Clean Milk Production Research Articles

A participant – Led programme for field veterinary training to identify bacteriological quality of milk from the farmer to the retail outlet

The training of field veterinarians in veterinary public health needs an in-depth understanding of the in-situ problems, social and economic barriers that prevent problem solving and a relevant pedagogical approach to suit the mature learner. A participatory approach is necessary to develop such training. A course designed on the principles of adult learning theory and utilizing the experience of the field veterinarian's local knowledge combined with the expertise of the training provider can be very effective. Forty-eight field veterinarians were trained using a collaborative, participatory approach to understand the issues in clean milk production in Sri Lanka. The veterinarians developed a Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point-based decision framework to identify and evaluate the evidence of bacterial contamination points in the milk chain from the farm to the processing plant. Samples and swabs were collected for bacterial culture and results showed high bacterial counts that showed contamination of milk starting from the farm, through milk collection and chilling centers ending with 2 × 106–3 × 107 bacteria per ml of milk. Chemical and physical hazards were also identified. Lack of appropriate hygienic procedures, chilling at the farm and at the collection center, together with the delays at the chilling center was identified as main contributing factors for high bacterial counts. This problem-based training approach facilitated collaborative inquiry, experiential learning and critical analytical skills. The training enabled the veterinarians to understand the scale of the problem and how they can intervene directly and indirectly to ensure clean milk production in Sri Lanka.

Livestock production performance in India

Livestock are domesticated animals raised in an agricultural setting to produce commodities such as food, fibre and labour. This article does not discuss poultry or farmed fish, although these, especially poultry, are commonly included within the meaning of livestock. The objectives of the study was to examine the performance of livestock sector, to identify the remedies to overcome the production loss, to assess the quantum of livestock Population in India and to assess the growth in Production of Milk, Eggs, Meat and Wool in India. The precised secondary data of livestock products; i.e., milk, eggs, meat and wool and their population is collected from the website www.india.stat.com and www.agricoop.nic.in (Department of agriculture and co-operation, New Delhi). Compound Annual Growth Rates (CAGR) was estimated to examine the growth of various livestock products. Data for the study of production of Milk, Eggs, Meat and Wool were collected from the secondary sources for the period 1991-92 to 2010-11 and livestock population in India for period of time interval of 10 years from 1951 to 2011. The production data of milk, eggs, meat and wool pertains to a period of 20 years, i.e. , from 1991-92 to 2010-11. The sub-periods framed were as below: Period-I: 1991-92 to 2000-01 (10 years) and Period-II: 2001-02 to 2010-11 (10 years) Overall: 1991-92 to 2010-11 (20 years). The study revealed that the production of milk, meat, eggs, and wool has been increased in its quantum and compound growth rates are also significant. The total livestock population was highest in period of 1981.The population of poultry was highest in year 2001.The maximum growth was observed in case of meat with CGR of 12.16 per cent at period-II. The highest production growth rate of milk was observed in period-II. Eggs production is dominating in overall period while wool production dominating in period-I. There was highest variation in production of meat produce. There is need to increase the production of livestock produce. There is need to strengthening Infrastructure for Quality and Clean Milk Production. There is need to maintain hygienic condition in goat/sheep farm. Government should give subsidies on poultry business for eggs production

Does age at weaning influences behaviour of Murrah buffalo calves under semi-intensive management conditions?

The purpose of the study was to compare the behaviour of neonatal Murrah buffalo calves reared under weaning and suckling methods. Initially, 42 newly born calves were selected and they were equally but alternately assigned into 3 groups as suckling (Gr 1), weaning at birth (Gr 2) and weaning on 45th day (Gr 3). The different behavioural parameters of calves were recorded for first 15 days of suckling/weaning during each milk-feeding hour. The average daily milk intake of calves was significantly lower in Gr 1than Gr 3 but higher than Gr 2. The time taken by calves for milk consumption was significantly higher in Gr 3 than Gr 1 or Gr 2. The learning time for selffeeding in Gr 2 was significantly higher than Gr 3 and Gr 1. The incidence of inter-suckling was significantly higher in Gr 3 than Gr 1 (11.49%) and Gr 2 (59.08%). The incidence of defecation and urination was non significantly higher in suckling than weaning groups. The total suckling score was significantly higher in Gr 3 than Gr 1 and Gr 2. Weaning in buffalo calves at birth yielded more success rate than weaning at 45th day. This study highlights deeper understanding of weaned calf behaviour which can be useful for adopting weaning management practice in buffaloes to promote clean milk production and to get other established benefits of weaning similar to dairy cattle.

Extent of knowledge of improved animal husbandry practices and socio-economical, psychological characteristics of dairy farmers of Yavatmal district of Vidarbha (Maharashtra)

The study was conducted at Nagpur Veterinary College, Nagpur, Maharashtra during 2009-10. The study had been conceptualized with overall objectives to assess the knowledge of improve animal husbandry practices and socio-economical, psychological characteristics of dairy farmers in adoption of improved animal husbandry practices. It is observed that, majority of the dairy farmers belonged to middle age group and obtained secondary education. Majority of respondents were in medium level of family size, land size, herd size, daily milk production, daily milk sale, annual income, social participation, utilization of information sources and attitude. Study reveals that, majority of respondents i.e. 79.04 per cent were in medium category with respect of their level of knowledge of improved animal husbandry practices, followed by high level of knowledge 8.58 per cent and 12.38 per cent in low level of knowledge. The practice wise knowledge study showed that, majority of the respondents had 44.14 per cent complete knowledge regarding health care practices, followed by clean milk production (40.00%), calf rearing (33.73), management (28.66), breeds and breeding (25.47), feeding (22.85), housing (15.91) and marketing (12.85). The least knowledge for Insurance practices (4.66).

Deterrents of clean milk production practices in dairy value chain

To compete in national and international markets the urgency for clean milk production (CMP) is unavoidable. To achieve this milestone objective of creation of infrastructure for cooling chain and development of CMP based knowledge and adoption practices are the major motives. Before suggesting it to dairy value chain system, one should know about gaps and constraints which hurdles the raw milk quality. An attempt was, therefore, made to know the constraints faced by dairy farmers in adoption of CMP practices, which hindered the quality milk production in Rajasthan. The milk shed area of four district milk unions (viz. Alwar, Bhilwara, Bikaner and Hanumangarh) was selected using multistage proportionate random sampling procedure. A total of 120 farmers were selected through proportionate random sampling. The constraints were broadly classified into three categories according to the level of milk collection, i.e. pail, DCS and dock/Union level. The results of study revealed that lack of facilities for cooling and disposal of milk, unavailability of electricity and high wages oflabour; lack of incentives for CMP, lack of shed area at DCS for keeping milk cans and lack of knowledge of dairy secretary about CMP, lack of training to milk transporters on maintenance of milk quality and prompt transportation were reported most important at pail, DCS and dock levels, respectively.

Analysis of knowledge and adoption level of the dairy farmers regarding clean milk production (CMP) practices

The milk quality is determined by aspects of composition and hygiene of milk, where breeding, feeding, management of healthcare, fodder production, and many such facts mainly influence the compositional quality. Dairy farmer is the key client in this process, who decides the quality of milk from feeding of the milch animal to dairy product supply chain. This study was conducted to know the level of knowledge and adoption of dairy farmers regarding clean milk production practices. Rajasthan state was selected purposively for this study, where 120 dairy farmers from the milk shed area of four districts milk union were selected. The results of the study revealed that 55.84 per cent of the dairy farmers had medium level of knowledge in various aspects of CMP, followed by 33 and 20 per cents of them having low and high level of knowledge, respectively. They had highest knowledge in ‘Housing’ [Knowledge Index (KI) =85.83], followed by ‘Milking’ (KI=76.66). However, they had poor knowledge in ‘Cleaning of animal’ (KI=50.41) and ‘Cooling of milk’ (KI=57.91). It was observed that 71.67 per cent of the dairy farmers had medium level of adoption in various aspects of CMP, followed by 13.33 and 15.00 per cents of them having low and high level of adoption, respectively. It was also found that they adopted recommended practices of ‘Transportation’ up to maximum extent with Adoption Index (AI) of 86.50, followed by ‘Feeding’ (AI=68.68), however, extent of adoption regarding ‘Cleaning of utensil’ (AI=43.40) and ‘Healthy herd management’ (AI=45.23) was found less.

Policy Interventions for mainstreaming of Small Milk Producers in Contemporary Production System - a Value Chain Analysis of Indian Dairy Sector

Milk production in developing countries is dominated by small milk producers. In India, small and marginal farmers contribute the highest (68 %) to the total milk production. However, the scale of milk production per household is very low; 63 % households producing less than or equal to 2.75 litres of milk per day (Birthal, 2008). As the consumer preferences and market forces are playing greater role in determining the kind and scale of production, marketing and processing, mainstreaming of small milk producers will ensures livelihood, nutritional and food securities to this vulnerable section of the society. The paper applied value chain analysis to the Indian dairy sector using the approach taken at Institute of Development Studies at University of Sussex, Kaplinsky and Morris (2001) & Schmitz (2005) to identify policy interventions. The value chain approach provides basic understanding needed in designing and implementation of appropriate development programs and policies to support smallholders’ market participation (Rich et al, 2009). The analysis helps policy maker to (i) identify exogenous variables to stimulate the desired changes, (ii) determine competitiveness and power exercised by different players and (iii) understand the complexity of inter-linkages, in the value chain. The study combines the qualitative and quantitative analysis using data collected from earlier studies, reports and informal interviews. The major policy interventions which emerged from value chain analysis are related to ((1) improving veterinary services especially public and up-gradating local breeds to strengthen milk production capacity of smallholders, (2) strengthening institutional framework to bring small holder under the ambit of organized marketing, (3) modernization of informal sector to reduce transactions cost and handling losses of milk, and (4) encourage fresh milk marketing and clean milk production for quality and demand specific production

Status of milk quality at farmers field

The study was conducted on the clean milk production (CMP), to analyze the milk quality from producer to processing plant in cooperative system. To fulfill the objectives, a plan of work was prepared; under which 4 milk unions of Rajasthan Cooperative Dairy Federation (RCDF) were selected, viz. Alwar, Bhilwara, Bikaner and Hanumangarh. To analyze the milk quality, samples were collected from 3 levels of milk collection, viz. pail (farmer), Dairy Cooperative Society (DCS) and dock (district level) in cooperative system and tested at respective unions’ laboratory. The study revealed that as per ISO standards milk unions stands at ‘Very Good’ at pail, ‘Good’ at DCS and ‘Fair’ at dock level, respectively. Lack of incentives on CMP was perceived as very serious constraint by all the farmers.

Practice wise knowledge and adoption of clean milk production by dairy farm women in Junagadh district

..... In a highly competitive world, the challenge before the dairy farm women is how well they can manage the livestock to enhance the net return on a sustained basis. Further, the resources are very much limited in India. Therefore, efficient use of resources depends to greater extent on how they acquire and adopt innovations in the sector of animal husbandry in effective manner to reach higher level of performance. For this, development of every dairy farm women is necessary. As described in the words of Dr. V. Kurien: True development is the development of the man, not of cow. Therefore, raising adoption of clean milk production practices are of paramount importance for dairy farm women. This will open up new vistas and make possible for dairy farm women to achieve substantial gains in income. Raising the clean milk production is the fundamental problem. This problem needs to be carefully tackled for long run resolution of under developed animal husbandry.

Eco-friendly livestock management practices followed by tribal households of Narmada valley region of India

A field survey was undertaken in Narmada valley region, four taluka of Narmada district of south Gujarat to collect first hand information on management practices of dairy animals followed by tribal peoples. The breeding, health care and milking management practices were studied using pre tested questionnaire through three stage sampling. Two villages, from four taluka were selected. From each village, 10 tribal farmers were selected randomly with a total of 80 respondents. Study revealed that maximum farmers (41.30 %) of this area were less educated belongs to middle age (53.80% 30-50 years) category having medium size family (5-8 members). The estrus detection in cattle was based on sign and symptoms (100.0%) rather than using teaser, moreover main symptoms for identification of animal in heat were bellowing and thin mucus discharge (58.80%). The farmers (86.30%) were observed to inseminate their animals within 12-18 hrs of heat. Method of breeding adopted in area was mostly (46.30%) by combination i.e., Natural and artificial insemination (A.I.). Mostly the pregnancy diagnosis (P.D.) was practiced by 18.80% of the farmers. Dry period was more than three months in both indigenous cows (92.40%) and buffaloes (91.20%). Castration was performed in 72.70% of male animals of age more than 2 years. Vaccination was adopted by 53.80% of farmers. Regular de-worming was also practiced by 3.80 and 7.50% farmers for milch cow and calf respectively. Clean milk production was well adopted by farmers of the area. Knuckling (95.0%) was common method of hand milking followed by full hand type (3.80%) and stripping (1.30%). The management practices followed by tribal farmers of area were exceptional for few facets however most of the practices required to be improved a lot.

Milking Management Practices Followed In Selected Areas of the Kottayam District of Kerala State

A survey was conducted to study milking management practice followed by 60 dairy farmers with average herd size of 7.25, majority of them rearing crossbred cattle in the Kottayam district of Kerala state (2010 - 2011). Majority (73.33%) of dairy farmers were following full hand method, 18.33 per cent and 8.33 per cent were following knuckling and machine milking respectively as method of milking. All the dairy farmers were practicing two times milking a day; none of the dairy farmers was following three times milking schedule. About 68.33% of dairy farmers were practicing udder massaging and feeding concentrate and 31.66 percent were practicing calf suckle reflex for let down of the milk. Only 11.67% of the dairy farmers milking their animals in separate and dry places however all farmers were regularly cleaning milk utensils and washing udder before milking as clean milk production practice. The study indicates milking management practice in majority of the dairy farmers is satisfactory but there is a scope for further improvement in milk production practices by creating awareness.

Distance education on dairy farming - its impact among learners

A study was conducted to assess the impact of the distance education courses on dairy and goat farming on knowledge gained, skills obtained and economic benefits attained by the learners. The data was collected from 100 respondents who were selected randomly from 221 successful candidates during the period of 2000-01 to 2004-05. A majority of the respondents gained knowledge in credit/ insurance, housing systems followed by farm economics, clean milk production, calf rearing and feed and feeding methods. The respondents of all categories had increased their farm size (with percentage gain ranged between 59.38 and 75.07) and daily average milk yield (with percentage gain ranged between 48.34 and 66.17). Further the small, medium and large category farmers had gained additional income with per cent gain ranged from 73.38 to 122.26. There was a highly significant gain in production and income in all categories of farmers with respect to farm size, milk yield, sale of milk, dung and animals and net change in the value of stock.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v41i2.14133Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2012. 40 (2): 136-140

Advances in Dairy Farming Technologies and Multiplication of Vrindavani Cattle for High Fat and Clean Milk Production

At ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatagar, Bareilly, UP, India at Cattle and BuffaloFarm the opening balance of Vrindavani cattle as on 01-04-2011 was 500 heads (95 males and 405 females). Additions in the herd were due to birth of 82 female and 93 male calves (175 heads). The closing balance of the Vrindavani cattle herd as on 31-03-2012 was 358 heads (46 males and 312 females). The overall mortality per cent was 5.78%. The overall female mortality was 5.95%, whereas for males it was 5.32%. The overall culling per cent was 27.56 with repective values for male and female culling % as 25.00 and 28.54, respectively.Vrindavani cattle produced 536846.0 kg milk during the current year. On an average, 78.8% if the total adult Vrindavani females were in the milk during the year. Means for overall wet and herd averages were 10.53 and 8.31 kg, respectively. The Fat, SNF and Total solids were 4.30%, 8.76 and 13.06%, respectively. The LSM’s for total lactation milk yield, total lactation length, 305 days milk yield, milk yield per day of 305 days lactation period, peak yield, days to attain peak yield and weight at calving were 3499.48±38.11 kg, 316.33±3.81 days, 10.74±0.14 kg/d, 3492.63±73.59 kg, 11.46±0.24 kg/d, 18.41±0.26 kg, 71.42±7.91 days and 405.96±4.23 kg respectively.The least squares’ means (LSM) for overall live body weights at birth, 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months of age were 22.25±0.33 m 45.23±0.95, 90.92±1.59, 150.15±3.22, 246.23±3.53 and 300.08±4.06 kg., respectively.Vrindavani cattle produced for 305 days as lactation period. The herd strength of Vrindavani as on 01/04/2010 was 532 heads (74 males and 458 females). Vrindavani cattle produced 6,18,684 kg milk during the current year.On an average 71.03% of the total adult Vrindavani females were in the milk during the current year.Means for overall wet and hered average were 10.82 and 7.75 kg, respectively.

Perceptions of Dairy Farmers of Gadag district in northwestern part of Karnataka state, India regarding Clean Milk Production

Clean milk production is one important aspect in enhancing the quality of milk. It is important to know farmers\\\\\\\' perception about it. With this view, present study was undertaken with the objective of understanding perception of dairy farmers about clean milk production. The study was conducted in six villages of Gadag district of Karnataka state. A total of 180 respondents were interviewed. Perceptions of the farmers regarding family manpower involved in dairy farming, personnel involved in milking, dairy income, intention to produce clean milk, price dependence for following clean milk production, reasons for following cleanliness measures in milk production, sale price received for milk and satisfaction for the price they received for milk were studied. Most of the dairy farmers expressed their willingness to follow clean milk production measures. Further, most of them were ready to follow such measures even if they were not paid more price for milk. Farmers practiced clean milk production measures mainly to follow regulations at the dairy co-operative society followed by to avoid spoilage of milk. Dairy farmers largely neglected impact of cleanliness on animals\\\\\\\' udder and health, about milk contamination causing health hazards. Milking was mainly a domain of women. For over 80 % farmers, dairy farming provided a moderate income as portion of their total family income. Majority of the producers were not satisfied with price they were getting for milk. Hence, the study recommends, requisite facilities and guidelines from the agencies concerned are needed to be provided to the dairy farmers to adopt clean milk production practices. Proper education to the farmers regarding importance of clean milk production from health, marketing and animal health point of views needs to be given. There is need to give more importance to women in dairy farmers\\\\\\\' trainings. The study also suggests offering satisfactory price for milk to hasten the process of adoption of clean milk production practices by the dairy farmers.

Status of Mastitis as an Emerging Disease in Improved and Periurban Dairy Farms in India

While reviewing present status of mastitis in India, results of investigations from periurban dairy farms on epidemiological, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, bacterial isolation, in vitro drug sensitivity, and treatment of subclinical mastitis have been presented. Mastitis, on account of its causing serious wastage and undesirable milk quality, is emerging as a major challenge among the others (like breeding improvement, nutrition management, control of infectious, tick-borne, blood, and internal parasitic diseases) in dairy development of tropics. Subclinical mastitis was found more important in India (varying from 10-50% in cows and 5-20% in buffaloes) than clinical mastitis (1-10%). The incidence was highest in Purebred Holsteins and Jerseys and lowest in local cattle and buffaloes. An investigation on 250 animals from periurban farms indicated that the monsoon season was more prone to subclinical mastitis than summer or winter, prevalence increased with higher lactation number and animals in 4th-5th month of lactation were found more susceptible (59.49%), hind quarters were found more affected (56.52%) than fore quarters (43.47%). The factors like herd size, agro climatic conditions of the region, variations in sociocultural practices, milk marketing, literacy level of the animal owner, system of feeding, and management were found important affecting the incidence of subclinical mastitis. Comparison of efficacy of different diagnostic techniques for subclinical mastitis, such as modified California mastitis test (MCMT), bromo thymol blue (BTB), modified whiteside test, trypsin inhibition test, milk pH, and electric conductivity indicated MCMT to be most sensitive (95.16%) and specific (98.02%) test. The antimicrobial susceptibility test revealed that most of the bacterial strains (gram positive, gram negative, and mixed) isolated from subclinical mastitis milk samples, were highly sensitive to enrofloxacin 53.91%, least sensitive to oxytetracycline 17.39% and ampicillin 7.83%, and resistant to streptomycin. The therapy with enrofloxacin and nimesulide was found more efficacious (92.30%) in treating subclinical mastitis cows. It was concluded that consideration of socioecological factors for mastitis control in periurban area would help to reduce the cost of mastitis control in clean milk production.

Pre-partum udder massaging as a means for reduction of fear in primiparous cows at milking

Influence of varying frequencies of pre-partum udder massaging (45, 30 or 15 massaging sessions on alternate days during last trimester of pregnancy) on temperament score, milk letdown time, milk flow rate and frequency of urination and defecation were observed in primiparous cows during first 76 days of lactation. Restlessness of animals while milking reduced significantly ( P < 0.05) in animals ( n = 18) exposed to pre-partum udder massaging compared to animals of control group ( n = 18). The median value of milk letdown time and milk flow rate varied from 23 to 31 s and 13 to 16 g/s, respectively in the massaged groups compared to 46–50 s and 8–9 g/s, respectively, in the control group, all the differences were significant ( P < 0.01). Both urination and defecation frequencies were significantly ( P < 0.05) high up to 16th day of lactation in the non-massaged group. It can be concluded that udder massaging for 30 sessions would reduce the level of fear in primiparous cows and also facilitate clean milk production.

TESTING MILK FOR CLEANLINESS OF PRODUCTION

Clean milk production is an important requisite for high quality, The mixed sample sediment test of producer's milk is indicative of production practices and should be renamed “Cleanliness of Production Test.” Cleanliness of milk in the farm tank should relate to dairy farm inspection ratings. Standards of < 1.5 mg/gal are practical to meet, Milk can be kept clean if milking preparation and procedures as out-lined in regulatory codes are followed. Unclean milk can be only partially “cleaned” by filtration because of fragmentation and solubility of some filths. The test disk is likely to be fouled and may show yellow color when testing highly abnormal milk and thus testing serves a dual purpose. Before-straining testings indicate degree of sediment contamination. Thorough washing and drying of teats with single service material with no reuse of solution cannot be overemphasized.A universal milk sample taken from each milk collection simplifies monitoring for cleanliness using 4 oz sample and 0.2. inch diameter test. Milk cleanliness should be regulated since voluntary programs are subject to many variables. Producers should assume responsibility for clean milk production by conducting their own mixed sample test using sediment test disk.

British Food Journal Volume 52 Issue 6 1950

The Right Hon. Earl De La Warr, P.C., J.P., in his inaugural address to the Congress, expressed his appreciation at being elected President for the ensuing year. He continued : “ Your task, whether you be members or officers of local authorities or members of other professions, is to prevent sickness and disease, rather than to cure it, or, rather, I should put it more positively by saying that you give us the conditions which we need for living healthily. . . . As an agriculturist I cannot but notice your interest in both farming and veterinary problems. You have given time to them in your discussion programme and also in the arrangements that you have made for visiting neighbouring farms. Three years ago I set myself the task of having an all tuberculin tested estate and I am proud to tell you that three‐quarters of my tenants have already achieved that happy state of affairs. Perhaps you will allow me to mention one point here. The cleaning up of our dairy herds and of our milk supplies is of first‐rate importance in any scheme for improving the national health. I hope that in your travels round you will see something of the progress that has been made in clean milk production. The proportion of milk produced on T.T. farms is increasing; this is shown by the fact that the percentage was 18?4 in 1947, 22?2 in 1948 and 25?9 in 1949. It has risen by over 100 million gallons even during the last statistical year, and the first six months of this year look like giving us an almost equally large increase. The inspection of cowsheds has now become the responsibility of the Ministry of Agriculture, but you can still help to encourage clean milk production by your influence on the distributive and consumer side. Not all consumers, by any means, realise the significance of designated milk. You could give them guidance. It is very important also that farmers and landowners should feel that you are their friends and that you consider their efforts to improve this milk to be worth while. If the impression was ever given that doctors and public health authorities rely so much on pasteurisation that it does not really matter very much what sort of milk is produced, great harm might be done. The decision to enter the T.T. scheme involves quite a considerable risk of cows failing in the test, and a considerable initial expenditure of both effort and money. Nobody is ever the worse off for a bit of encouragement, and if you feel able to give it, so much the better for us all. Certainly I for one have a possibly old‐fashioned feeling that, pasteurised or not, I should prefer my milk to start its life clean, all the more so in view of the fact that by no means every pasteurising plant is completely infallible and independent of the care with which human beings operate it. . . . I close by offering you the consolation of not being very much in the news, of not receiving the thanks or gratitude that is due to all the services that you administer, for the sound and simple reason that you are doing them too well to attract attention.”

The Effect of the Interval between Washing of the Udder and Attachment of Milking Machines upon the Milk Production of Dairy Cows

Summary Regular delays up to 20 minutes from the beginning of washing cows’ udders until the attachment of milking machines apparently did not decrease milk production under the conditions of these trials. Routine fast milking procedures, however, should emphasize the importance of attaching machines 1 to 2 minutes after washing because of labor efficiency and production of clean milk. Data are presented which emphasize the importance of using entire udders in drawing conclusions in work of this type.

MAJOR AND MINOR FACTORS IN CLEAN MILK PRODUCTION

<b>MAJOR AND MINOR FACTORS IN CLEAN MILK PRODUCTION</b>