Product Qualification Research Articles

O tempo social e a história do tempo da formação profissional: pesquisa na Rede Federal de Educação Profissional e Tecnológica

O texto elabora um debate sobre as relações existentes entre os tempos de produção e de formação a partir da formulação de Marx (1989) sobre tempo socialmente necessário para produção, para em diálogo com Braverman (1987), Silva (1996) e Pochmann (2011) explorar o movimento do tempo de formação (TSNF) na educação brasileira. Denota-se que a política educacional, engen­drada pela mercadoria, esvazia a base temporal curricular dos cur­sos e prioriza a formação para o trabalho simples, em detrimento de uma formação mais longa para o trabalho complexo

Development and validation of European guidelines for seismic qualification of post-installed anchors

This paper presents the technical background for seismic qualification procedures for post-installed anchors in the European Technical Approval Guideline (ETAG 001) seismic annex issued in 2013. We discuss requirements for a comprehensive guideline and reference supporting research. Numerical studies to generate new simulated seismic protocols for anchors are summarized with a focus on their application to Europe. To reduce the time and cost of anchor product qualification testing, while fulfilling the requirement of European building codes to assess two performance categories, we combine the results of our numerical studies to generate novel testing protocols that allow for the assessment of anchor behavior at multiple levels in a unified protocol. Validation tests demonstrate that the unified protocol results in anchor performance comparable with that achieved in multiple, single-performance-level tests.

Control of abusive water addition to Octopus vulgaris with non-destructive methods.

Abusive water addition to octopus has evidenced the need for quick non-destructive methods for product qualification in the industry and control of fresh commercial products in markets. Electric conductivity (EC)/pH and dielectric property measurements were selected to detect water uptake in octopus. A significant EC decrease was determined after soaking octopus in freshwater for 4 h. EC reflected the water uptake of octopus and the correspondent concentration decrease of available ions in the interstitial fluid. Significant correlations were determined between octopus water uptake, EC (R = -0.940) and moisture/protein (M/P) ratio (R = 0.923) changes. Seasonal and spatial variation in proximate composition did not introduce any uncertainty in EC discrimination of freshwater tampering. Immersion in 5 g L-1 sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) increased EC to a value similar to control octopus. EC false negatives resulting from the use of additives (STPP and citric acid) were eliminated with the additional determination of pH. Octopus soaked in freshwater, STPP and citric acid can also be clearly discriminated from untreated samples (control) and also from frozen (thawed) ones using the dielectric properties. No significant differences in the dielectric property scores were found between octopus sizes or geographical locations. Simultaneous EC/pH or dielectric property measurements can be used in a handheld device for non-destructive water addition detection in octopus. M/P ratio can be used as a reference destructive method. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

Cause and Impact Analysis of Cost and Schedule Overruns in Subsea Oil and Gas Projects – A Supplier's Perspective

AbstractThis paper identifies drivers for cost and schedule overruns in subsea production system projects from a supplier's point of view. Subsea Production Systems connects subsea wells to offshore vessels, and enable efficient and safe hydrocarbon production.Using root cause analysis, cause and effect diagram, and Pareto charts in a specific company we identified three main drivers of cost and schedule overruns: qualification of products, changing vendors frequently, and project management.Detailed analyzes of a reference project found that the supplier identified about half of the technology gaps during the tender phase. Technology qualification programs of key components were not included in the bid, although the project had to pay for related cost overruns. In summary, the project could have eliminated more than two thirds of the cost escalation related to qualification costs by capturing all technology gaps in the early tendering phase, and as a result significantly increased the profitability.

PENGEMBANGAN MULTIMEDIA INTERAKTIF BERBASIS REPRESENTASI KIMIA PADA MATERI LAJU REAKSI UNTUK SISWA KELAS XI SMAN 4 KOTA JAMBI


 
 
 This study method was research and development and adapt ADDIE (Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement, and Evaluate) method. Used instruments in this research were interview sheets and students’questionnaire. Collected data were processed descriptively and formed into interval data (Likert scale), and analyzed from score and product qualification percentage. The results showed that chemical representation- based interactive multimedia was valid according to validator assessment and earned score of 64,5 (very good) from subject matter validator and 60 (good) from media validator. Furthermore, based on questionnaire responses of teachers and students each earned an average score of 75 (very good) and 90,49% (very good). Based on those results, it's concluded that this chemical representation-based interactive multimedia was well- developed and could be used as learning source. 
 
 

Feasibility of SiC Threshold Voltage Drift Characterization for Reliability Assessment in Production Environments

We reviewed the practical challenges of assessing the threshold voltage drift of SiC MOSFETs in the context of a commercial production environment and qualification standards. Stress bias interruption is a key challenge owing to the rapid recovery of threshold following the removal of bias and the necessity of delays and bias interruptions when qualifying device lots. The test standards in use proscribe how such interruptions should be handled using a re-application of the stress once the device is ready for characterization but these turn out to be completely inadequate when dealing with the trapping mechanics of SiC MOS. Our data indicates that a relatively short stress re-application can be successful at restoring a majority of the threshold voltage drift, scaling with the square root of the interruption time. Additionally, it is important to re-apply the stress bias even for brief interruptions since the threshold recovers so quickly (as opposed to the 96-hour stress interrupt window that is allowed before any re-application is necessary in JESD22 A-108D).

개발단계의 제품 인증을 위한 베이지언 2단계 신뢰성 실증시험의 통계적 설계

개발단계의 제품 인증을 위한 베이지언 2단계 신뢰성 실증시험의 통계적 설계

Method to Determine the Root Cause of Low- $\kappa$ SiCOH Dielectric Failure Distributions

Low- $\kappa $ SiCOH reliability is a growing concern for integrated circuit reliability. An important consideration for product qualification involves the accurate extrapolation to the low percentile failures based on the results from a group of samples. A method is presented to determine the root cause of failure distributions amongst a group of dielectric samples using voltage ramp data. Samples’ leakage current traces and breakdown voltages are compared with each other. Using this method, it was determined that the dielectric spacing variation dominates across-wafer failure, while variation of local breakdown strength affects in-chip failure.

Reliability of Heavy Gage Aluminum Wire-bonds under High Temperature Aging

Abstract Thick aluminum (Al) wedge bonds have been widely used in analog microelectronic packages due their lower cost, ease of use and excellent thermal and electrical performance. Reliability of thick Al wedge bonds on bare copper (Cu) leadframes under high temperature aging conditions has not been studied at a fundamental level in the past. This study investigates the reliability performance of Al wedge bonds on bare Cu surfaces under isothermal aging conditions specified by the automotive grade product qualification requirements. Results obtained show that Al/Cu intermetallic formed at the interface is detrimental to the mechanical and electrical package reliability. Plating on the leadframe has been evaluated as a potential mitigation to prevent intermetallic growth and hence improve the overall wedge bond and package reliability under high temperature reliability testing conditions. Significant improvement in the wedge bond and package reliability was achieved by using nickel plating under the wedge bonds. The results presented in this study can be used to design a more robust package capable of meeting stringent automotive grade requirements.

Popular pharmaceutical residues in hospital wastewater: quantification and qualification of degradation products by mass spectroscopy after treatment with membrane bioreactor.

The occurrence of drugs in wastewater has been considered an imminent risk to the population, for the treatments used are usually ineffective. The presence of four popular drug residues (metformin, paracetamol, tetracycline, and enalapril) in hospital effluents, by using ultra-fast liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UFLC-MS/MS) with electrospray (ESI) ionization, and removal/degradation by membrane bioreactor (MBR) system are investigated in this study. For analysis method, all standard calibration curves showed satisfactory linearity (R (2) ≥ 0.993) within a relatively wide range. The recovery was between 70.4 and 105.0%, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) values were within the ranges of 8.2 and 13.5%. The effluent samples were collected at the end of the process treated in a bench-scale MBR treatment system and preconcentrated on solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges. Following that procedure, the chemical analysis demonstrated that the MBR system was effective in enalapril 94.3 ± 7.63%, tetracycline 99.4 ± 0.02%, and paracetamol 98.8 ± 0.86% removal. However, the polar metformin was less effectively removed (35.4 ± 12.49%). Moreover, the degradation products were investigated using high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) by quadrupole-time of flight (Q-TOF), which has been indicated a tetracycline metabolite. In order to investigate the environmental impact, the wastewater potential risk was evaluated. The risk quotient (RQ) by measure environmental concentration (MEC) and its predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) ratio (RQ = MEC/PNEC) was between 0.003 (enalapril) to 0.815 (paracetamol). Finally, this work demonstrates that UFLC-MS/MS (ESI-Q) is a sensitive and selective method for drug analysis in wastewater and with ESI-Q-TOF has the accuracy required for determining the degradation products of these compounds. Also, it indicated that membrane bioreactor systems represent a new generation of processes that have proved to outperform conventional treatment showing better effluent quality. The removal capacity studied in this work demonstrates the efficiency of this process.

Determination of Wafer Start Mix in Semiconductor Manufacturing During New Technology Ramp-Up: Model, Solution Method, and an Empirical Study

In semiconductor manufacturing, production ramp-up is a necessary phase before a new technology is introduced because it affects not only the time-to-market, but also the time-to-volume (the time to reach mass production). In production ramp-up, engineering lots are implemented in order to collect data for product and equipment qualification, and they are expected to achieve short cycle times (CTs) and high throughputs. On one hand, the increment of the amount of engineering lots will disrupt the smoothness of the manufacturing flow and cause work-in-process (WIP) bubbles. On the other hand, to ensure the feasibility of the production plan, some throughput and CT targets must be achieved. There is a need to determine an appropriate wafer start mix to strike a balance between the conflicting objectives. However, the complexity and stochasticity existing in the semiconductor manufacturing process makes it a very difficult task. This paper modeled the wafer start mix determination problem and proposed an efficient methodology, called progressive simulation optimization (PSO), based on the simulation metamodeling techniques to handle this problem. The goal was to find the optimal wafer start mix that enables maximum throughput of engineering lots, while satisfying the requirement of CT of normal lots (NL). A numerical study was conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed PSO, and an empirical study based on real data was conducted to validate the viability of the proposed methodology in practice.

基于新型热处理方式的针刺过滤毡热定型技术研究

市场上专用于高品质过滤毡的定型机很少，关键技术和设备不够成熟。本文对比传统的热处理方式，研发了一种新型热处理技术，并设计了热定型装置。对比实践结果表明，此热定型技术大大提高了针刺过滤毡的过滤精度、耐洗涤强度和产品合格率。 There are few stereotypes for high-quality filter felt in the market because the key technology and equipment are not mature enough. This paper compared the traditional way of heat treatment, developed a new type of the heat treatment technology and designed a new kind of the heat setting device. Compared to the traditional one, the results show that this heat-setting technology has greatly improved the filtering accuracy, washing-resistant strength and product qualification rate of needle punched filter felt.

Control strategy for hydrometallurgical removal process based on modelling and evaluation

Abstract: Impurity removal is an essential stage in non-ferrous metal hydrometallurgy. The control removal process influences the stability and production qualification of the whole process. To enhance the removal process stability, a control strategy based on modelling and evaluation is proposed in this paper. The strategy consists of two level controls: an optimal control based on process model and an expert control based process evaluation. The optimal control sets major amounts for control variables in the removal process, while the expert control adjusts the amounts with online evaluation results. The proposed strategy is performed on the copper removal process of zinc hydrometallurgy, and the experiment result proves its effectiveness.

Using E-mobility as an Enabler for a Fast and Lean Product Development to Optimize the Return of Engineering with the Example of Lithium-ion Battery

As innovation cycles for new technology products accelerate, markets also demand more complex products with a highly individualized design. Particularly, electric cars represent this case and complexity is not only driven by product variants, but also by an increasing proportion and importance of software applications in value creation. However, the reference processes to develop these automotive products were established two decades ago. The reference process which is used by automotive OEMs is the integrated product and process development which bases on the concept of simultaneous engineering. In contrast to conventional cars with a combustion engine, product architectures for electric vehicles can be planned differently with the lithium-ion battery as the central and most expensive component and can be designed with more degrees of freedom. Such a product architecture can also be simplified that complexity is reduced for both, the product and the development process. Changes in terms of product architecture also imply that there are changes in the technological knowledge of the automotive OEM. It must focus on key technologies. Consequently, suppliers have got the chance to advance from suppliers, who produce products on demand, to technological experts, who provide technology platforms. The development process, moreover, has to evolve from typical stage-gate-concepts to a more agile process tailored to suit continuously changing requirements to fulfil the demand for a fast product qualification for series production. So, even shorter innovation cycles and time-to-market periods can be reached. Certainly, this has an effect on financial aspects with the objective to design the organisational process as lean as possible. Finally, the more agile process design serves an optimised ratio between engineering expenses and customer value – called Return on Engineering. It is the central paradigm to which process design and methods for product development need to adhere.

A coarse-graining approach to rate equations of the composite AC-NBTI model

For ac negative bias temperature instability (NBTI), the composite model that combines the reaction–diffusion (R–D) model for permanent component and the trap–detrap (T–D) model for recoverable component has almost been accepted. However, simple analytical formulas, which are useful for product qualification, have not yet been established. In this paper, we present a coarse-graining approach to analyze the rate equations in the T–D and R–D schemes. Here, the time-averaged rate equations are derived from the equations for stress and recovery phases. The analytical solutions obtained by solving this set of equations can explain the essential features of ac-NBTI, such as the duty-cycle dependence and the memory effect of hole-trapping determined by the standby condition. For the T–D scheme, the exact analytical solutions of the original equations verify this approach, whereas for the R–D scheme, the double-interface R–D model rather than the conventional R–D model captures the duty-cycle dependence observed in the experimental universal curve. Our experimental data on the ac-NBTI are also consistent with the developed analytical model providing a general validity of the approach presented here.

Built-In Self-Test and Test Scheduling for Interposer-Based 2.5D IC

Interposer-based 2.5D integrated circuits (ICs) are seen today as a precursor to 3D ICs based on through-silicon vias (TSVs). All the dies and the interposer in a 2.5D IC must be adequately tested for product qualification. We present an efficient built-in self-test (BIST) architecture for targeting defects in dies and in the interposer interconnects. The proposed BIST architecture can also be used for fault diagnosis during interconnect testing. To reduce the overall test cost, we describe a test scheduling and optimization technique under power constraints. We present simulation results to validate the BIST architecture and demonstrate fault detection, synthesis results to evaluate the area overhead of the proposed BIST architecture, and test scheduling results to highlight the effectiveness of the optimization approach.

Development of [64Cu]-DOTA-PR81 radioimmunoconjugate for MUC-1 positive PET imaging

ObjectiveBreast cancer radioimmunoscintigraphy targeting MUC1 expression is a growing field of work in nuclear medicine research. PR81 is a monoclonal antibody that binds with high affinity to MUC1, which is over expressed on breast tumors. In this study, we report production, quality control and preclinical qualifications of a copper-64 labeled PR81 for PET imaging of breast cancer. MethodsPR81 was conjugated with DOTA-NHS-ester and purified by molecular filtration followed by chelate:mAb ratio determination by spectrophotometric method. DOTA-PR81 was labeled with 64Cu followed by radiochemical purity, in vitro stability, in vitro internalization and immunoreactivity determination. The tissue biodistribution of the 64Cu-DOTA-PR81 and 64Cu-DOTA-hIgG was evaluated in BALB/c mice with breast carcinoma tumors using tissue counting and imaging. ResultsThe radiochemical purity of radioimmunoconjugate was >95±1.9% (ITLC) (specific activity; 4.6μCi/μg). The average number of chelators per antibody was 3.4±0.3:1. The 64Cu-DOTA-PR81 showed immunoreactivity towards MUC1 antigen and MCF7 cell line with significant in vitro stability (>89% in PBS and 78±0.5% in human serum) over 48h. Maximum internalized activity of radiolabeled PR81 in 4–8h was 81.5%. The biodistribution and scintigraphy studies showed the accumulation of the complex at the site of tumors with high sensitivity and specificity compared to control probes. ConclusionThe results showed that 64Cu-DOTA-PR81 may be considered as a potential PET tracer for diagnosis and follow-up of MUC1 expression in oncology.

Conceptual Model of Management in Automotive Projects

In automotive industry the development of new products, involve complex engineering processes subject to time pressures and fierce competition on the automotive market. An important role in the development of such projects it is the process planner. The position of process planner involves the interface between the department of design and development and production department, managing the projects in terms of technic side till implement them in series production. This paper develops in teach mode a conceptual model to scroll the successive phases of the project, designed to position the process planner, in order to transfer the knowledge to the students, in the field of project management of new product development in the automotive industry. Through a case study it will be creates a conceptual model in methodological way, namely that exemplifies the main phases of automotive projects: the quote, concept, release of design, testing and qualification of product and final phase of preparing and launching in series production. Preliminary phase namely quotation phase includes defining the project team and submitting the offer. Process steps are established for each operation and the estimated cost for devices and equipment, project time planning, and can generate the first effective phase of the project, namely the concept phase, called the foundation project also. Next phase of concept phase is the release of design, thereupon the design is frozen, as well as the product bill of materials. PP sets: final steps of the process; production line (cell layout design); material flow; Process Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (P-FMEA) and highlighting the top 5 risks assumed; In testing phase and product qualification, the PP manages and harmonizes in the smallest detail in order to achieve this target, to complete the preparation and launch in series production.

A qualification method for externally bonded Fibre Reinforced Cementitious Matrix (FRCM) strengthening systems

Fibre Reinforced Cementitious Matrix (FRCM) composites are now widely used for repair and retrofitting existing structures. Guidelines for product qualification are needed to characterize the strengthening systems before they are made available in the market and installed. The paper proposes a procedure that combines the results of direct tensile and shear bond tests to provide engineering design parameters for externally bonded FRCM reinforcements. Due to the possible occurrence of different failure modes, the procedure provides results on the base of the weakest mechanism that takes place. Thanks to its simplicity, the proposed method is suitable for standard product qualification and material assurance purposes. In order to investigate its feasibility, the qualification procedure is applied to different reinforcements comprising basalt, carbon, glass, and steel textiles, bonded with either cement or lime mortars to clay bricks and tuff units.

Bringing Marketing Back to Markets Book review: Araujo L., Finch J., Kjellberg H. (eds) (2010) Reconnecting Marketing to Markets, Oxford: Oxford University Press

This book review is devoted to the interdisciplinary volume Reconnecting Marketing to Markets edited by Luis Araujo (Lancaster University Management School), John Finch (Strathclyde University), and Hans Kjellberg (Stockholm School of Economics). The volume includes texts authored by scholars representing fields of academic marketing, economic sociology, science and technology studies, and economics. These collected texts aim to re-examine the historical link between markets and marketing and develop an integrative approach to connections between academic marketing, marketing management and markets with the help of the performativity argument. In this review, Radaev discusses the relationship between the sociology of markets and academic marketing as neighbor research areas, which focus on studying markets, but he discusses how they ignore each others’ achievements. He notes that the interest in how markets really work integrates both economic sociology and academic marketing. Then, Radaev describes the general idea of the book - marketing produces markets - and points out its four conceptual premises. First, markets are practical outcomes of organizing efforts. Second, theories about markets are performative. Third, market exchanges require framing with considerable investment in material arrangements and measurement instruments. Fourth, market agents are hybrid collectives, involving material elements and non-human objects. Finally, Radaev briefly describes the content of the book, which covers various empirical research on branding, retailing, product qualifications and so forth.