Solid Waste Processing Research Articles

Legal Problems of Environmental Information in the Management of Solid Municipal Waste

The article reveals some problems of legal regulation of the solid municipal waste management system and the elimination of accumulated environmental damage in terms of the elimination of unauthorized locations of solid municipal waste and landfills of solid municipal waste. The importance of the measures and rules adopted by the state to ensure the implementation of environmental protection projects to eliminate accumulated environmental damage, as well as to reduce the negative impact on the environment and human health, the importance of improving legislation in terms of ensuring access to environmental information in the field of education, processing, disposal and disposal of municipal solid waste is noted. Particular attention is paid to the need to establish transparency of the state environmental management aimed at implementing an Environmental Safety Strategy, one of the main issues of which is the creation of an integrated system for the management of solid municipal waste and the elimination of accumulated environmental damage.The direct dependence of ensuring environmental safety and achieving the indicators of the national development goals of the country on the transparency of environmental information generated during the management of solid municipal waste and the elimination of unauthorized landfills of solid municipal waste has been established. The article also touches upon some issues of coordination of the activities of public authorities that ensure the formation of a sustainable system of solid municipal waste management, and the importance of environmental information in the framework of building interdepartmental cooperation in this direction.

Thermodynamic analysis of a sorption-enhanced gasification process of municipal solid waste, integrated with concentrated solar power and thermal energy storage systems for co-generation of power and hydrogen

A system of coupled CO2 capture and gasification has led to a new concept entitled sorption-enhanced gasification (SEG) which can increase H2 concentration in the syngas composition. This study proposed a novel configuration of the SEG system comprising concentrated solar power and thermal energy storage systems. Calcium looping (CaL) is utilized as the CO2 capture process. Unlike conventional SEG systems in which calcination heat demand is supplied by an oxy-combustion process, this study considers a heliostat field to provide heat for sorbent regeneration. The solar and thermal energy storage systems are simulated dynamically to achieve accurate results. A steam Rankine cycle is also designed to recover the released heat sources through the SEG system. The overall system performance is explored through energy and exergy analyses. Based on the results, the proposed system managed to produce 0.58 kg/s pure hydrogen in addition to 13.96 MW of net electrical power. Meanwhile, CO2 is captured from syngas composition with capturing efficiency of 95%. The energy analysis shows cold gas efficiency and the annual total energy efficiency of 87.76 and 70.74%, respectively. Based on exergy analysis results, the carbonator reactor exhibits the highest permeance compared to the gasifier and calciner reactors, with an exergy efficiency of 88.74%. Parametric study results show an increase in the cold gas efficiency, hydrogen production rate, and electrical energy efficiency with enhancing steam-to-biomass ratio. An increase in CO2 capture efficiency also improves both the electrical energy efficiency and H2 concentration of the syngas composition. CO2 capture efficiency and S/B ratio are inversely related to the exergy efficiency of the system.

RFID and IoT Enabled Framework to Make Pune City an Eco-friendly Smart City

The increasing volume and complexity of waste associated with the modern economy pose a serious risk to ecosystems and human health. Due to the intensive increase in computation, Machine learning is popular. Intelligent solid waste management motivates the Swachh Bharat mission to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the birth of astrapita Mahatma Gandhi. In the context of smart city development, an innovative means of implementing smart solid waste collection is to improve daily solid waste collection at the household level. An intelligent solid waste collection system will be implemented in the Smart City to improve solid waste collection. It is required to educate households about solid waste handling. Municipal Corporation can implement an innovative PPP model as part of an independent India campaign to motivate startup ntrepreneurs, which will generate jobs in India. The city of Pune is in a phase of intelligent urban mobility development to improve citizens’ living standards. Ensure safe traffic management, adequate water supply, smart amenities, and services such as the intelligent collection, transport, and processing of solid waste. RFID and IoT base IT solutions have the potential to develop sustainable, innovative technology to achieve 100% household collections and transportation and treatment of waste so that to minimize waste to send landfill side.

ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS IN SELECTED MINING ACTIVITIES

Mining of raw materials and their modification has a negative impact on the environment. During the mining and processing of mineral raw materials (coal, oil, ore), solid, liquid and gaseous wastes are created. The production of waste is linked to the mining site, respectively production. Many of the negative phenomena can be minimized or even eliminated by using appropriate technologies and work procedures. At the present, the search and secondary use of large-volume waste is gaining more and more importance. In the underground, possibilities are offered in the field of fire prevention, closing and disposal of mine works, fill and so on. A thorough assessment of the criteria and their compliance during implementation creates a basic prerequisite for the use of underground waste with the verification that there will be no release of hazardous pollutants from the source of harmful substances as well as that the elements of the environment will not be endangered and the use of waste will be safe.

Identification and analysis of municipal solid waste pre-treatment to improve waste quality for waste-to-energy facility

The quality of municipal solid waste affects the performance of incinerator waste-to-energy plants. This study aimed to identify and analyze the pre-treatment process for municipal solid waste in order to improve the quality of waste which will be used as feedstock to a waste-to-energy plant using pre-treatment equipment in terms of process rate, mass balance, and waste quality before and after the pre-treatment. The municipal solid waste came from resident housing in DKI Jakarta and the pre-treatment facilities used consisted of a feeder conveyor, trommel screen, and sorting conveyor, as well as excavators. The research was done quantitatively. The results of this study show that the pre-treatment process assisted by 17 workers in one work shift (7 hours) can handle 39.06 tons of waste. The waste consisted of 10.5% bulky waste, 27.6% materials smaller than 5 cm, 1.5% recyclable materials (metal, glass, and plastic), and 59.5% combustible materials. The combustible material was relatively free from bulky material, inert material, and hazardous material. Its calorific value increased from 6.61 MJ/kg to 8.80 MJ/kg. It is concluded that waste after pre-treated had good quality as a feedstock of incinerator waste-to-energy.

Penajaan Limbah Tekstil Padat Siasat Penyegaran Green Economy

Global warming due to the buildup of carbon dioxide (CO2) gas causes the air temperature to feel hotter. The buildup of carbon dioxide gas (CO2) occurs due to human activities that do not pay attention to environmental sustainability. The concept of green economy is proclaimed to be able to overcome hot problems that occur. The research method used is a literature review sourced from scientific articles, journals, and relevant documents. In this study, the results of waste created from human activities in the textile industry were classified into two types. The processing of solid textile waste can be addressed by managing wrapping containers during the production process to be reused without having to be thrown away, yarn waste and fabric waste are treated by recycling.

Solid waste-supported nickel nanoparticles: A sustainable, recoverable, and efficient heterogeneous catalyst for organic pollutant degradation

The processing of polymeric solid wastes into industrial processes is of outmost importance from an environmental and economic point of view. Herein, a simple and straightforward route was developed for immobilizing nickel nanoparticles on the surface of waste loose fill as a recoverable heterogeneous catalyst. The nickel nanoparticles exhibited a spherical-like shape and were not uniformly dispersed in the loose fill matrix. The carbonyl and/or carboxyl groups would initiate active sites along the loose fill chains, which serve as adsorption centers and tight fixing of nickel ions. The catalytic activity of nickel@loose fill nanocomposite was evaluated through the degradation of 4-nitrophenol, reactive blue dye, and mixture of both. The results indicated the catalyst retained 87% of its activity after 20 cycles. The use of a solid waste as a supporting matrix in heterogeneous catalysis may reduce the fabrication cost and improve the contact between the reactants and Ni nanoparticles due to the porosity of loose fill. The use of waste material made from renewable resources (vegetable starch) could explore genuinely and sustainable materials as alternatives to the traditional polymers in heterogeneous catalysis.

ЗАПОВНЮВАЧІ БУДІВЕЛЬНИХ СУМІШЕЙ З ПРОДУКТІВ РЕЦИКЛІНГУ ТВЕРДИХ НЕОРГАНІЧНИХ ВІДХОДІВ

The substantiation of the need to develop and implement new resource-saving technologies for the production of construction mixtures using aggregates obtained as a result of complex processing of solid inorganic construction waste is provided. Analytical studies of technogenic waste processing technologies for obtaining building materials have been conducted. The results of the study of the experience of construction scrap processing are presented, with confirmation of the expediency of the fact that the technology of recycling accumulated construction scrap dumps in the territory where the destroyed buildings were located does not require any new specialized measures. The projected volumes of building materials in the composition of residential construction objects with various quantitative parameters of the constituent components of the elements of the fencing structures are presented. Analytical studies have established that the accumulated volumes of construction scrap from the destruction ofelements of buildings and structures in the vast majority include the remains of concrete, reinforced concrete, expanded clay concrete, brickwork made of ceramic and silicate products. Experimental series of aggregate samples were made using experimental samples of construction scrap, their granulometric characteristics were determined and physical parameters were investigated. With the use of regulatory and technical literature, the predicted prescription parameters of the concrete mixture using a new variety of aggregates obtained by re-processing of construction scrap were compiled. The presence of reactive substances on thesurface of the obtained aggregates was substantiated and the presence of increased physical and mechanical characteristics of the samples with a decrease in the binder content was confirmed. Recipe and technological parameters for the production of wall building materials using the obtained multicomponent building mixtures are proposed. The results of tests of physical and mechanical characteristics of test samples of concrete using aggregates from solid inorganic waste are presented

FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN PLANNING ORGANIZATION OF ENERGYEFFICIENT ECOLOGICAL SETTLEMENTS TAKING INTO ACCOUNT ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS

The article considers the basics of urban planning organization of energy-efficient ecological settlements (hereinafter - EEP) taking into account energy efficiency indicators, since the organization of these urban planning formations is a multifaceted process that is associated with various factors that are considered in various scientific fields. 
 Energy-efficient ecological settlements - can become one of the options for a comfortable ecological and energy-saving living environment (ensuring the necessary microclimatic conditions in buildings, using natural technologies in lighting and ventilation, sustainable construction of low-rise, semi-underground and underground construction, application of natural architecture techniques, selection of local and ecological materials, assessment of the life cycle of the building, provision of alternative energy sources), which can become a full-fledged living space with all the necessary conditions, starting from providing people with homes, ending with places of work. 
 The main aspects of the development of energy-efficient ecological settlements have been identified, including: - the aspect of the functional organization of the territory, taking into account orientation according to the sides of the world, landscape assessment of the territory, etc.; 
 - aspect of permaculture design; - landscape and composition aspect; - the aspect of ecological and autonomous construction (use of natural or recycled materials, design of an energy-saving building form); - the aspect of independence from energy resources (solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, wave energy and biomass); - aspect of water resources management (complex system of drinking water management and management of reclaimed water for irrigation and toilets, rainwater storage system, biological wastewater treatment system, flood control system). - aspect of waste utilization and recycling (processing of solid household waste, composting of organic and human waste, used as biogas for obtaining energy and fertilizers for agriculture); - the aspect of rational planning of transport links and the road-trail network for the use of ecological transport; - aspect of socio-economic development (eco-industry, tourism, educational programs and community values).
 A unified structural model of EEP design has been developed. The unified structural model is a brief description of the stages of design (sequence of actions – algorithm) for further design, which includes four stages: Stage I – determination of the territory as an EEP, Stage II – determination of EEP factors, Stage III – analysis of initial data for further design, IV stage – design of EEP. Based on the results of the research, the stages of urban planning organization of energy-efficient ecological settlements were revealed, taking into account energy efficiency indicators (on the example of the Kharkiv region), which are presented in the form of detailed schemes.

Fuzzy Automatic Control of the Pyrolysis Process for the Municipal Solid Waste of Variable Composition

control of the pyrolysis process of municipal solid waste (MSW) of variable composition and moisture content. The fuzzy control method is developed and studied that makes it possible to carry out the proper automatic control of the pyrolysis plant with the determination of the optimal ratio of air/MSW for various types of waste and with different moisture content values to ensure high efficiency of the MSW disposal process. The effectiveness study of the proposed fuzzy control method is performed in this paper on a specific example, in particular, when automating the pyrolysis plant for the MSW disposal with the reactor volume of 250 liters. The obtained simulation results confirm the high efficiency of the developed method, as well as the feasibility of its use for designing automatic control systems of various pyrolysis plants that operate under conditions of changes in the composition and moisture content of input waste.

MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE INCINERATION FURNACES (REVIEW)

The purpose of the research was to carry out a critical analysis of the structural and technological design of the process of incineration of municipal solid waste» (MSW). Data on the volume of solid waste generation in the world, Ukraine and Kyiv are given, the need to improve ways of effective solid waste management, in particular their disposal, is shown. A classification of furnaces and furnaces for solid waste burning has been developed. Designs of the specified technological equipment were analyzed depending on the power (productivity), the nature of the MSW incineration process over time, the possibility of movement in space, as well as the mechanism of the incineration process. A critical review of the most common designs of furnaces and furnaces, including layer, rotary, fluidized bed, cyclone, shaft, with a liquid melt bath, as well as floor furnaces and furnaces, is performed. A critical review of the most common designs of furnaces and furnaces, including layer, rotary, fluidized bed, cyclone, shaft, with a liquid melt bath, as well as floor furnaces and furnaces, is performed. This review is primarily based on a critical analysis of scientific and technical sources of information and, above all, patent information of the leading countries of the world, since it is the patent documentation that provides information on innovative developments in the relevant field of engineering and technology. Analysis of the current state and prospects for the use of furnaces and furnaces for MSW incineration shows that the appropriate technological equipment for MSW incineration, as one of the simplest and most effective for obtaining thermal and/or electrical energy and disposing of waste, will be used for solid waste processing for a long time to come. The main efforts are aimed at creating high-performance universal energy-efficient equipment, characterized by low material consumption, ease of maintenance and low negative impact on the environment and human health. Bibl. 62, Fig. 17.

"Liquid-To-Solid" Conversion of Biomass Wastes Enhanced by Uniform Nitrogen Doping for the Preparation of High-Value-Added Carbon Materials for Energy Storage with Superior Characteristics.

Sustainable human development urgently calls for decreasing the cost of energy storage. Continuous massive consumption of dedicated carbon electrode materials with complex internal molecular architectures requires rethinking both the source of materials and the process of their production. Finding an efficient sustainable solution is focused on the reuse and development of waste processing into corresponding high-value-added carbon materials. The processing of solid wastes into solid value-added carbon materials ("solid-to-solid") is relatively well developed but can be a two-stage process involving carbon architecture rearrangement and heteroatom doping. Processing liquid wastes into high-value-added solid material ("liquid-to-solid") is typically much more challenging with the need for different production equipment. In the present study, a new approach is developed to bypass the difficulty in the "liquid-to-solid" conversion and simultaneously built in the ability for heteroatom doping within one production stage. Polycondensation of liquid humins waste with melamine (as a nitrogen-containing cross-linking component) results in solidification with preferential C and N atomic arrangements. For subsequent thermochemical conversion of the obtained solidified wastes, complicated equipment is no longer required, and under simple process conditions, carbon materials for energy storage with superior characteristics were obtained. A complete sequence is reported in the present study, including liquid waste processing, nitrogen incorporation, carbon material production, structural study of the obtained materials, detailed electrochemical evaluation and real supercapacitor device manufacture and testing.

Modeling and Performance Analysis of Municipal Solid Waste Treatment in Plasma Torch Reactor

Thermal plasma has emerged as a technology with tremendous promise for municipal wastes that should be disposed of sustainably. A numerical simulation of a symmetric turbulent plasma jet from a thermal air plasma torch was developed using COMSOL Multiphysics®5.4 engineering simulation software. The velocities, temperature, arc root motion, and joule heating of the plasma jet were examined under the impact of the gas mass flow rate and current. Moreover, the electrical power required for the municipal solid waste (MSW) processing was estimated. The enthalpy and the effectiveness of the plasma torch were analyzed and discussed. Subsequently an investigation was conducted into the gasification characteristics of MSW using air and steam gases. The torch’s power and efficiency could be enhanced with a higher mass flow rate and temperature. Three operating modes were identified from the current–arc flow combination. Among the plasma gas considered, the air gas plasma torch guarantees an acceptable thermal efficiency and a low anode erosion rate. Plasma gasification produces cleaner syngas with higher efficiency (84%) than the conventional process due to the elevated temperature used during the process that breaks down all the char, dioxins, and tars.

Mechanical compression assisted heat drying of space solid waste: Dewatering performance and volatile pollutants identification

Hot melt compression treatment is a new technology in which traditional pressure dehydration is combined with thermal effects to achieve improved liquid/solid separation with low energy consumption. A dewatering process combining the mechanical expression with the heating treatment of space solid waste is proposed in this paper. Temperatures of 130–180 °C and a mechanical load of 0–8 MPa were employed on the drying behavior of space solid waste and product distribution with a self-designed hot press experimental setup. Experimental results showed that mechanical compression employed at increased temperatures had revealed a significant benefit in water recovery, resulting in the highest reduction of 95.5% of the moisture content. Considering the dehydration efficiency, the dewatering process of solid waste showed a positive effect at 160 °C and 6 MPa with a residence time of 100 min. At the same time, the reusability and chemical evolution were characterized comprehensively. The results showed that the condensed water had great potential to be reused as drinking water in the space station. Moreover, from an integrated perspective involving gaseous emissions, oxygen-containing functional groups accounting for 51.58–76.01% were the main components of the gas products. Halohydrocarbon was identified as the key volatile pollutant during the process of hot compression. In conclusion, this study gives a detailed insight into the hot melt compression behavior of space waste and offers potential opportunities and benefits for space solid waste treatment.

Санітарно-епідеміологічна оцінка проєктних рішень щодо сучасного поводження з твердими побутовими відходами

Objective: sanitary and hygienic assessment of the project of a complex for processing and disposal of solid waste. In context, tasks of determining predictive indicators of environmental impact and establishing the hazard category of RDF fuel from sorted fractions of municipal solid waste with the possibility of its further use as an alternative fuel were solved. Materials and methods. Objects - the designed parameters of the arrangement of the object for the treatment of solid waste, indicators of alternative fuel from combustible fractions of solid waste and the conditions for the further operation of the object. RDF fuel from MSW fractions was evaluated in terms of physicochemical and toxicological parameters with laboratory tests and calculation of hazard category. The assessment of operating conditions of facility was carried out by the method of hygienic analysis, taking into account the specifics of impact on the environment. Results. A modern complex for the processing and disposal of solid waste as part of a waste sorting and landfill for the non-utilizable part of solid waste is planned to be located outside the boundaries of the settlement. Arrangement of the landfill is provided in accordance with construction and environmental standards. From combustible fractions of sorted waste, it is planned to produce RDF fuel. Studies have established the main indicators of fuel. According to results of acute toxicity assessment and calculated coefficients, the waste mixture in composition of RDF fuel belongs to the 4th category of waste and 4th class in terms of acute toxicity in accordance with the requirements of the EU Regulations. Combustion of this fuel in whirlpool kilns of cement plants is optimal solution, since safety conditions are observed in accordance with requirements of EU Directive for combustion at a temperature of at least 850 ◦C for a duration of at least 2 seconds. The sanitary and hygienic assessment of probabilistic impact of the object was made on the basis of predictive calculated indicators, which indicate the absence of excess impact and determine the 300 m area of its distribution, which is less than 500 m of the standard size of the sanitary protection zone. Conclusions. It has been established that the planned sorting activities with the removal of recyclable materials and the disposal of non-utilizable part of MSW make it possible to further use the useful part of waste, reduce volume and area of disposal, and extend the life of landfill. Design solutions for arrangement of a modern complex for processing and disposal of solid waste, according to the predictive assessment, will not have an excess impact on the environment, will ensure environmental safety in the area of probable impact of the facility and comply with domestic and European standards. Production of RDF fuel to specifications and further use as an alternative fuel for whirlpool kilns in cement plants is in line with the Basel Convention, the Glasgow UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and will contribute to environmentally sound waste disposal in accordance with EU Directive 2010/75 /EU. Arrangement of a modern facility for the treatment of solid waste will create appropriate living conditions for the population and compliance with the sanitary and epidemiological safety of settlements’ territories of in service area.

INOVASI PENGELOLAAN LIMBAH DOMESTIK MENJADI KOMPOS KUALITAS PRIMA

A large amount of domestic waste is unfortunately not matched by proper management. Like leaf waste, there is also vegetable waste in traditional markets, which is disposed of in open dumping without further management. The overflow of garbage will certainly leave environmental disturbances and bad smells. Research on the processing of domestic solid waste using a composter is generally only carried out in one stage, so the results of cutting domestic waste from the composter are still rough. In addition, bacteria administration is usually done at the end, so it is less effective in terms of time and cost. This study aims to design compost production innovations that meet SNI standards. The research was conducted by comparing the two main raw materials for the compost, namely vegetables and leaves. Based on the research results, it was found that the compost produced was able to produce fertilizer with the nutrients N, C/P, P, K, and C/N following SNI 7763: 2018. Compost with the best results is compost with leaves as the main raw material.

Galvanic Biomining: A Low-Carbon Hydrometallurgical Process for Efficient Resource Recovery and Power Generation

Biomining/bioleaching has been widely considered as an alternative to traditional technologies in processing ores and solid wastes mainly due to its environmental and economic advantages, but the low leaching rate and adverse microorganism–environment interactions cause the severe restriction of industrial application. Here, we first report galvanic biomining that achieves both efficient resource recovery and power generation based on the Fe2+/Fe3+ redox couple of indirect/noncontact bioleaching. Ore oxidation, oxidant regeneration, and power generation are achieved in the oxidation leaching section, the bio-oxidation section, and the galvanic biomining reactor, respectively. At various temperatures and in the presence of toxic ions, leaching rates are approximately 10 times higher than those of conventional bioleaching, which represents a breakthrough of the above bottleneck. The power generation, bacterial carbon sequestration, and total carbon sequestration are 23.5 kW h, 34.4, and 2510 kg, respectively, per ton of copper produced. The galvanic biomining effectively regenerates oxidants at room temperature and significantly reduces power consumption and the carbon footprint.

Processing of Phosphoric Solid Waste by Humic Acid Leaching Method

This article presents the results of research on the leaching of solid phosphorus-containing waste with humic acid. Such waste includes the by-products of the electrothermal processing of phosphate raw materials—phosphorus sludge and cottrel dust. Chemical and X-ray diffraction analyses have been used to study their composition and phase structure, according to which these substances have an amorphous structure. The leaching of phosphoric sludge and cottrel dust was investigated by varying the main parameters. The obtained data were processed using the method of formal kinetics to study the features of the process. The reaction rate constants and the apparent activation energy were calculated, and the values found made it possible to determine that the process under study is limited by diffusion. The scientific novelty of the article is the use of humic acid for leaching phosphoric solid waste as opposed to traditional methods. This new method may offer improved efficiency, reduced environmental impact, and a potential alternative solution for the processing of phosphoric waste.

Steam plant based on high-speed active microturbine with valve-inductor generator as part of power engineering complex for processing of CURRENT and power plant for hydrogen production

In the work, the possibility of using microturbine plants to cover auxiliary needs in the electric and thermal energy of complexes for the processing of municipal solid waste, as well as in hydrogen production plants when oxidizing powdered aluminum with water. There were proposed basic thermal diagrams of power units. There were given justification for the choice of wet-steam microturbines, which provide a higher ratio between thermal and electric power, as well as the possibility of their separate regulation in comparison with gas turbine and gas piston units. There were analyzed the working process of a single-stage two-stream active centripetal steam microturbine with an electric power of 50 kW (600 kW - thermal), which was developed, manufactured and tested, both at idle and under load as part of energy technology complexes for the disposal of municipal and agricultural solid waste. Tests showed a reduced blade efficiency of the radial microturbine compared to the calculated one. There were carried out analysis of possible causes of discrepancy and measures were developed to achieve the declared characteristics by subsequent samples of turbogenerators.

PERANCANGAN MODEL PENGUKURAN KINERJA GREEN LOGISTICS DENGAN METODE GREEN SUPPLY CHAIN OPERATIONS REFERENCE

PT X is a logistics company that has been operating in Indonesia since 2015. This company, based on the observations, has already been aware of green logistics business process as they partner with Kamibox for solid waste processing and with Blitz for the operation of green-fuel vehicles. However, the company has not applied any performance measurement in their green logistics business. The measurement was designed using qualitative method, from which indicators based on the Green Supply Chain Operations Reference (GreenSCOR) were acquired. The components of GreenSCOR used in this research are Source, Deliver, Return, dan Waste Management. This research results in ten Key Performance Indicators. Then, based on the preset performance measurement, the score of the Green Logistics performance is 89, categorized as good. Further, three indicators were found to have values that are lower than the average; they are K1 (yellow category) and K8 and K10 (red category). The output of this research is a design of Green Logistics performance measurement recommended to the company for application.