Particleboard Production Research Articles

Optimization of Composition, Temperature and Time on Production of Particle Board Made from Pine Bark and EFB

The study is aimed to find out the feasibility on the Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB) and the Merkusii Pine Bark as a raw material for particle board production. The research carried with varied composition, times and temperature, testing according to the standards of SNI-3-2105-2006 and JIS A 5908-2003. The fiber length of the Empty Fruit Bunches is 0.1-20 mm and particle size of the pine bark passes sieve 40 mesh. The experiment result shows that density, moisture content and MOR meet SNI and JIS but MOE does not meet the standard. The optimal condition is obtained on the composition 70/30 and 75/25.

Formulation and Characterization of Adhesive Produced From Polystyrene Waste Using Response Surface Optimization

Polystyrene is extensively used in building and construction industry, packaging and transportation of fragile equipment due its low density, high melting point, low thermal conductivity, low water absorption, etc. Polystyrene after usage is usually discarded thereby causing environmental problems. The post-usage of polystyrene has, therefore, been a subject of intense research in recent times. The aim of this work is to produce adhesive from polystyrene wastes. Polystyrene waste (PS) was collected, processed and dissolved in tackifyer and formulated with diphnyle amine and diethylene glycol dibenzoate additives to produce adhesive using 3 levels variables factors and 4 levels testing factors of design expert optimization software. The produced adhesive was further characterized for viscosity, pH, percentages solid and moisture contents for their response surfaces. The results showed that the best fit viscosity for each run was Run 1B> Run 5A > Run 5D> Run 5B>Run 4D based on the regression analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The pH values obtained ranged from 4.0 to 6.3; percentage moisture content was in the order of Run 1B < 5A<4D<4B and percentage solid content was in the order of Run 1B<5A<4D. The best fitted adhesive was run 1B with 5.93 % moisture content; 5A has 7.57 % moisture content and 4D with 8.76% moisture content. The percentage solid content; Run 1B has 67.19 %, 5A has 68.16 % and 4D has 75.50 %. The produced adhesives were found within the standard range of adhesives used in production of particleboard.

Durability and strength properties of particle boards from polystyrene–wood wastes

This paper presents the results of experimental study on the production of particle boards from wastes of wood and expanded polystyrene foam (EPS). Two different particle sizes of wood wastes and two different dosages of EPS resin were used as binders in the boards (WPP). Modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE) and physical properties were analysed. Effects of long-term immersion in water for 7–28 days on the properties of the particleboards were similarly evaluated. SEM and FTIR were used to analyse the specimens. The results showed that water absorption decreased as EPS content was increased from 1.5 to 2.0 and thickness swelling indicated that WPP with 0.85 mm particle sizes and 1.5 resin dosages had the least value between 2.38 and 3.51% after 7–28 days of prolonged immersion in water. MOR and MOE indicated that the optimum performances of the WPP boards were recorded before the prolonged immersion in water at 4.3 MPa and 187.8 MPa. WPP with 0.85 and 1.75 mm particle sizes with 2.0 resin dosage had good post immersion performance. This study demonstrated that wood and EPS wastes are sustainable materials for producing composite wood based panels that are still durable in moist environment.

Cross-country comparison on environmental impacts of particleboard production in Brazil and Spain

Remarkable differences can be found between Brazilian and Spanish production of wood-based products. The purpose of this study is to analyze and compare the environmental performance of particleboard production in both countries. The results showed that the greatest impacts in four impact categories correspond to Brazilian particleboards, because of the use of heavy fuel-oil and virgin wood as energy source and raw material respectively, as well as uncontrolled formaldehyde emissions. On the contrary, Spanish production reports worse results in other impacts (eutrophication and toxicity related categories) mostly due to the large demand of diesel in the mobile chipping machine. A sensitivity analysis based on the variation of scenarios considering multifunctionality issues to produce particleboards in Brazil and Spain was conducted. The allocation approach (economic and mass) showed a relevant influence for all impact categories for the Brazilian scenarios in order to reduce most of the environmental impacts, however, it has increased most of the impacts for the Spanish ones due to the change of perspective in the hypothesis that wooden residues are free of environmental burden. The use of the substitution method to address the multifunctional processes displayed the lowest values for almost all impact categories, and especially for Spain, where the avoided impacts from wooden waste were so high that they covered all the life cycle impacts of the particleboards life cycle on many occasions, meaning that there was a net benefit, as the overall environmental impacts were more than offset by the avoided impacts.

Why using different Life Cycle Assessment software tools can generate different results for the same product system? A cause–effect analysis of the problem

There are different software tools to perform Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and results may be different according to which software the user chooses. This paper aims to present how different LCA results can be achieved due to using different LCA software tools for the same product system. The present study focuses on analyzing four LCA software tools: SimaPro, Gabi, Umberto® and openLCA, and a standard case study was designed for the LCA comparisons for the particleboard production in Brazil. The product system was modeled in terms of gate-to-gate (G2G) and cradle-to-gate (C2G) approaches, and the ILCD midpoint was the Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) method. Characterized and normalized impacts were calculated and compared in terms of maximum/minimum relative deviation for five different impact categories. An analysis of the current software tools indicates that photochemical ozone formation and ecotoxicity freshwater categories were highlighted because of their high relative impacts. However, the G2G impacts for all the software tools were less affected than the C2G impacts, which indicate there are differences in the causes of the impacts for the background datasets. Furthermore, an analysis of the Characterization Factors (CFs) was designed and the results were revealed: i) missing CFs in some software, ii) additional CFs in some software, and iii) different CFs for the same flows. Based on that, a cause–effect analysis was performed, and two root causes were identified: import process for background datasets, and lack of rules for implementing LCIA methods in the software tools. To deal with such root causes, a roadmap was proposed and we recommended to include LCIA methods into a node at the Global LCA Data network, and consequently all software tools should update their databases from there. This would help to at least reducing the discrepancies of LCA results.

Preliminary study on compatibility of metakaolin-based geopolymer paste with plant fibers

Referring to the evaluation methods of the compatibility of cement with plant fibers, the compatibility of metakaolin-based geopolymer paste (MBGP) with 15 plant fibers from forest and agriculture product residues was studied. Results show that MBGP has good compatibility with either wood fibers or non-wood fibers, and the wood fibers are more compatible than non-wood fibers as a whole. Because the plant fibers have not suffered from expensive and complex pulping processes and any additive has not been used in the preparation process, these plant fibers possess good application prospects for the production of geopolymer particle board.

Effect of Pine (Pinus Sylvestris) Bark Dust on Particleboard Thickness Swelling and Internal Bond

Increasing demand for wood resulted in competition between different branches of wood-based production. High intensity production, like the production of wood-based panels, is forced to look for other lignocellulosic resources. Bark is a possible source for wood-based panel industry, especially for particleboards. Bark chips were crushed into bark dust, which were used for the production of single-layer particleboards. The share of bark dust was 0 %, 0.5 %, 1 %, 5 % and 10 %. The boards were tested on thickness swelling (immersion in water, exposure to humid conditions) and internal bond. The highest internal bond was determined in the particleboard with 1 % bark share. Thickness swelling of boards with added bark was higher compared to boards without bark. The highest swelling was observed in boards with 10 % bark dust (immersion in water) or 5 % (humid conditions). Bark based boards absorbed less water.

Optimum condition of manufacturing hybrid particleboard from mixture of cocoa pod husk and bamboo particles

This study was to investigate the feasibility of using cocoa pod husks (CPH) and bamboo in manufacturing hybrid particle board. Three-layer experimental particleboards from mixture of bamboo and CPH participles were manufactured using different surface to core layer ratios (30, 40 and 50%) and various UF ratios for surface layer (6, 8 and 10%) and for core layer (4, 6 and 8%). Modulus of rupture (MOR), internal bond strength (IB) and thickness swelling (TS) properties of the boards were evaluated based on Standard TCVN7756:2007 Test Methods for general purpose used in dry conditions. The results showed that boards in all ratios of surface to core layer investigated could be manufactured using up till 8% UF resin for surface layer and up till 6% UF resin for core layer without falling below the minimum Standard VN7754:2007. The optimal condition was the surface to core layer ratio of 30% used with 9.51% UF resin for surface layer and 7.45% UF resin for core layer obtaining the lowest thickness swelling (TS) 11.13%. The highest values of MOR and IB were 15.25 MPa and 0.45 MPa, respectively. This study demonstrates that cocoa pod husks and bamboo waste can be an alternative raw material source for particleboard production.

Mechanical and Physical Properties of Particleboard from Untreated and Treated Kenaf Particles

Composite panels were manufactured from kenaf particles and treated with two different alkali treatments using 2% NaOH and 2% KOH with resin contents of 8% and 10% of phenol formaldehyde (PF) at medium density of 650kg/m3. The objectives of this study were to determine the mechanical properties in terms of its modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE) and internal bond (IB), and physical properties namely thickness swelling (TS) and water absorption (WA) of treated kenaf board. The mechanical and physical tests were performed according to the Malaysian Standard (MS1787:2004). The minimum requirements value for MOE, MOR and IB were 2000 MPa, 14 MPa and 0.45 MPa respectively for furniture grade particleboards for use in humid conditions (PF2). According to Malaysian specifications for physical properties, the maximum requirement for thickness swell is 15%. Results indicated that both treated boards with NaOH and KOH showed an increase in strength properties compared to untreated particleboard. Particleboard treated with KOH exhibited the highest MOR and MOE values, while board with NaOH treatment gave the highest IB value. The boards with treated particles gave better performance in terms of physical properties. There were no significant differences in mechanical properties (MOR, MOE and IB) and physical properties for the different alkali treatment. The values of bending strength and IB strength increased with an increase in resin content, while TS and WA increased with a decrease in resin content. In conclusion, NaOH and KOH treated kenaf particles improved board performance and could be considered as an alternative material for particleboard production.

Production and evaluation of particleboard made of sawdust and sugarcane bagasse with polyurethane resin based on castor oil

Among the goals for sustainable development in Brazil, studies have been conducted to better use of industrial and agricultural waste to promote adequate final disposal of these and generate new materials that minimize the exploitation and use of natural resources. In this work, the proposal is to make and evaluate boards with nominal density of 0.80 g.cm-3 using sugar cane bagasse, sawdust and polyurethane resin derived from castor oil. Thus, three treatments with different percentages of particles and 10% of PU-castor were proposed for the preparation of boards that were pressed with a pressure of 50 kgf.cm-2, a temperature of 100°C and a pressing time of ten minutes. The boards were evaluated for their physical properties (density, moisture content and swelling) and mechanical (static flexure and perpendicular traction) according to NBR 14810: 2-2013 and presented average values density of 936 to 937 kg.m-3, swelling after 24 hours of 5.0 to 7.2%, modulus of resistance to static bending of 22 to 23 MPa and perpendicular traction of 0.71 to 0.87 MPa. The results obtained with the tests indicate the great potential of use of sugarcane bagasse and sawdust to produce boards of high density particles.

Comparison of Methodologies for Acid Buffering Capacity Determination—Empirical Verification of Models

Raw materials used in particleboard production may have different chemical properties as they have different origins, nature, and storage histories. One of the most important factors is the acidity of the wood which affects the process of bond line formation. Thus, determination of the acid buffering capacity (ABC) of a raw material helps to adjust the optimal amount of hardener in the adhesive. In the present study, three methods for pH-metric ABC determination in the presence of lignocellulosic material were compared. Models that correlate the hardener amount with the internal bonding of particleboards were built from the ABC results. The approach was tested on three materials of different acidity—pine, oak, and ammonia-treated oak. The developed models allowed the prediction of the optimal amount of hardener for the maximized internal bond of the boards. The experimental verification of the models showed a high convergence of the calculated and empirical results.

Analysis Physical and Mechanical Of Particle Boards Raw Materials Nipah Fruit Fiber

The raw materials of the timber industry, especially furniture, are increasingly difficult to obtain in the quantity and quality needed. The development efforts carried out were utilizing Nipah coir waste as a raw material for making particle boards. Particle boards are panel boards made of wood particles or materials containing lignocellulose. Nipah plants contain 27.3% lignin and 36.5% cellulose which has the potential to be used as raw material for particleboard production. This study aims to reveal the physical and mechanical properties of particleboards made from Nipah fruit fibre with adhesive using tapioca flour. The making of particle board is done with a ratio of 90%: 10%, 80%: 20%, 70%: 30%, 60%: 40%, by giving a pressure of 100 kg / cm2. Particle testing is carried out according to the JIS A 5908 standard (2003). From this study, the optimum results were obtained in variations of 60%:40%. The particle physical properties which have an average density value of 1.15 gr / cm3 and an average moisture content of 5.8%. While the mechanical properties obtained by the value of Modulus of Elasticity an average of 21,188.93 kg / cm2. This shows the particle board variations of 60%: 40% produced to meet the JIS A 5908 (2003) standard. Based on the analysis of the quality variations 60%: 40% of particle boards can be recommended as raw materials for interior furniture.

High Prevalence of Respiratory Symptoms among Particleboard Workers in Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Work in the wood industry might be associated with respiratory health problems. The production of particleboard used for furniture making and construction is increasing in many countries, and cause dust, endotoxin and formaldehyde exposure of the workers. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and to measure lung function among Ethiopian particleboard workers using Eucalyptus trees as the raw material. In total 147 workers, 74 from particleboard production and 73 controls, participated in the study. Mean wood dust in the particleboard factories was measured to be above recommended limit values. Particleboard workers had a mean age of 28 years and the controls were 25 years. They had been working for 4 and 2 years, respectively. Lung function test was done using spirometry following American Thoracic Society (ATS) recommendations. Respiratory symptoms were collected using a standard questionnaire of ATS. Particleboard workers had higher prevalence of wheezing, cough, cough with sputum production, phlegm, and shortness of breath compared to controls. Lung function status was similar in the two groups. The symptoms might be related to the work in the factories. Longitudinal studies are recommended to explore the chronic impact of work in particleboard factories on respiratory health.

Thermal Kinetics and Post Curing Thermal Stability of Bio-Based Phenol Formaldehyde Resins for Its Potential in Particleboard Production

The thermal degradation kinetics and post curing behavior of phenol-formaldehyde and Bio-phenol formaldehyde (BPF) resole resins were investigated with thermogravimetry analysis at four different heating rates (5, 10, 15 and 20°C/min) from 25 to 700°C. The curing reaction for all the resole resins proved to be approximately 1st order, and the activation energies of the BPF resins at 25 wt% and 50 wt% bio-phenol replacement were 132.2 kJ/mol and 131.6 kJ/mol. These were comparable to that of the laboratory synthesized pure PF resin 131.0 kJ/mol but also remarkably lower than the commercial PF resin (138.1 kJ/mol) respectively. The result of the thermal degradation kinetics showed that the post-curing thermal stability of the 25 and 50 wt% BPF resins were similar to that of the commercial and laboratory synthesized pure PF resin but, that of 75 wt% differed from the commercial or laboratory synthesized PF resin.

High-density particleboard made from agro-industrial waste and different adhesives

Particleboards were made using particles from sugarcane bagasse and eucalyptus residues of the pulp industry. The particleboard properties were evaluated according to ABNT NBR 14810-1 (2013), ABNT NBR 14810-2 (2013), and ANSI A208.1 (1999) standards, which compared the efficiency of castor oil-based polyurethane resin (PU-Castor) and urea-formaldehyde resin (UF). The particleboards were composed of 60% wood particles and 40% bagasse, with a 10% adhesive dose based on the dry mass of particles. The following parameters were evaluated: apparent density, moisture content (MC), thickness swelling after 24 h, modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity to static bending (MOE), and internal bond strength of panels (IB). The results obtained demonstrated the potential use of eucalyptus and sugarcane bagasse residues in the production of high-density particleboards. The panels produced with PU-Castor showed greater efficiency, and their physical and mechanical properties were compatible with the requirements of the Brazilian standard for P4 panels (structural panels for use in dry conditions) and the American standard for H-3 panels (high industrial density).

Propriedades de painéis aglomerados produzidos com madeiras de Ligustrum lucidum e Pinus taeda

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar as propriedades físicas e mecânicas de painéis aglomerados produzidos com madeira de Ligustrum lucidum W.T. Aiton, pura ou com Pinus taeda, e comparar as propriedades desses painéis com os requisitos normativos e com os produzidos somente com Pinus taeda. Os painéis foram produzidos com adesivos uréia-formaldeído e tanino-formaldeído na proporção de 10% de massa de sólido sobre a massa seca de partículas. Para a confecção dos painéis, foi estabelecida massa específica nominal de 0,75 g cm-³, pressão específica de 3,92 MPa, temperatura de 160 °C e tempo de prensagem de 8 min para o adesivo uréia-formaldeído e 10 min para tanino-formaldeído. Após o período de climatização dos painéis, foram confeccionados os corpos de prova destinados aos ensaios físicos e mecânicos. Verificou-se que apenas madeira de Ligustrum lucidum com adesivo tanino-formaldeído, bem como a combinação de madeiras e adesivo uréia-formaldeído, proporcionou aos painéis melhores propriedades físicas e mecânicas. Esses tipos de painéis atenderam aos requisitos normativos de propriedades mecânicas e demonstraram que L. lucidum tem potencial para uso na produção de painéis aglomerados.

Polyatomic Alcohols as Urea–Formaldehyde Resin Modifiers

The possibility of using polyatomic alcohols (glycols)—ethylene glycol (EG), diethylene glycol (DEG), and triethylene glycol (TEG)—as modifying additives in the synthesis of urea–formaldehyde resins (UFRs) for the production of particleboards (PBs) has been considered. It is shown that polyatomic alcohols improve the technological properties of the modified resins and allow reducing the content of free formaldehyde in PBs.

Justification of the Water-Cement Ratio Decision for Cement Mixtures Using CBPB Wastes

An unconventional approach to the design of cement mixtures with the addition of cement bonded particle board (CBPB) production waste is presented, which is characterized by high water consumption. For various compositions of fine-grained concrete prepared in accordance with the simplex-lattice design of the experiment, compressive strength and bending, as well as density of the samples, depending on the mixture factors, were researched. The fractions of CBPB wastes, water and sand at constant cement consumption were chosen as the influencing factors. For practical purposes, related to the design of cement composite compositions with the addition of CBPB wastes and with the determination of optimal values of the selected factors, mathematical models have been constructed on the basis of laboratory experiment data and with their help, the optimal ratios of components in the mixture have been determined. It was found that the content of water for the mixture mixing in the mixture has a significant effect on the strength characteristics of composites: increase of the strength of materials with a decrease in the water-cement ratio is a characteristic for compositions with the minimum amount of CBPB waste; increasing the content of the CBPB waste in the mixture the increase of the water-cement ratio leads to gain in strength. Optimal ratios of the mixture components providing maximum utilization of CBPB waste without loss of strength of composites are given.

Investigation of suberinic acids-bonded particleboard

Birch outer bark and residual veneer shorts are one of the main leftovers from plywood production and have a high potential to be converted into value-added products. Birch (Betula pendula) outer bark contains up to 45% (dry basis) of suberin and has been recognized as a promising resource of suberinic acids (SA), where the bonding potential has been proven. Therefore, this study assesses the application of SA as formaldehyde free bio-based adhesive for the production of particleboards (PBs) made of birch wood particles obtained from residual veneer shorts. The solids of ethanol extracted outer bark were hydrolytically depolymerized and SA obtained. A two stage design of experiments, in terms of screening and optimization, was used varying three PB preparation parameters: amount of the binder (c 20–30%), hot-pressing temperature (T 220–230 °C), and duration (t 2–6 min). The binder was evaluated by thermogravimetric, differential scanning calorimetric, Fourier transform infrared spectrometric and scanning electron microscopic analyses. SA-bonded PBs were evaluated in terms of modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture in the bending test, internal bond strength, and thickness swelling. The properties of the optimized SA-bonded PB (c = 21%, T = 226 °C, t = 5 min) are in the range of PBs standard EN 312 type P3 (requirements of non load-bearing boards for use in humid environment). The achieved superior internal bond strength (2.7 ± 0.5 N mm−2) and instrumental analyses confirmed a high potential of natural SA-based binder to be used in PB production.

Low-cost natural binder for particleboards production: study of manufacture conditions and stability

Nowadays, the majority of adhesives used in particleboards (PB) manufacture are formaldehyde-based. In the present research work a low-cost bioadhesive, based on the combination of thick spent sulfite liquor (TSSL) with wheat flour, was tested for the production of three-layer particleboards, at different conditions (particleboards target density, pressing time, pressing temperature, wood type and binder age). It was possible to produce particleboards with densities ranging from 682 kg m−3 to 783 kg m−3, at pressing temperatures from 180 to 210 °C, and pressing times between 8 and 10 min. All the particleboards produced in these conditions were in accordance with the internal bond strength requirements of standard EN 312 for particleboards type P2 (0.35 N mm−2). The best result (0.69 ± 0.01) N mm−2 was obtained for particleboards pressed for 10 minutes at 200 °C with the recycled wood mix. Regarding resin stability, the particleboards manufactured with the binder, stored for 30 days, presented good internal bond strength ((0.58 ± 0.02) N mm−2), above the requirements of standard EN 312 for particleboards type P2.