Production Of New Generation Research Articles

Strategies for product cannibalism

This paper explores the question of when (or if) a market leader firm is best off with a strategy of product cannibalism: introducing a new product designed to supersede and hence destroy its own current bestseller before a rival does. Particular attention is given to the payoffs of various superseding product strategies and, given these strategies, whether the leading firm can be expected to invest at least as much in innovation as a challenger. A patent-race game with a stochastic invention process is presented. The result is that when the leading firm deliberately decides to forgo being first-mover in the new market, developing and then ‘shelving’ its new product until the current bestseller is challenged successfully by the rival, the leading firm may spend more than its challengers on R&D, thereby retaining a competitive advantage in innovation of new-generation products. The paper concludes with a discussion of the practical implications of the model.

NEW PRODUCTS — SIFTING THROUGH THE HAYSTACK

The generation of new products has often been described as looking for a needle in a haystack. To find the shining needle, you have to sift through a mountain of information and ideas.

The relationship between surface charge (potential characteristics) of the vascular interface and thrombosis.

Thus, it can be shown that highly theoretical experiments carried out to evaluate the electrochemistry of thrombosis can also be shown to have significance in the generation of new products, which relates the scientific findings to successful modern prosthesis and medically useful devices.

Technology Licensing and the Small and Medium-Sized Firm

Julian Lowe and Nicholas Crawford, of the Department at the University of Bath, England, carried out the research for this paper with the help of finance from the Leverhulme Trust. The position of small and medium-sized firms with respect to new product development presents an interesting paradox. There is a growing emphasis in their role in employment generation but success in this can only come about through having a suitable flow of new products with which to enter new markets. While in some industries such firms have shown remarkable skill in the areas of both innovation and invention, it is unlikely that they will be able to rely solely on their own resources for the generation of new products. One possible solution might be for small and medium firms to rely to an extent on bought-in technology and manufacture innovative products under license and it is this which is the central theme of this paper.

The R & D/Production Interface—United Kingdom and West German practices and achievements in the scientific instrument industry

AbstractA number of hypotheses are stated relating company technical sector success in the generation of new products to factors at the R & D/ Production Interface. Statistical differences and correlations between these factors are used to evaluate the hypotheses.The results suggest a strong link between productivity and expenditure per head in the R & D function, the unique fitness of the German Ing. Grad. engineer for the role of Project Manager and the importance to U. K. industry of project integration, flexibility of operation, absence of status consciousness and clarity of problem definition.

Sequence of reconversion of the sporocysts of Schistosoma mansoni producing cercariae, to the production of new generations of sporocysts (author's transl)

During the life cycle of Schistosoma mansoni the production of sporocysts of a higher order than secondary is a normal mode of larval multiplication which intervenes in asexual reproduction of the parasite. The sequence of reconversion of sporocysts producing cercariae to those producing sporocysts III, IV, etc... can be divided into three principal steps: (1) cessation of cercariae production; (2) degeneration of cercariae contained in the sporocyst, and (3) production of the new generation of sporocysts. Degeneration of intrasporocystic larval material seems to be an indispensable step for the new orientation of production. The signifance of this method os multiplication in the ecology of transmission is discussed.

BIOCHEMICAL ASSESSMENT OF SOME FRUIT AND BERRIES VARIETIES IN SELECTION OF ALL-RUSSIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR FRUIT CROP BREEDING

One of the tasks of the laboratory of biochemical and technological evaluation of cultivars and storage at the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding is the biochemical evaluation of fruits of the existing gene pool of fruit and berry crops to identify the best genotypes. This takes into account the current orientation of the consumer market to the production of new-generation products, in particular fruits and berries, with high consumer properties that cause improvement in the quality of human life and reduce the development of a number of diseases, by increasing their nutritional value, including through selection. As a result of studying the biochemical composition of apple, cherry, red currant and black currant fruits, the best cultivars of VNIISPK selection were selected for the accumulation of soluble solids, sugars, organic acids, ascorbic acid and phenolic compounds. The maximum sugar content of fruit is set in the apple – 13,27% (‘Blagodat’), in cherries – 13,53% (‘Pamyati Mashkina’), in red currants – 9,30% (‘Selianochka’), in black currants – 12,30% (‘Nadiozha’), 11,02% (‘’Desertnnaya Ogoltsovoy’); maximal content of ascorbic acid– in apples – 21,4 mg/100 g (‘Vita’), in cherries – 15,5 mg/100 g (‘Tikhonovskaya’), in red currants – 96,6 mg/100 g (‘Ustina’), in black currants – 246,8 (‘Nadina;), 233,8 mg/100 g (‘Deserrtnaya Ogoltsovoy’); maximal content of P-active substances– in apples – 624 mg/100 g (‘Utrennyay Zvezda’), 514 mg/100 gг (‘Orlovsky Pioner’), in cherries – 1170 mg/100 gг (‘Shokoladnitsa’), in red currants – 664 mg/100 g (‘Podarok Pobediteliam’), in black currants – 927 (‘Yershistaya’).

International Investment and International Trade in the Product Cycle

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on international investment and international trade in the product cycle. It is a mistake to assume that equal access to scientific principles in all the advanced countries means equal probability of the application of these principles in the generation of new products. There is ordinarily a large gap between the knowledge of a scientific principle and the embodiment of the principle in a marketable product. An entrepreneur usually has to intervene to accept the risks involved in testing whether the gap can be bridged. The United States' market offers certain unique kinds of opportunities to those who are in a position to be aware of them. The market consists of consumers with an average income that is higher than that in any other national market, and is characterized by high unit labor costs and relatively unrationed capital compared with practically all other markets. As the demand for a product expands, a certain degree of standardization usually takes place. A commitment to some set of product standards opens up technical possibilities for achieving economies of scale through mass output, and encourages long-term commitments to some given process and some fixed set of facilities.

Foraminiferal Facts, Fallacies, and Frontiers

Research Article| May 01, 1964 Foraminiferal Facts, Fallacies, and Frontiers ALFRED R LOEBLICH, JR.; ALFRED R LOEBLICH, JR. California Research Corporation, La Habra, Calif. Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar HELEN TAPPA HELEN TAPPA Dept. Geology, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif. Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information ALFRED R LOEBLICH, JR. California Research Corporation, La Habra, Calif. HELEN TAPPA Dept. Geology, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif. Publisher: Geological Society of America Received: 08 Apr 1963 First Online: 02 Mar 2017 Online ISSN: 1943-2674 Print ISSN: 0016-7606 Copyright © 1964, The Geological Society of America, Inc. Copyright is not claimed on any material prepared by U.S. government employees within the scope of their employment. GSA Bulletin (1964) 75 (5): 367–392. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1964)75[367:FFFAF]2.0.CO;2 Article history Received: 08 Apr 1963 First Online: 02 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation ALFRED R LOEBLICH, HELEN TAPPA; Foraminiferal Facts, Fallacies, and Frontiers. GSA Bulletin 1964;; 75 (5): 367–392. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1964)75[367:FFFAF]2.0.CO;2 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyGSA Bulletin Search Advanced Search Abstract The status of foraminiferal knowledge is reviewed in the light of some common misconceptions, as erroneous results have come from some misapplied facts. The quantity of foraminiferal publications has been exaggerated by a high degree of bibliographic documentation, although less than half of the publications cited concern foraminifera themselves, their morphology, taxonomy or occurrence, and less than 17 per cent are dominantly taxonomic; the remainder concern their stratigraphic application.Classification and taxonomic subdivision in foraminifera is compared to that in other invertebrates and other groups of Protozoa. In a graphic representation of the rate of proposal of foraminiferal genera, the cumulative totals for the past 200 years follow a straight line on a semilog graph, with no indication of the discontinuity to be expected from a supposed taxonomic surge coincident with and resulting from foraminiferal economic application. The taxonomic expansion of the fresh- water uneconomic “thecamoebians” has followed a similar pattern. Proposal of new foraminiferal genera has resulted from new methods of study, additional morphologic criteria, study of micro-structures, emphasis on the living animal and life cycles, and work in previously neglected strata and regions.Certain concepts and ideas require an understanding of foraminiferal biology for correct application. The apparent geographic subspecies, differentiated by size, result from temperature-controlled delay or acceleration of the reproductive cycle, larger shells occurring in less favorable environments (colder water, decreased salinity, etc.). Robust foraminiferal specimens associated with depauperate invertebrate faunas are not an anomalous occurrence, but an indication of adverse conditions.Migration time required for planktonic species is regarded as negligible. Their current-borne rate of dispersal is discussed on the basis of data from modern current studies. The present emergent continents are seen to be a more formidable though not complete barrier to planktonic migrations than was present during the Cretaceous and Tertiary time of broad epicontinental seas. The rate of evolutionary change in Protozoa is compared to that of higher invertebrates and vertebrates, and shown to be theoretically rapid, because of short life span, rapid production of new generations, and great abundance of progeny. Causes of mutations and extinctions of pelagic organisms are discussed.The importance of the aragonite shell in foraminiferal taxonomy is regarded as unaffected by geologic age, the aragonite test being preserved as such or completely removed by solution. No specimen referrable to the superfamily Robertinacea has been found to have the test converted to calcite.Suggested lines of future study include stratigraphic and taxonomic studies in additional strata and regions, correlation of benthonic facies with planktonic zones, detailed morphologic studies of the test (gross morphology, wall microstructure and lamellar character, ultrastructures, apertural features, internal partitions and toothplates, test mineralogy, etc.,), and life cycles, morphology, physiology, genetics, and ecology of the living animal. This content is PDF only. Please click on the PDF icon to access. First Page Preview Close Modal You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

Foraminiferal Facts, Fallacies and Frontiers: ABSTRACT

Erroneous statistics applied to foraminiferal studies have resulted in misleading statements. The notorious volume of publications is a figment of thorough bibliographic documentation. The degree of classification and number of foraminiferal taxa are relatively conservative as compared to other invertebrate groups. Unjustified interpretations have resulted from misapplication of concepts originally developed for metazoan invertebrates or vertebrates. Geographic subspecies can not be differentiated on size variation, as this results from environmentally controlled delay or acceleration of the reproductive cycle. Prolonged vegetative growth, with delayed cycle, results in robust specimens, thus to be expected with depauperate invertebrate faunas. Abundant material lessens the necessity of statistical methods of determining population characteristics from a few specimens. Evidence of floating bottles used in ocean current studies, even with the present relatively emergent continents, shows the migration time for planktonic species to be negligible. Effective rate of evolutionary changes in forami ifera is relatively rapid, due to short life span, abundant progeny, and rapid production of new generations. Many detailed faunal and biostratigraphic studies are needed, as are studies of interrelationships of benthonic faunal facies and planktonic faunal zones. For many genera and families, little is known of gross external and internal test morphology and wall microstructure or morphology, physiology, genetics, life cycle, and ecology of the living animal. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1773------------