World Production Research Articles

Genomic characterization of bZIP gene family and patterns of gene regulation on Cercospora beticola Sacc resistance in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.).

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is one of the most important sugar crops, accounting for nearly 30% of the world's annual sugar production. And it is mainly distributed in the northwestern, northern, and northeastern regions of China. However, Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) is the most serious and destructive foliar disease during the cultivation of sugar beet. In plants, the bZIP gene family is one of important family of transcription factors that regulate many biological processes, including cell and tissue differentiation, pathogen defense, light response, and abiotic stress signaling. Although the bZIP gene family has been mentioned in previous studies as playing a crucial role in plant defense against diseases, there has been no comprehensive study or functional analysis of the bZIP gene family in sugar beet with respect to biotic stresses. In this study, we performed a genome-wide analysis of bZIP family genes (BvbZIPs) in sugar beet to investigate their phylogenetic relationships, gene structure and chromosomal localization. At the same time, we observed the stomatal and cell ultrastructure of sugar beet leaf surface during the period of infestation by Cercospora beticola Sacc (C. beticola). And identified the genes with significant differential expression in the bZIP gene family of sugar beet by qRT-PCR. Finally we determined the concentrations of SA and JA and verified the associated genes by qRT-PCR. The results showed that 48 genes were identified and gene expression analysis indicated that 6 BvbZIPs were significantly differential expressed in C. beticola infection. It is speculated that these BvbZIPs are candidate genes for regulating the response of sugar beet to CLS infection. Meanwhile, the observation stomata of sugar beet leaves infected with C. beticola revealed that there were also differences in the surface stomata of the leaves at different periods of infection. In addition, we further confirmed that the protein encoded by the SA signaling pathway-related gene BVRB_9g222570 in high-resistant varieties was PR1, which is closely related to systemic acquired resistance. One of the protein interaction modes of JA signal transduction pathway is the response of MYC2 transcription factor caused by JAZ protein degradation, and there is a molecular interaction between JA signal transduction pathway and auxin. Despite previous reports on abiotic stresses in sugar beet, this study provides very useful information for further research on the role of the sugar beet bZIP gene family in sugar beet through experiments. The above research findings can promote the development of sugar beet disease resistance breeding.

A Review on Value Chain Analysis of Millets

Millets, a group of small-seeded grasses, are essential crops cultivated for their resilience and ability to thrive in arid regions where other crops often fail. Globally, millets are predominantly grown in Asia and Africa, with India being the largest producer, contributing over 40% of the world's millet production. This review article employs a comprehensive and systematic approach to analyze the economic aspects of millet production and marketing, focusing on value chain analysis. The methodology involves a thorough examination of existing literature, including peer-reviewed journal articles, research reports, and relevant books published over the last two decades. The review process is guided by a conceptual framework that outlines key components such as production, productivity, market dynamics, marketing strategies, marketing channels, and price spread. The literature search and selection involve systematic searches of academic databases using relevant keywords, with a focus on studies published within the last 20 years and those addressing the specified value chain components. Relevant data is extracted and categorized according to the framework, allowing for the identification of patterns, trends, and gaps in the existing literature. This analysis provides insights into the current state of the millet value chain, highlights challenges and opportunities, and suggests strategies for improving its efficiency and sustainability. The findings aim to inform policymakers, researchers, and practitioners about the economic viability of millet production and marketing, promoting millets as a sustainable and nutritious food source globally.

Clam shell waste recycling and valorization for sustainable Hg remediation

Shellfish aquaculture world production is constantly growing due to the increase in demand for seafood and reached over 18 million tons in 2022. The suitable management of the shell waste is one of the main environmental challenging issues as most of this waste is sent to landfills with emanation of foul odors, pathogens proliferation and reduction of available space. However, the conversion of this biowaste to new value-added materials could provide significant environmental and economic benefits. Clam shell waste was the starting material for the synthesis of hydroxyapatite (CSHAP) applied as an adsorbent for Hg2+ removal from aqueous solutions. Adsorption experiments were performed in batch using simulated wastewaters prepared from HgCl2 to investigate the effects of contact time and initial Hg2+ concentration on the removal process. Mineralogical composition, morphological features and elemental composition of CSHAP before and after the experiments were investigated by XRPD, SEM-EDS and FTIR analysis. The concentrations of Hg2+ and Ca2+ in the solutions were analyzed by ICP-AES. The adsorption kinetics of Hg2+ was simulated with the pseudo-first-order rate model, the pseudo-second order model and the intraparticle diffusion model. The results of the kinetics study showed that the Hg2+ adsorption followed the pseudo-second-order kinetics model and reached equilibrium within 40 min. The Langmuir model fitted the experimental results better than the Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevic isotherm models, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 65.8 mg/g which is generally higher than other waste-derived adsorbents used for the removal of Hg2+ ions from water. The removal mechanism includes rapid surface complexation on CSHAP grains, followed by a slow incorporation of the Hg2+ ions in the crystalline structure. The results of this study could contribute to delineate a new research direction for a more sustainable management of clam shell biowaste.

Current Status and Challenges of Improved Bee Keeping Technology Adoption in Ethiopia: A Review

The aim of this review is to give an overview of current modern beekeeping technologies in Ethiopia and to highlight once again the challenges of adopting beekeeping technology. Bee-keeping in Ethiopia is common and one of the agricultural activities. Ethiopia is the leading honey producer in Africa and is one of the ten largest producers in the world (with around 23.6% of the African and 2.1% of the world production. Despite the long tradition of beekeeping in Ethiopia having the highest bee density and being the leading honey producer as well as one of the largest bee waxes exporting country in Africa, the share of sub sector in the GDP has never been commensurate with huge number of honey colonies and the country’s potential for beekeeping. To increase production and productivity of honey and bee wax, different improved technologies have been used in the last 7-10 year. Backyard beekeeping can not only be conducted with traditional, but also with transitional or modern beehives. Lack of bee-keeping equipment (like modern beehives, wax molds, honey extractors, queen excluders) and accessories, training on beekeeping technology, awareness creation, extension contact and market problem were the major determinant factors of adoption of modern beekeeping technology. Despite variations in distribution and adoption levels, the utilization of beekeeping technology has now commenced across all regions of the nation hives, adding and reducing supper. The management of bee colonies constitutes a fundamental aspect of contemporary beekeeping practices within the country. Beekeeping equipment and accessories must be readily available to beekeepers, with a significant focus on enhancing productivity and implementing proper management techniques for contemporary beehives. Such measures have the potential to enhance the likelihood of beekeepers adopting and utilizing modern beehive technology.

Pedigree reconstruction based on target sequencing in Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

Litopenaeus vannamei is one of the most economically productive species in aquaculture. It accounts for about 80% of the world's mariculture production of shrimp. Genetic selection of shrimp is mainly based on family selection. Therefore, accurate pedigree information is essential to ensure the reliability of estimated genetic parameters and the selection of the best broodstock. Recent advances in molecular breeding have facilitated molecular pedigree reconstruction based on SNPs and improved the accuracy of selection. However, breeding populations of aquatic species tend to be large. Therefore, a high-throughput and cost-effective method was needed for the commercial application of parentage assignment. In this study, we developed a low-density SNP panel based on target sequencing. A total of 200 amplicons, evenly distributed across the genome, were captured by multiplex PCR and sequenced by next-generation sequencing. Genotyping of 320 individuals in four ponds including multiple families identified 1,169 SNPs. Based on these SNPs, two softwares including Sequoia and PaternityT were used to reconstruct the sibling information. Consequently, a total of 39 families were accurately identified, and the results of the two software programs were highly consistent. Analysis based on different numbers of amplicons showed that at least 50 amplicons were required for accurate assignment. The identification result was also validated by principal component analysis and phylogenetic analysis. With the development of NGS technology, thousands of individuals could be genotyped with high throughput and low cost, making the method developed in this study affordable for parentage assignment in commercial breeding program. Meanwhile, the low-density SNP panel also has high value and prospects for application in shrimp genetic research.

Anchovy and sardine condition and energy content in the North Aegean Sea (eastern Mediterranean) in relation to their contrasting reproductive strategies.

Forage species with high biomass, such as anchovies and sardines, play a key role in pelagic ecosystems and make up a significant proportion of the world's capture fisheries production. In recent years, condition indices have gained interest as significant indicators for assessing the effects of environmental and human pressures on these species and the quality of their habitats. In the present study, we examined, for the first time in the North Aegean Sea (eastern Mediterranean), the year-round variation in somatic and gonadal condition, energy density, and percentage of lipid content of anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) and sardine (Sardina pilchardus). Energy density was measured with bomb calorimetry and percentage lipid content with the fatmeter, a portable electronic device. Finally, the monthly changes in gonadal and energetic condition were examined in relation to the annual cycle of temperature and mesozooplankton biomass, simulated by the implementation of a coupled hydrodynamic-biogeochemical model (POM-ERSEM). There was a strong relationship between fish energy density (kJ g-1) and percentage dry weight. Furthermore, the mean monthly energy density and fatmeter measurements were strongly correlated, especially in sardine. Overall, the monthly changes in energetic condition were indicative of the species' different strategies for energy acquisition and allocation to reproduction (capital vs. income breeding): sardine exhibited low energy density and percentage lipid content during the winter spawning period (November-March) and markedly higher energetic condition from spring to autumn (April-October). Anchovy spawning period, as inferred from gonadal condition, lasted from April to September, i.e., during the warm period of the year but its energy density and percentage lipid content did not exhibit any seasonal changes and were markedly lower than in sardine from April to October. Finally, the simulated mesozooplankton biomass was higher from January to July, which corresponded to the second half of the spawning season for sardine, but first half of the spawning season for anchovy.

Farmed fish welfare research status in Latin America: A review.

Latin America (LATAM) plays an important role in the world's production of aquatic animals and is the second most productive region in the world. Chile, Ecuador, Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, and Perú contribute 87% of LATAM aquaculture production. The fish welfare in aquaculture is of increasing public concern globally, and LATAM is no exception, growing in importance for fish farmers, authorities, and scientists. Although the topic is somewhat controversial, the welfare status of farmed fish has direct implications for their production and the sustainability of the industry. Therefore, this study analyses scientific papers on animal welfare in farmed fish, from the six countries in LATAM with the highest aquaculture production. The main objectives were to quantify the number of papers published between 2000 and 2023 on fish welfare by using scientific databases. A total of 285 papers were found for the period analysed. The country with the largest number of publications was Brazil (75.79%), followed by Chile (13.33%), Mexico (7.02%), Peru (1.75%), Ecuador, and Colombia (1.05%). Nile tilapia was the most studied species, appearing in 30.18% of the publications, with most of the studies mainly dealing with nutrition (32.28%). The growth of aquaculture is leading to joint efforts to generate knowledge on welfare issues, especially in poorly studied species with high production, to create policies that help minimize welfare risks. Given this, the insights generated by this review could be a useful addition to approaches investigating the trends and concepts of fish welfare in LATAM.

Non‐Covalent Iron‐Armored Chain Horse: A Strategy Leading to Highly Efficient Deep‐Blue Room Temperature Phosphorescence

AbstractThe iron‐armored chain horse is a military strategy in ancient China to enhance the combat force of the entire army, especially when individual fighters are vulnerable to being picked off one by one. Herein, this strategy is adopted to generate highly efficient metal‐free blue room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) using the world's largest production of dicarboxylate acid. By encapsulating the commercially available chemical disodium terephthalate (DTPA) within the iron armor of α‐cyclodextrin (α‐CD), and subsequently linking the iron‐armored DTPA@α‐CD horses into a crystalline array mediated by hydrogen bonds and Na+ coordination, a highly confined and segregated arrangement of DTPA is achieved, leading to heavy atom‐free deep‐blue phosphorescence with a maximum efficiency of 83.3%. Since the crystalline array of the iron‐armored chain horse DTPA@α‐CD can be facilely obtained through water evaporation, the current phosphorescent material allows for rapid, high‐throughput solution processing of deep‐blue afterglow display, offering an economic and environmentally benign approach for deep‐blue RTP materials and facilitating their application.

World Productivity: 1996–2014

We use a new growth accounting method to quantify the drivers of world total factor productivity (TFP) growth during 1996–2014 and uncover four main results. World productivity growth is volatile from year to year. This mainly reflects reallocation of labor across country-industries. The contribution of country-industry level productivity growth to world productivity is relatively constant over time. This constancy masks that the increased importance of emerging economies offsets a productivity slowdown in advanced economies. After 2008, this offsetting effect dissipated and world TFP growth declined. These conclusions are robust to the inclusion of markups in the analysis. (JEL E23, E32, O30, O47)

Genetic Biofortification of Winter Wheat with Selenium (Se).

Wheat is one of the three most important cereals in the world, along with rice and maize. It serves as the primary food and source of energy for about 30-40% of the world's population. However, the low levels of micronutrients in wheat grains can lead to deficiencies of those micronutrients in people whose dietary habits are mostly based on cereals such as wheat. Apart from iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn), a lack of selenium (Se) is also one of the biggest problems in the world. The essentiality of Se has been confirmed for all animals and humans, and the lack of this micronutrient can cause serious health issues. Wheat dominates the world's cereal production, so it is one of the best plants for biofortification. Due to the fact that agronomic biofortification is not an economical or environmentally acceptable approach, genetic improvement of cereals such as wheat for the enhanced content of micronutrients in the grain represents the most efficient biofortification approach.

Management factors associated with the survival and market weight of broiler chickens among small-scale farmers in the Dodoma City of Tanzania

Broiler chickens have the genetic potential for significant weight gain over a very short period of time. As a result, they account for over 92 % of the world's poultry meat production in different parts of the world. Yet, to fully realise their growth potential, effective management practices are crucial, encompassing aspects like nutritious feeds, disease control, optimal temperature, and adequate housing. The purpose of the study was to determine the management practices associated with the survival and market weight of broiler chickens in small-scale production. Small-scale poultry production plays a significant role in poverty reduction and household nutrition in developing countries. One hundred and forty small-scale broiler farmers were visited for interviews in the Dodoma City. Employing a structured questionnaire, data on management practices was gathered, while past production records determined market weight and survival rates. Most chickens weighed 1.8–2.3 kg at the end of the production cycle, with a mean live weight of 2.0 kg. Heat provision to chick housing in the early growth stages increased both survival and market weight. Conversely, chicken vaccination and the farmer's experiences were correlated with an increased survival rate. Furthermore, higher feed quantities offered to growers and finishers were linked to greater market weight. It was concluded that enhancing knowledge among small-scale farmers through training and extension services has the potential to increase broiler productivity.

Preliminary Evaluation of The Performance of Micro Combine Harvesters in Rice Farming

Rice is the most widely used staple food, especially in Asia, accounting for about 90% of the world's rice production. In Malaysia, the cultivated area is as much as 730,016 hectares, and the show was about 3.3 million metric tons throughout the country in 2016. Currently, big combine harvesters are used in Malaysia to harvest rice, allowing for quicker harvesting. However, harvesting with a big combine harvester is impossible in areas with soft soil. As a result, employing a micro combine harvester is one of the options for harvesting in areas with soft soil problems. This study aims to evaluate the performance of a micro combine rice harvester. Performance evaluations were conducted at the MARDI Seberang Perai, Penang research plot. The pedestrian-type micro combines harvester with a triangular rubber crawler type was used in this study. The working width of the machine is 1 meter. The rate of harvesting losses is also evaluated as part of the study. The performance test results of the micro combine harvester show that the farm's efficiency is about 70 percent, with a work rate of 0.10 ha/hour. By keeping the harvester's speed at 1.5 km/h, this micro combine harvester's potential work rate is 0.15 hectares per hour. The losses during the harvesting operation were calculated to be 2.2 per cent. The study's results show that using micro combine harvesters can assist in carrying out rice harvesting work in areas where soft soil issues make it challenging to use the standard large combine harvesters. Farmers that grow rice on a small scale also benefit from using this micro combine harvester. The small percentage of losses demonstrated the effectiveness of this micro combine harvester.

Pearl millet a promising fodder crop for changing climate: a review.

The agricultural sector faces colossal challenges amid environmental changes and a burgeoning human population. In this context, crops must adapt to evolving climatic conditions while meeting increasing production demands. The dairy industry is anticipated to hold the highest value in the agriculture sector in future. The rise in the livestock population is expected to result in an increased demand for fodder feed. Consequently, it is crucial to seek alternative options, as crops demand fewer resources and are resilient to climate change. Pearl millet offers an apposite key to these bottlenecks, as it is a promising climate resilience crop with significantly low energy, water and carbon footprints compared to other crops. Numerous studies have explored its potential as a fodder crop, revealing promising performance. Despite its capabilities, pearl millet has often been overlooked. To date, few efforts have been made to document molecular aspects of fodder-related traits. However, several QTLs and candidate genes related to forage quality have been identified in other fodder crops, which can be harnessed to enhance the forage quality of pearl millet. Lately, excellent genomic resources have been developed in pearl millet allowing deployment of cutting-edge genomics-assisted breeding for achieving a higher rate of genetic gains. This review would facilitate a deeper understanding of various aspects of fodder pearl millet in retrospect along with the future challenges and their solution. This knowledge may pave the way for designing efficient breeding strategies in pearl millet thereby supporting sustainable agriculture and livestock production in a changing world.

Bionanocomposite MIL-100(Fe)/Cellulose as a high-performance adsorbent for the adsorption of methylene blue

World production of dyes is estimated at more than 800,000 t·yr−1. The purpose of this research falls within the scope of the choice of an effective, local, and inexpensive adsorbent to remove dyes from wastewater. Adsorptive elimination of dyes by commonly accessible adsorbents is inefficient. The metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are an important class of porous materials offering exceptional properties as adsorbents by improving separation efficiency compared to existing commercial adsorbents. However, its powder form limits its applications. One way to overcome this problem is to trap them in a flexible matrix to form a hierarchical porous composite. Therefore, in this work, we prepared MIL-100 (Fe) embedded in a cellulose matrix named MIL-100(Fe)/Cell, and used it as an adsorbent of methylene blue (MB) dye. According to the BET analysis, the specific surface area of the synthesized MOF is 294 m2/g which is related to the presence of the cellulose as efficient and green support. The structure of this composite is approximately hexagonal. Adsorption was studied as a function of contact time, adsorbent mass and pollutant load (concentration), and pH, and the effect of each of them on absorption efficiency was optimized. The MIL-100(Fe)/Cell was capable of removing 98.94% of MB dye with an initial concentration of 150 mg/L within 10 min at pH = 6.5 and room temperature. The obtained maximum adsorption capacity was 384.615 mg/g. The adsorption isotherm is consistent with the Langmuir models. The mechanism of MB adsorption proceeds through п-п and electrostatic interactions.

Data-Efficient Vision Transformer Models for Robust Classification of Sugarcane

Sugar cane is an important agricultural product that provides 75% of the world's sugar production. As with all plant species, any disease affecting sugarcane can significantly impact yields and planning. Diagnosing diseases in sugarcane leaves using traditional methods is slow, inefficient, and often lacking in accuracy. This study presents a deep learning-based approach for accurate diagnosis of diseases in sugarcane leaves. Specifically, training and evaluation were conducted on the publicly available Sugarcane Leaf Dataset using leading ViT (Vision Transformer) architectures such as DeiT3-Small and DeiT-Tiny. This dataset includes 11 different disease classes and a total of 6748 images. Additionally, these models were compared with popular CNN models. The findings of the study show that there is no direct relationship between model complexity, depth, and accuracy for the 11-class sugarcane dataset. Among the 12 models tested, the DeiT3-Small model showed the highest performance with 93.79% accuracy, 91.27% precision, and 90.96% F1-score. These results highlight that rapid, accurate, and automatic disease diagnosis systems developed using deep learning techniques can significantly improve sugarcane disease management and contribute to increased yields.

Enhancing drought resilience and vulnerability assessment in small farms: A global expert survey on multidimensional indicators

The purpose of the paper is to evaluate drought vulnerability and resilience within the context of small-scale farms. Small-scale farms are distinguished by their family-oriented motives, which prioritize maintaining the stability of the household farm system. This type of farming is responsible for a significant part of the world's food production, thus identifying their vulnerability and resilience to drought is essential to avoid adverse socioeconomic impacts. The paper contributes to this issue by presenting the findings of a comprehensive global survey conducted among experts on drought risk analysis, focusing on indicators related to drought resilience and vulnerability in small-scale farming. An online questionnaire was sent to experts asking them to rate a list of 36 indicators in terms of five metrics: relevancy, accessibility, objectivity, understanding, and temporal consistency. Each indicator was rated on a three-point scale (low, medium, and high). The survey was entirely completed by 120 experts from 42 countries and different areas of expertise. The survey results offer a comprehensive evaluation of multiple indicators, contributing to future research by guiding the selection of indicators for composite drought resilience indexes and enhancing the understanding of farmers' and food systems' climate resilience. The survey results indicate that: i) government and institutional indicators are very relevant for drought resilience assessment; ii) there is an undefined role for social indicators in drought vulnerability assessment; iii) experts still do not perceive the importance of local engagement in drought risk management; iv) the use of relevant indicators in drought risk assessment can be limited because of a lack of accessibility and temporal consistency.

THE SILK INDUSTRY: INDIA'S ROLE IN THE GLOBAL LANDSCAPE AND FINANCIAL DECISION-MAKING DYNAMICS

Silk industry is involved with this breeding of silk worms and manufacturer of the silk. India is the second largest producer of silk contributing to about 18% to the world production. What is however more not worthy is the fact that India is requirement of raw silk is much higher than it’s current production and present. It has a strong traditional and culture bound domestic market of silk. About 60 lakh persons are engaged in various sericulture activities in the country. It is estimated that sericulture can generate employment of 11 man days per kg of raw silk production throughout the year. This paper reviews recent research on silk industries by considering various SWOT analysis. The analysis revealed the strength on this industry, Silk industry region based, the sustaining Market demand high cost of raw silk and overview of the technology innovations on- farm experimentation. KEYWORDS: Silk industry, SWOT analysis, Industry analysis, Raw silk cost

Comprehensive analysis of fine particle migration and swelling: Impacts of salinity, pH, and temperature

About 70% of the world's oil production comes from reservoirs with loose reservoir rock. The looseness of the reservoir rock causes fine particles to move during production. Additionally, there are different types of clays in the reservoir, which have the possibility of swelling in addition to migration. Migration and swelling of fine particles result in increased permeability reduction and formation damage. Identifying the migration and swelling mechanisms of fine particles can prevent the migration and swelling of fine particles in the porous media. As a result, it prevented production reduction and excess production costs and increased the EOR process's efficiency. Salinity, pH, and water temperature changes can significantly affect fine migration and swelling. This research investigates a laboratory's parameters affecting injection water, such as salinity, pH, and temperature. Due to the precision in analyzing the results and a better understanding of the mechanisms, synthetic cores containing fine particles and clays were used. The permeability, turbidity, electron microscope images, and pH data showed that the change in salinity, pH, and temperature disturbs the balance between the rock's surface and fine particles. With the decrease of salinity below the critical concentration of salt, permeability reduction and turbidity were observed. In this case, the dominant mechanism was the migration of fine and clay particles. When the pH of the injection fluid increased, the permeability reduction increased, the turbidity decreased, and the predominant mechanism was the swelling of fine particles. An increase in temperature also caused an increase in permeability reduction and turbidity. The mechanisms of migration and swelling were supposed to be simultaneous with the temperature rise.

CURRENT STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF THE SOY MARKET IN UKRAINE

The growth of the population in the world provides increased demand for soy and its processing products. Because in low-income countries, soy and its processing products are used as a cheap vegetable protein for human nutrition, and in developed countries - as a valuable protein raw material in animal feed. The article calculates the cost of 1 kg of raw protein in protein feeds of plant and animal origin. The cost of vegetable feed per 1 kg of protein is 1.5-3.5 times lower than the cost of animal feed. The dynamics of global soybean production are shown, which indicates that in 2023/24 it was about 395 million tons. The main soybeanproducing countries are Brazil, the USA, and Argentina, whose share in the total world production is more than 80%. The dynamics of soybean production and processing in Ukraine is presented. The largest soybean processors in Ukraine are such companies as Bunge, AdamPolSoya, Cargill, Kreativ OEP, Kyiv-Atlantic, Royal Taste, Vinnytsia OEP and others. The soybean market in Ukraine demonstrates significant success both in cultivation and in export and processing. Despite the difficult conditions caused by military actions and economic challenges, Ukrainian farmers were able to reach historical highs in the production and export of soybeans, ensuring high product quality and competitive prices on the world market. Soy is an export-oriented crop, about ? of which is delivered abroad in the form of raw materials or processed products. The largest importers of Ukrainian soybeans are the European Union, Egypt and Turkey. In connection with the innovations in the supply of soybeans to the EU, soybean producers must not only grow (use of high-quality, certified seed material, mineral fertilizers, general production and administrative costs), but also have a certificate of traceability and confirmation of the absence of deforestation throughout the production chain. Since the violation of EUDR provisions can lead to serious consequences and sanctions, namely fines of up to 4% of the total annual turnover of the enterprise for the previous financial year, confiscation of products, temporary exclusion from procurement procedures and access to public funding, including tender procedures and subsidies

Genomic architecture and sex chromosome systems of commercially important fish species in Asia – Current status, knowledge gaps and future prospects

AbstractAquaculture is one of the fastest growing agro‐food industries in the world and Asia dominates the world's fish production (70% of total) with a high potential to ensure global food security. The leading aquaculture fish species in Asia show sexual dimorphism for traits such as growth, age at sexual maturity etc. in which one sex outperforms the other, increasing the need for controlling sex‐ratio in the farming system. Despite the huge contribution of Asian aquaculture to global fish production, the Asian aquaculture is facing a lot of challenges, for example, maintaining the genetic purity of the fish species and balancing the sex‐ratio in the culture system. Many of these difficulties arise due to a lack of deep understanding of fish genetics, or to the duplicated genome of cultured species, or to the unavailability of high‐quality reference genomes and information on sex determination mechanisms (crucial for monosex production and establishing appropriate breeding programme). This review has described the existing knowledge of the sex determination mechanisms in fish and genome architecture of four commercially important fish groups in Asia (carps, tilapias, catfishes and snakeheads). We also have outlined possible strategies for identifying sex‐determining gene/s using modern genome sequencing and computational technologies. Finally, we have highlighted the existing challenges and future prospects of Asian aquaculture. We anticipate that developments in genome sequencing technologies will help to address the biological complexities and challenges that exist in commercial aquaculture and will be of value for the future growth of the aquaculture industry in Asia.