industry was the least emitter. Further, results indicated that pollutant index of wood industries were significantly changed between 2015 and 2017; the industrial waste water discharge increased five folds and the COD, dust and industrial gases increased two times. This study provides with the emission and pollutants data of wood industries as per LCA to promote the sustainable development for circular and low carbon economics.

Flame-retardant properties of particleboard made from coconut fibre using modified potato starch as a binder

This study seeks to evaluate the flame-retardant characteristics of experimental particleboard manufactured from coconut fibre using modified potato starch as a green binder. The coconut fibre was used as a replacement for the wood as a raw material in particleboard production. The adhesives used in the process were made by modifying potato starch with citric acid and glutardialdehyde. No flame-retardant additive was added during the processing, and this was done to evaluate the flame-retardant potential of the experimental coconut fibre-based particleboards. The limited oxygen index (LOI) test, the bomb calorimetry, the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) were used to evaluate the thermal properties and flame retardancy rate of such particleboards. The result of the DMA showed that the coconut fibre-based particleboards had good storage modulus with heat. The bomb calorimeter and LOI results also supported the flame-retardant performance of the panels. Based on the evaluations, it could be prescribed that the coconut fibre particleboard made with citric acid modified potato starch (CAMPS) exhibited the best flame-retardant properties.

Strength and dimensional stability of cement bonded board reinforced with tomato stem particles and coconut husk dust

The use of coconut husk sawdust and tomato stem particles at varying blending proportion was examined for the production of particle board. Boards of dimensions 350 mm by 350 mm by 6 mm were produced (coconut husk dust, tomato stem particles) at different blending proportion and addition of additive (CaCl2 at different concentrations). The physical properties (water absorption and thickness swelling) and mechanical properties (modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE)) were investigated. Thickness swelling and water absorption were investigated at 24 and 48 hours. The results showed that boards exhibited mean values of 0.50% to 4.16% and 2.12% to 7.00% respectively of thickness swelling at 24 hours and 48 hours respectively and 13.6% to 25.2% and 17.6% to 29.1% of water absorption at 24 h and 48 h, respectively. The boards also exhibited means of 1.00 N/mm2 to 5.25 N/mm2 and 339 N/mm2 to 3430 N/mm2 for MOR and MOE respectively. An increase in the tomato particle content caused increase in water absorption and thickness swelling, resulting in the highest water absorption and thickness swelling values. Tomato stem and coconut husk dust can be used to produce cement bonded boards after pre-treatment with hot water and preferably both sieved.

Optimization of the Mixing Ratio for Particleboard Production from Groundnut Shell and Rice Husk

Abstract The aim of this work is to optimize the mixing ratio for production of particleboard (PB) from groundnut shell and rice husk. This research is focused on optimization approach for turning the agricultural waste into quality value-added composite PB for sustainable development. Box-Behnken design was used to optimize the effect of three process variables: groundnut husk (0–100 g); rice husk (0–100 g) and resin (1.5–2.5 g). The best process levels for PB production predicted by the software were validated. The PB samples produced were analysed using scanning electron microscope. The best results were obtained at levels: groundnut husk – 50 g; rice husk –100 g; resin – 3.50 g with rupture modulus of 3.50 N·mm−2 and elasticity modulus of 932.4 N·mm−2, the predicted optimal levels of 65.99 g; 86.34 g and 1.69 g were validated. The validation results gave rupture modulus of 3.49 N·mm−2, and elasticity modulus of 932.10 N·mm−2. It can be concluded that PB produced at the optimized conditions satisfied the American National Standard ANSI/A208.1-999 specification for general purpose particleboards for sustainable development.