Lacquer Production Research Articles

Time symmetry of resource constrained project scheduling with general temporal constraints and take-give resources

The paper studies a lacquer production scheduling problem formulated as a resource constrained project scheduling problem with general temporal constraints (i.e., positive and negative time-lags). This real-world scheduling problem requires so-called take-give resources that are needed from the beginning of an activity to the completion of another activity of the production process. Furthermore, we consider sequence dependent changeover times on take-give resources. We formulate this problem by mixed integer linear programming and we suggest a parallel heuristic to solve the problem. This heuristic exploits a time symmetry mapping which allows an easy construction of a schedule in the backward time orientation. In the second part of the paper, it is proven that the time symmetry mapping is bijective and involutive even for the problem with general temporal constraints, changeover times, and take-give resources. The motivation to use this mapping is to improve the performance of the heuristic and to simplify its implementation. Finally, the performance of the heuristic algorithm is evaluated on a set of lacquer production benchmarks requiring take-give resources and on standard benchmarks for the resource constrained project scheduling problem with general temporal constraints where we found new better solutions in 16 and 12 instances out of 90 for UBO500 and UBO1000 respectively.

Emissions of volatile organic compounds from lacquer coatings used in the furniture industry, modified with nanoparticles of inorganic metal compounds

This study presents results of studies on emissions of volatile organic compounds from lacquer products containing nanoparticles of inorganic metal compounds (SiO2, TiO2, and Ag). The lacquers selected for analyses were applied on the surface of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood. Tests were conducted by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and thermal desorption. Concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released to the air by tested coatings in the first stage of the analyses fell within a very broad range (307-1829 µg/m3). Analyses of VOC emissions were conducted after 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 30, 60, and 90 days. After 90 days VOC concentrations were significantly lower, ranging from 42 to 101 µg/m3. A broad spectrum of compounds, comprising aldehydes, esters, ketones, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, glycols, and terpenes, was identified in the tested air.

Method of Lacquer Products on Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds

Method of Lacquer Products on Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds

Non-emulsion copolymerization in obtaining silicone-acrylic surfactant

The experiment-based paper presents non-emulsion hybride copolymerization of acrylic acid and polydimethylsiloxane in making the most pure silicone acrylic polymeric surfactant. We have determined optimal conditions for the synthesis. The study of copolymerization kinetics by means of identifying the acid number has determined the best reasonable time and temperature for the reaction—2 hours and 120 respectively, since after 2 hours the acid conversion makes up 78%, whereas polymer yield is 66%. The synthesized silicone acrylic polymeric surfactant is a viscous transparent liquid that has no pungent smell and dissolves in organic solvents. We have identified and characterized the properties—molecular mass, viscosity and surface tension—of the obtained silicone acrylic polymer. The polymeric surfactant can be used as surface modifier in lacquer and paint products.

Evaluation of the growth traits of Toxicodendron vernicifluum progeny based on their genetic groups assigned using new microsatellite markers

AbstractToxicodendron vernicifluum (Stokes) F. A. Barkley is a tree species cultivated in Japan for production of Japanese lacquer. To facilitate the low-cost improvement of T. vernicifluum, we developed microsatellite markers for DNA fingerprinting and family and lineage reconstruction. Nine useful microsatellites were developed, with 3 to 23 alleles per locus and an expected heterozygosity of 0.162-0.838 based on a commercially planted population that included 783 offspring. Six clusters were detected in this population based on the Bayesian clustering method, and 93 half-sib families were identified using parentage and sibship assignment analysis based on a maximum likelihood method. Many members (40-96%) of large (≥10) half-sib families included specific clusters, and members from different families included the same clusters. The cluster effect for tree height was more significant than the half-sib family effect using a linear mixed model, although these effects were not significant for other traits (diameter at breast height and number of forked trunks). Based on the findings from pedigree reconstruction, backward selection for tree height seems possible. We discuss the direction of research for improving T. vernicifluum using our proposed approach.

Emission of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from UV-cured water-based lacquer products

The paper presents the results of chamber tests conducted on UV-cured water-based lacquer coatings applied on different wood species. Volatile organic compounds were transferred onto Tenax TA and then they were assayed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and thermal desorption. It was found that UV-cured water-based coatings may be potential sources of the emission of volatile substances and thus pollute indoor air. Concentrations of these compounds in the chamber depended on the type of the lacquer system used and the type of finished surface. The highest emission of volatile substances was recorded from coatings applied onto the surface of pine wood. The coatings tested released aldehydes, ketones and alcohols, while in the case of pine wood, terpenes were also emitted. Analyses conducted 24 h and 72 h after the samples had been placed in the chamber, showed that the amounts of compounds released varied over time.

Optimisation Using a Central Composite Rotatable Design for Lacquer Production Process

The objective of this research is to study the controllable factors affecting the lacquer quality and to find out the optimum conditions of the controllable factors by Central Composite Rotatable Design. For the crushing in Lacquer process, three controllable factors such as the quantity of solvent (x1), cooling temperature (x2), and the specific time frame of crushing (x3) were investigated. Response factor was the smoothness of lacquer surface. The relationship between response and controllable factors was determined. From the results, it was found that the optimal controllable factors were as followed: solvent of 95.59 kilograms, the cooling water temperature of 14.7 °C, and specific crushing time of 23.25 minutes. These controllable factors led to obtain the optimum smoothness of lacquer surface of 6.5 Hexman. The validation of the experiment by using such optimum setting of controllable factors from the Central Composite Rotatable Design, resulted in the 4.6% error of the lacquer surface smoothness. Keywords : Optimization; Smoothness of lacquer surface; Central composite rotatable design; Lacquer production process

Synthesis and stochastic assessment of cost-optimal schedules

We treat the problem of generating cost-optimal schedules for orders with individual due dates and cost functions based on earliness/tardiness. Orders can run in parallel in a resource-constrained manufacturing environment, where resources are subject to stochastic breakdowns. The goal is to generate schedules while minimizing the expected costs. First, we estimate the distribution of each order type by simulation (assuming a reasonable machine/load model) and derive from the cost-function an optimal offset from the due date of each individual order. Second, these optimal offsets are then used to guide the generation of schedules which are responsible to resolve resource conflicts. Third, we evaluate the generated schedules by simulation. The approach is demonstrated by means of a non-trivial case-study from lacquer production. Optimal offsets are derived with the Modest/Möbius tool, schedules are generated using Uppaal Cora. The experimental results show that our approach achieves good results in all considered scenarios, and better results than an approach based on adding slack to processing times.

SCHEDULING LACQUER PRODUCTION BY REACHABILITY ANALYSIS – A CASE STUDY

In this paper we describe a case study on lacquer production scheduling that was performed in the European IST-project AMETIST and was provided by one of the industrial partners. The approach is to derive schedules by means of reachability analysis: with this technique the search mechanism of model checkers, in our case here Upapal, is used to find feasible or optimal schedules. The advantage of this approach is that the expressiveness of timed automata allows to model scheduling problems of different kinds, unlike many classical approaches, and the problem class is robust against changes in the parameter setting. To fight the typical state space explosion problem a number of standard heuristics have to be used. We discuss the difficulties when modelling an industrial case of this kind, describe the experiments we performed, the heuristics used, and the techniques applied to allow to optimize costs (storage costs, delay costs, etc.) while searching for schedules.

Seasonal variations in yields of Hwangchil lacquer and major sesquiterpene compounds from selected superior individuals ofDendropanax morbifera Lév.

We studied fluctuations in the production of Hwangchil lacquer and major essential oils byDendropanax morbifera Lev. Considerable seasonal as well as intraspecific (individual-tree) variations were observed. Yields of Hwangchil lacquer as well as s-elemene, α-selinene, s-selinene, germacrene D, and δ-cadinene also depended on harvesting time, with levels being generally higher in July and August.

Lacquer Craftsmanship in the Qin and Chu Kingdoms: Two Contrasting Traditions (late 4th to Late 3rd Century BC

This article deals with the lacquer traditions of the late Warring States period as seen in the Qin and Chu kingdoms and in relation to recent discoveries from Sichuan. Qin lacquer working techniques and style are different from those of Chu, which are evidenced by hundreds of objects. By contrast, due to poor conditions of preservation, Qin lacquer craftsmanship can only be known through very few objects, some of which show a strong influence from nomadic art. During the late fourth and early third century BC, Sichuan appears to have been a key region in the development of the lacquer art of Qin. Several Qin lacquers have marks either stamped on the core before the application of lacquer or incised with a needle on the lacquer surface. They confirm that the lacquer workshops operated under the control of the state administration. Until the destruction of the Chu capital in 278 bc, the Chu lacquer tradition in the Jiangling area had a more diverse range of shapes than Qin. However, the techniques used to make the cores were less sophisticated than in Qin, except in the case of luxury objects. Only a small number of Chu lacquer pieces have marks. At the same time, the comparisons show that both traditions exerted a mutual influence on each other to some extent until the early third century bc. Thereafter, Qin seems to have dominated the production of lacquer, even in the area that was in earlier times the core of the Chu kingdom, in present-day Hubei and Hunan. Most of the lacquers found in Changsha tombs of the third century bc that have been traditionally considered as Chu products were in fact produced in workshops working in a Qin cultural environment.

Innovations techniques et diversification des commandes : l'artisanat du laque en Chine aux Ve-IVe siècles avant J.-C.

Tomb No. 1 at Leigudun, Suizhou, in Hubei province, where more than two hundred lacquer pieces have been excavated, provides an excellent example of the existing techniques during the 5th century B.C.: lacquer could be applied on wood as well as on metal, leather and silk threads. But most of the pieces were carved in a single wood block or were composed of many carved wood blocks which were joined together with the tenon and mortise method. During the fourth century B.C., various lacquer techniques were created while the existing techniques improved considerably. More efficient tools allow wood to be cut in very thin sheets and to be curved. It becomes possible to make light cylindrical vessels or containers, which in some cases are strengthened with metal mounts. Another technique which is called jiazhu consists of making a core with cloth on which many layers of lacquer possibly mixed with charcoal or mud powder are applied. For chemical and physiological reasons, only a few pigments can be mixed with lacquer. As a result, lacquer objects are mostly decorated in black and red (cinnabar), and for some pieces in yellow and gold. But, during the 4th century B.C., the craftmen succeeded in using other pigments mixed with glue and lacquer. This fact is documented by a few luxurious pieces which apparently are not of pure funerary use. The archaeological material from the hundreds of tombs discovered in the area of the capital of Chu, near Jiangling, provides an excellent account of the Chu lacquer production until the beginning of the 3rd century B.C. It reveals that from the 4th century B.C. onwards, lacquerware became an exceptional decorative art which could in many cases compete with major arts like painting for example.

The present situation and trends in water-diluted lacquer products

The present situation and trends in water-diluted lacquer products

Problems connected with the determination of toxic metals in lacquer products

Problems connected with the determination of toxic metals in lacquer products

Studies on the filtration process of pigmented lacquer products by means of selected equipment and filter media

Studies on the filtration process of pigmented lacquer products by means of selected equipment and filter media

The Basis of the Development of the Frame of Glasses Manufacturing in Sabae City

1. The frame of glasses manufacturing in Sabae city, Fukui prefecture, has developed since about 1900, and now the amount of its production accounts for 90% of all in Japan.The object of this paper is to clarify the basis of the development of the frame of glasses manufacturing located in rural area in Sabae city.2. In this study, four hamlets in rural area are chosen to analyze the process of the spatial diffusion of the techniques of manufacturing of the frame of glasses and the conditions of farmer's perception of it.3. The results obtained are as follows;(1) The frame of glasses manufacturing in Sabae city began under the guidance of the makers in Osaka in Meiji era, but they did not be controlled by them. Then, the manufacturing of the frame and glasses in Sabae city has been supported by themselves, and so the basis for the production and its market system has established before the war II.(2) The process of the development of the frame of glasses manufacturing in Sabae city has depended upon the increase of makers, in which the areal dispersion of makers was formed from the place of original maker to the places of makers who were almost the side business of farming in surrounding area, connected with the traditional communities.(3) The area of the frame of glasses manufucturing has formed increasingly and it had divided into two different districts from the view point of the type of its goods, the number of labourers and the process of production. One district locates in rural paddy fields area, which is charactered by the large scale products of sun-glasses and celluloid frame for export and they are manufactured by division of labour. The other locates in rural mountaineous area, eastern part of the former district, which is charactered by the products for our country and by family labours.(4) The spatial diffusion of frame and glasses manufacturing has been supported by the small scale farmers instead of the decrease of production of peddling, charcoalmakers and lacquer which had been produced as subsidary buisiness in the winter season, while lacquer and textile manufacturing had developed in the same area and period, but frame of glasses manufacturing was perceived by another worker classes, so the frame of glasses manufacturing had not been influenced from those manufacturing.(5) In rural mountaineous district, the space of the expansion of frame and glasses manufacturing had provided by the traditional communities, and in rural paddy fields district, by the immigrated men who were soldiers and lived in foreign countries from the outside of Sabae city after the war II, and later by the farmers in the same district as their subsidary business.Thus, the first conditions between two districts were same, but later, the different type of production has been caused by the different workers class and method of production.So, the distribution of manufacturers of frame of glasses has located in the small district of Sabae city, provided by the spatial continued frame of traditional communities.

An Economic Appraisal of the U. S. Tung Oil Economy

Tung has been a preferred natural drying oil because of the high gloss finish, durability and water resistance qualities which it imparts to paint, varnish and lacquer products. However, increased competition from chemical synthetics, combined with lower prices for other natural oils since the early 1950's, has brought a decline of domestic tung oil consumption from 72.4 million pounds in 1950-51 to around 32 million pounds in 1968–69.The mandatory support program, initiated in 1948, obligates the Commodity Credit Corporation to support tung oil prices to growers at a minimum 65 percent of parity or at 24.3 cents per pound in 1968. Large accumulations of CCC stocks, close to 63 million pounds in 1966, triggered a change in CCC inventory policy.

THE PAINT MAKERS: NEW TECHNOLOGY REMOLDS AN OLD INDUSTRY

For the paint industry, 1964 was one of the best years on recent record. Sparked by the nation's general economic well-being, sales of paint, varnish, and lacquer products rose between 5 and 6% to the neighborhood of $2 billion. And most producers of paint tallied solid gains in earnings. Finishes for industrial products deserve much of the credit for last year's sparkling performance. Factory shipments of industrial coatings topped $800 million, up 7 to 8% from the year before. About 40% of the paint industry's total sales come from industrial coatings. Since demand for these products tends to parallel over-all activity in the volatile durable goods industries, output has fluctuated more widely than that of trade sales products, the industry's other broad product area. On the whole, however, sales of both trade products and industrial finishes have increased at about the same rate during the past decade. Now, though, many ...

7 POLYMERS AND COATINGS

First half production and sales in 1962 were much better than in the same period a year earlier. And, although activity may decline a bit in the second half, the polymer and coatings business will likely post new records. Output of plastics and resins, synthetic rubber, and man-made fibers was running 15 to 20% ahead of 1961 at mid-1962. Paint, varnish, and lacquer production was up 5% and naval stores also seem destined for a good crop year. Generally, expansions have slowed down, allowing demand to catch up with capacity. Although several new facilities are slated for this year and next, no wholesale expansions are anticipated which could recreate the serious capacity-demand imbalance which existed in many polymer areas. Plastics and Resins Production of plastics and resins got off to a roaring start in 1962. Although slowing down somewhat at mid-year, the prospect is still bright for total output to ...