Particleboard Production Research Articles

EVALUATIOM OF PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PARTICLEBOARD PRODUCED FROM WOOD OF Cupressus torulosa IN MIXTURE WITH Pinus taeda

The objective of this work was to evaluate the quality of particleboard produced with 100% of wood of Cupressus torulosa and in different mixing proportions with Pinus taeda. The experimental panels were produced with wood particles of Cupressus torulosa/Pinus taeda, in proportions of 100/0%, 80/20%, 60/40%, 40/60%, 20/80% and 0/100%, totaling six treatments. The panels were produced with nominal density of 0.75g/cm³, 8% urea-formaldehyde resin and 1% paraffin emulsion. The quality of the panels was evaluated by water absorption and swelling thickness 2 and 24 hours, static bending (MOE and MOR), perpendicular tension (internal bonding) and screw withdrawal. The comparative evaluations of the results of this research, with the Pinus taeda, others species referenced in the literature, and normative requirements of EN 312-2003 for commercial panels, indicated great potential of the wood of Cupressus torulosa for the particleboard production.

Effects of fibrillar cellulosic additives on particleboard production and properties

ABSTRACT Aminoplastic particleboard adhesives are reactive, inexpensive and well established in industry. Even so, potential adhesive savings are of interest due to a number of reasons. Therefore, fibrillar cellulosic additives derived from sugar beet pulp and from wood pulp were examined with regard to beneficial effects on adhesive performance. Particleboards were prepared with, varying adhesive content and board density. For a proper processing of the additives, focus is laid on the critical process steps during particle resination. As shown by the results, the use of fibrillar cellulosic additives may enable longer open time, higher internal bond strengths and reduced resin consumption only within well-defined boundaries.

A potential of non-energy use of agricultural residues and energy plants in lignocellulosic composites production. A brief report

There is a systematic increase in the use of wood waste as raw material in particleboard production, but in the face of an upward trend in particleboard demand, these activities are insufficient. Therefore, there arises the necessity of using materials whose resources are renewable easier (faster) than forest resources, or materials which are considered waste. Such materials could be: “energetic” willow (Salix Viminalis L.) and rape straw. In the case of willow, its production potential quite often cannot be fully utilized in an “energy production” way, due to consumers’ requirements and capabilities. In the case of rape straw, which is regarded as waste material (in more optimistic scenarios – as a side product) in agricultural production, it is known, that the amount of this material will increase, because of the EU regulations, concerning biofuels. Today only 2–3% of rape straw is industrially utilized. The results of research show that appropriate preparation of the mentioned alternative raw material and adjustment of technological parameters give a possibility to produce particleboards of parameters equal to, or even higher than, those of typical, commercially available boards. The research confirmed the possibility of replacing industrial wood shavings with rapeseed straw particles even in 50% without significantly worsening the properties of the manufactured boards. The strength and thermal insulation parameters of boards with reduced density, made of Salix Viminalis L. willow particles, are also promising.

Effect of holding time of surface layer chips in the mixer on the screw holding resistance of the particleboard

Bu çalışmada, yüzey tabaka yongalarının mikser içerisinde bekleme süresinin yonga levhaların vida tutma direnci üzerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Yonga levhaların üretiminde %40 karaçam, %25 meşe ve %35 kavak odunu kullanılmıştır. Ortalama %10 üre formaldehit (UF) tutkalı kullanılarak üç tabakalı yonga levhalar üretilmiştir. Deneme levhalarının üretiminde alt-üst tabakaları oluşturan yongaların mikser içerisinde farklı bekleme sürelerinin levhalarının vida tutma direnci üzerine etkisi tespit edilmiştir. Vida tutma direncinin belirlenmesi amacıyla TS EN 13446 ve TS EN 325’de belirlenen esaslara göre deney numunelerinin boyutları belirlenmiş ve her bir levhadan 75×75 mm boyutlarında 3’er tane olmak üzere örnekler kullanılmıştır. Deney örnekleri %65 ± 5 bağıl nem ve 20 ± 2 °C sıcaklık şartlarındaki iklimlendirme dolabında, değişmez ağırlığa ulaşıncaya kadar kondisyonlanmıştır. Üst-alt tabaka yongalarının mikser içerisinde bekleme süresinin artması yonga levhaların vida tutma direncini olumsuz yönde etkilemiş olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre; alt-üst tabaka yongaları için mikser içerisinde optimum bekleme süresi 30 saniye olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Usage of glulam waste for particleboard production

Abstract Glulam are long engineered wood beams (or columns) composed by graded lumbers bounded together with the use of appropriate adhesives under pre-established pressure. The greater the industrialization the greater will be the production of wood waste a matter that deserves attention and development of technologies in terms of its waste management. This paper aimed to investigate the technical feasibility of Brazilian industrial glulam waste usage as raw material for particleboard production industries using a castor oil-based polyurethane adhesive. Particleboards were manufactured using glulam (produced with Eucalyptus urograndis) waste particles and castor oil-based polyurethane adhesive at 8, 10, 12 and 14% mass proportions and characterized based on NBR 14810-2:2006 procedures. Analysis of variance was performed for the comparison of mechanical and physical performances of the panels. The increase of adhesive content caused and increase of the MOR (Rupture Modulus), but the MOE (Elasticity Modulus) and the physical properties remained unaltered above 12% of adhesive content. The adhesive content greater than 8% provided panel performances that met the standardized specifications. Based on these findings, it was possible to conclude that the waste of glulam produced with Eucalyptus urograndis can be used as raw material for particleboard production.

Potential for the Use of Coconut Husk in the Production of Medium Density Particleboard

The use of agricultural residues in association with wood for panel production has potential to increase value, promote the adequate disposal and ensure adequate panel properties. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential of coconut husk in association with Pinus oocarpa wood in the production of medium-density particleboard (MDP) panels. The experimental design consisted of four percentages of Pinus oocarpa substituted with coconut husk (25, 50, 75 and 100%) and a control condition consisting of only pinus wood. The panels were produced with a nominal density of 650 kg m−3; relation face/core/face ratio of 20:60:20; 11% and 7% urea–formaldehyde adhesive (based on the weight of the particles) on the faces and in the core, respectively; and specific pressing cycle of 3.92 MPa at 160 °C with an 8 min press time. The properties of the moisture content; thickness swelling after water immersion for 2 and 24 h; water absorption after water immersion for 2 and 24 h; internal bond; and the modulus of rupture and elastic modulus in static bending were evaluated. Increasing the amount of coconut husk in the MDP panels significantly improved water absorption properties after 2 and 24 h (WA2h and WA24h), screw holding and thickness swelling after water immersion for 2 h (TS2h), increased thickness swelling property after water immersion for 24 h (TS24h), and decreased the modulus of rupture (MOR), elastic modulus (MOE) in static bending and internal bond. The use of coconut fibers provided an improvement in the physical and thermal properties of MDP panels, and although the increase in the amount of coconut fibers reduces the mechanical properties, all treatments met the values determined by standards, being allowed to state that it is possible to produce MDP panels only with coconut fibers.

Utilization of Cassava Maltodextrin for Eco-friendly Adhesive in the Manufacturing of Sorghum Bagasse Particleboard

The development of natural adhesives derived from non-fossil resources is very important for the future. This research aimed to develop natural adhesive from maltodextrin and compare it with other natural adhesives such as citric acid and malic acid for particleboard production. The effect of the adhesive raw materials on the physical and mechanical properties of the particleboards was investigated. The sweet sorghum and those natural adhesives were used in the manufacturing of particleboard. The resin content of the natural adhesive was 20 wt% base on air-dried particles. The dimension and density target of the boards were 30 x 30 x 0,9 cm3 and 0,8 g/cm3, respectively. The particleboards were prepared by hot pressing at 200°C for 10 min. The physical and mechanical properties of particleboards were evaluated based on Japanese Industrial Standard for particleboard (JIS A 5908-2003). The results showed that the density, moisture content, modulus of elasticity, and modulus of rupture met the requirements of the JIS A 5908-2003 standard, while the thickness swelling, water absorption, and internal bond did not meet the standard requirements. The results of FTIR analysis indicated the establishment of ester linkages due to the reaction between the natural adhesive and sorghum bagasse that contributed to the excellent physical and mechanical properties of the particleboard.Keywords: cassava, maltodextrin, natural adhesive, particleboard, sweet sorghum

Use of sugarcane bagasse and industrial timber residue in particleboard production

Use of lignocellulosic materials in particleboard has turned into an alternative for the reuse of such materials, which are abundant and may have precarious disposal techniques. The present study fabricated particleboards using industrial sawmill waste from tropical hardwoods (a mix of species) and sugarcane bagasse with castor oil-based bicomponent polyurethane resin and evaluated the influence of the incorporation of sugarcane bagasse (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50%) on the physical and mechanical properties of the composites. The particleboards were produced according to the Brazilian Standard ABNT NBR 14810 (2018), and performance requirements were assessed using Brazilian and international standards. Some of the particleboards met standardized requirements, with Treatment 5 (50% sawdust and 50% bagasse) showing better performance, indicating the possibility for use indoors in dry conditions. The addition of sugarcane bagasse increased dimensional stability of particleboards when compared with panels manufactured with timber residue. Statistical analysis indicated the percentage of bagasse was significant, increasing physical and mechanical properties when compared with the reference treatment.

Characteristics of Bamboo Particleboard Bonded with Citric Acid-Starch Using Three-Step Press Cycle Method

In an attempt to reduce the use of a formaldehyde-based adhesive that is dangerous for both human health and environment, several studies had been done to develop particleboard with natural bio-based adhesives. Between those bio-based adhesives that have been investigated, the combination of citric acid-starch was potential to be developed further as an adhesive to particleboard. In this research, the effect of starch addition and press temperature on the properties of bamboo particleboard were evaluated. This research uses a combination of citric acid/starch with the composition weight ratio of 100/0, 90/10, 80/20 and 70/30 and press temperature of 160, 180 and 200 °C. The manufacture of particleboard also used a three-step press cycle method which has not been done before in Petung bamboo particleboard production. The result showed that the three-press cycle method used in this research was able to produce a board with excellent properties than board produced by single-step press cycle method. This showed that the manufacture of the board in this research was more efficient to produce citric acid-starch bonded particleboard than previous method being used. The results also showed that both the addition of starch and the increase of press temperature especially improved bamboo particleboard mechanical properties. The board with the optimum properties resulted from particleboard with citric acid/starch adhesive with the composition weight ratio of 80/20 and press temperature of 180 °C which could meet JIS A 5908 (2003) type 18 requirement.

Physical and mechanical properties of cement-bonded particle board produced from African balsam tree (Populous Balsamifera) and periwinkle shell residues

Reducing the amount of wastes deposited into the environment has become important. A fresh approach in doing this is by recycling them. This paper investigated the physical and mechanical properties of cement bonded particle boards from agricultural wastes. The particle boards were tested for their physical (density, water absorption and thickness swelling) and mechanical (modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture) properties. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis was carried out to determine the internal microstructure of the boards. The results revealed that periwinkle shell and cement have a great influence on the density of the board, cement and sawdust have a great influence on water absorption and thickness swelling, cement has a great influence on Modulus of Rupture & Modulus of Elasticity for all the combinations tested. The SEM photograph of the cut surface of the boards showed good fibre matrix adhesion at mix ratio of 1:1.5 (cement/waste). At lower fraction of cement matrix to waste ratio, the cement bonded particle board lost its adhesive force. It was concluded that sawdust and periwinkle shells are suitable materials in the production of particle boards.

A research on the design a bamboo powder drying machine

Bamboo is a sustainable and environmentally friendly material that has the potential to improve the global decline of natural resources. Bamboo is very popular in the countryside of almost all Southeast countries, particularly in Vietnam. Its ability can replace some kinds of wood in decoration and household goods. Bamboo grows up rapidly and can be harvested within 3 to 5 years of planting, in the meanwhile, the harvesting time of other hardwood trees must be from 8 to 10 years or longer. The inherent characteristics of bamboo are lighter than other wood materials and have a value in social and environmental benefits. Its advances in manufacturing technology have created high-value products such as bamboo flooring and bamboo furniture that can substitute for wood flooring and wood furniture. According to the biology studies, the bamboo has the characteristics that can replace the natural wood, but the direction of development from the stage of cultivation to the stage of finished products has not been exploited thoroughly. The production of bamboo plywood will become a great potential for the bamboo plywood industry in Vietnam. Generally, the fabrication of bamboo plywood depends on the following processes such as cutting, grinding to powder or pulp, drying, and pressing processes. In cutting and grinding processes, the trivial remains of bamboo after use, shoots… can be chopped and ground to a powder that is dried and pressed into bamboo plywood by a specialized machine similar to the production of artificial wood particleboard (PB). Bamboo powder drying machine plays a very important role in the production process of bamboo plywood. The function of the machine is drying bamboo powder to get the technical required appropriate moisture before pressing it into the standard bamboo boards. This article presents a design of bamboo powder drying machine with simple structure, long life, medium productivity, and price suitable for medium and small scale production of the Vietnam market. The first bamboo powder drying machine that was manufactured in DCSElab and its products is considered to respond to the technical requirements of customers.

A study on the design of bamboo grinding machine

Bamboo is a sustainable and environmentally friendly material that has the potential to improve the global decline of natural resources. Bamboo is one of the popular flora in Southeast Asia; it is also traditional plants that grow abundantly in Vietnamese villages from north to south. Its ability can replace some kinds of wood in decoration and household goods. Bamboo grows up rapidly and can be harvested within 3 to 5 years of planting, in the meanwhile, the harvesting time of other hardwood trees must be from 8 to 10 years or longer. The inherent characteristics of bamboo are lighter than other wood materials and have a value in social and environmental benefits. Its advances in manufacturing technology have created high-value products such as bamboo flooring and bamboo furniture that can substitute for wood flooring and wood furniture. According to the biology studies, the bamboo has the characteristics that can replace the natural wood, but the direction of development from the stage of cultivation to the stage of finished products has not been exploited thoroughly. The production of bamboo plywood will become a great potential for the bamboo plywood industry in Vietnam. Generally, the fabrication of bamboo plywood depends on the following processes such as cutting, grinding to powder or pulp, drying, and pressing processes. In cutting and grinding processes, the trivial remains of bamboo after use, shoots… can be chopped and ground to a powder that is dried and pressed into bamboo plywood by a specialized machine similar to the production of artificial wood particleboard (PB). The aim of this paper is a representation of a design, computing the structure of a version of a bamboo grinding machine that is sustainable, responds to technical requirements, and protection of the environment. The result of the design was applied for manufacture a typical bamboo machine in the CAD-CAM workshop of DCSELAB in the framework of a project between DCSELAB and PhuAn Village Corporation that has evaluated with satisfaction the real proof of the design. The machine has been in the session of initial testing and exploitation.

Use of Hardwood Species (Robinia pseudoaccacia from Short-rotation Plantations as Raw Material in Particleboards

The problem of climate change, coupled to the propagation of wood diseases (bark beetles for example), is leading to a shortage in softwood supply for the particleboard industries. Furthermore, the recent changes in the German forest policies which promote the conversion of coniferous forest into mixed stands are likely to enhance this phenomenon. There is, therefore, a growing need for research on possibilities of substituting the softwood with hardwood and other alternative material. For the first time, young six to seven years old Black locust (Robinia pseudoaccacia) stems from a short-rotation plantation were used at a laboratory scale with the objective of assessing the suitability of particleboard production. Four different variants were produced using different resin types: UF K350, UF K340, albumin, and PMDI, with a target density and thickness of 650 kg/m3 and 20 mm respectively for each board. The boards were tested regarding their mechanical (modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity and internal bonding), physical (water absorption and thickness swelling) properties according to the European standard (EN 310, EN 317 and EN 319), and their formaldehyde content and emission following the EN 120 and EN 717. Industrial particles were used as reference material for the purpose of comparison. Promising bending strength was obtained with UF resins-bonded boards. The modulus of elasticity of all four variants fulfilled the EN 2003 requirements. The internal bond of the UF resins-bonded boards also met the general product standard, with values above 0.35 N/mm2. The bending strength and the internal bonding strength properties of the UF-bonded boards were superior to that of the reference boards produced with the industrial particles. Based on these results, black locust is a potential substitute for softwood in particleboard production and can be used in the industry as alternative raw material for panel production.

The improvement on physical and mechanical properties of particle board from jatropha press cake

Jatropha press cake (Jatropha curcas L) has high crude fiber which is potential to be utilized as raw material for particle board production. The objective of this study is to assess the physical and mechanical properties of Jatropha press cake particle board and effect of addition of paraffin and sago starch to improve the quality of particle board. The paraffin was added at 0, 1, and 3%, and the sago starch was added at 6, 8, and 10%. The physical and mechanical properties of particle board product were evaluated. The density of particle board ranged at 0.84-0.95 g/cm3, moisture content 4.56-6.19%, the thickness-swelling for 2h and 24h by soaking in water were 11.67-20.12% and 16.22-25.70%, respectively. The water absorption of particle board for 2h and 24h by soaking in water were 48.74-62.20% and 63.10-72.75%. The Modulus of Rupture (MoR) and Modulus of Elasticity (MoE) of particleboard were 19.70-97.44 kgf/cm2 and 1552-7235 kgf/cm2, respectively. The addition of paraffin and sago starch can improve the physical and mechanical properties of particle board. The particle board with paraffin addition of 3% and sago starch of 10% passes the MoR in accordance with Japan Industrial Standard (JIS) of A 5908:2003.

The possibility of using bacterial cellulose in particleboard technology

The possibility of using bacterial cellulose in particleboard technology. The paper presents the results of the influence of bacterial cellulose multiplication on industrial pine particles (used in wood materials technology), and then the use of the obtained biomass in the production of particleboards with reduced density LP1 type. Based on previous preliminary studies it was determined that the most effective growth of bacterial cellulose occurs using 5% wood particles in the breeding mixture. Two series of particleboards were produced: control and containing bacterial cellulose. Selected mechanical properties of produced particleboards (modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity and internal bond) and selected physical properties (swelling and water absorption after 2 and 24 hours of soaking in water) were determined in turn. The boards made with bacterial cellulose had lower MOR and MOE values. Swelling after 2 and 24 hours was lower for boards with bacterial cellulose. The presented tests allow to state that bacterial cellulose can be a potential raw material ingredient in the production of particleboard while meeting the minimum requirements of the technical specification for boards with reduced density LP1.

Properties of green particleboard manufactured from coconut fiber using a potato starch based adhesive

Particleboards were manufactured using coconut fibers (Cocos nucifera). The panels were made using different green adhesives, i.e., native potato starch, citric acid, and glutardialdehyde modified potato starch, that were applied at 10%, 12%, and 15% based on oven-dry particle weight for each green adhesive type. The properties of the panels were determined according to the Japanese industrial standard. The results showed that the panels that were bonded with the 15% citric acid-modified starch green adhesive yielded the best mechanical properties (the modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, and internal bonding strength). The modified potato starch had potential as a green adhesive used for the production of particleboards from coconut fibers.

Effects of Chemical Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) with Urea Formaldehyde (UF) Resin Particleboardtype

Oil palm plant by-product such empty fruit bunches (EFB) are not effectively utilized and in many instances had caused severe pollution problems. It has a potential to replace the wood in the production of particleboard in furniture industry. This research aim is to investigate the effects of the chemical treatment on the mechanical properties of the oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) with urea formaldehyde (UF) resin particleboard through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), flexural test – three point bending test and the water absorption test. A single layered oil palm EFB/UF particleboard with the fibres treated with NaOH of 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% concentrations were made. Testing procedure was done in accordance with the American Standard Testing Materials - ASTM 1037 standard for testing wood based fibre and particle panel materials. The SEM images of 1.0% NaOH treated fibre shows a rougher surface indicating that more silica bodies are detached from the EFB surface which improves the mechanical interlocking ability of the fiber. Flexural properties the treated EFB/UF particleboard shows an improved quality compared to the untreated board. There is significant increase of 82% and 81% in the flexural strength and flexural modulus respectively of the 1.0% NaOH treated board from 0.5% NaOH treatment. As for the water absorption rate, the treated particle board shows a decrease in water absorption rate after the treatment.

Strength and micro-structural properties of wood chips composite panel

The increase in activities in the wood-based industries has contributed greatly to deforestation, and this has consequently led to the development of new materials to substitute for the felling of trees. In this study, red Ironwood (Lophira alata) chips and cassava starch were used for the production of particleboard. Chip sizes of 0.85 and 1.7 mm and the dosage and types of binders (cassava starch, urea formaldehyde, and glutaraldehyde-modified cassava starch) were the variables. The ratio of wood chips to the binders was 1.0:1.5. The boards were formed in rectangular moulds. Water absorption, thickness swelling, flexural tests, and material characterisation (scanning electron microscopy) were performed. The data were subjected to analysis of variance. The panels produced with modified cassava starch had the best mechanical properties with the modulus of elasticity ranging from 5.9 to 32.3 N/mm2 but had a higher thickness swelling values ranging from 3 to 59.4%. There was a significant difference (p < 0.01) between the boards manufactured using plain starch and modified starch. These results showed that modified cassava starch is a better binding agent than plain cassava starch in terms of panel MOR and MOE. The developed particleboard can be used for indoor paneling, partitioning, and ceilings.

Particle boards made with Prunus avium fruit waste

The use of agroindustrial waste under the subject of circular economy helps productive processes to have a more sustainable development. In this research, the physical-chemical and mechanical characteristics of pit and peduncle of Prunus avium (cherry) waste were studied, demonstrating that both could be combined for particle board production for civil construction. For this purpose, a total of 60 samples were made with a thickness of 15 mm and densities between 750 – 900 kg m−3. The boards were manufactured in the laboratory, considering a variable volume of adhesive and different granulometries of particles. The properties of the test sample were analyzed using different international standards considering the physical parameters and mechanical properties compared with wood particle boards. The results showed that the best combination was the particle panels that contained a 15 % w/w of the resin, reaching a density of 799.7 kg m−3, placing them within the established parameters. These results demonstrated that it is possible to make particle panels with Prunus avium waste. This could provide a sustainable way to use these wastes and also a solution for housing construction.

Economic profitability of particleboards production with a diversified raw material structure

To achieve sustainable development, coherence of three key elements is necessary: economic growth, social inclusion and environmental protection. They are interconnected and all are extremely important for achieving the well-being of individuals and entire societies. One of the key drivers of sustainable economic growth is the furniture industry, which is related to the maximum optimization of production cost while main-taining the high quality of the offered products. However, the expected material deficit may contribute to a significant weakening of growth dynamics. One of the possible solutions to this problem is harvesting timber from plantations of fast-growing trees that could supplement the increasing deficit of wood raw material. The research aimed to determine the cost-effectiveness of particleboard technology modification involving the change in the structure of raw material by introducing wood from fast-growing tree plantations. The research included an estimation of the unit cost of 1 m3 particleboard manufactured in the series production process. The analysis was carried out on the example of one of the leading particleboard suppliers for the Polish furniture industry and consisted in comparing the cost of production of particleboards based on wood from fast-growing tree plantations with the cost of particleboards, which are commonly available on the market. Three variants of the diversified raw material structure were taken into account: 100 % share (1), 50 % share (2) and 25 % share (3) of raw material from fast-growing tree plantations. The time range of the studies was adopted for the years 2014-2020. The research indicates that the introduction of wood from fast-growing tree plantations into the production of particleboards enables the production of material and energy cost savings at the level of 6 % (3rd variant) to even 17 % (1st variant). Variant 1 of material structure can lead to cost reduction at the level of US$ 13,0 million (in case of particleboards production capacity 570000 m3)