Solid Waste Processing Research Articles

Feasibility Study of Municipal Solid Waste Management System (MSW-MS) in Sidoarjo District

Sidoarjo MSW-MS currently facing a problem to fulfill their needs of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) processing, as the data shown by Dinas Lingkungan Hidup dan Kebersihan (DLHK) of Sidoarjo district stated that their service cover only 48% of Sidoarjo total area with the amount of potentially unmanaged MSW per day reach about 83% of it or equal to 1032 ton of MSW per day. In regards to this condition, there is a need to determine a new integrated approach of MSW-MS so that MSW in Sidoarjo district can be more properly managed to reduce its potential implied expense, gain potential benefits from it, and prevent potential negative impacts from improperly managed MSW. In this research, the implementation of proposed integrated MSW-MS will be carried out by a private business entity in collaboration with DLHK of Sidoarjo district in a Public Private Partnership (PPP) scheme represented in form of Business Plan Scenario (BPS). This research focused on determining the best BPS to be implemented in Sidoarjo district which targeted to optimize implied benefits from Sidoarjo District regional government perspective as its priority but still considering BPS feasibility to be implemented by related private business. This process is done by making a financial model according to the proposed BPS that are complemented with linear regression-based for its waste generation input variable and Benefit-Cost Analysis (BCA). Feasibility for each BPS implementation for private business entity perspective determined according to its financial valuation parameters value and Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) for DLHK of Sidoarjo district perspective. Furthermore, an adjustment of several private business parameters is made according to sensitivity and incremental analysis approach to ensure the feasibility of its implementation in terms of private business entity perspective.

A Techno-Economic Assessment of Syngas Production by Plasma Gasification of Municipal Solid Waste as a Substitute Gaseous Fuel

Abstract The updraft plasma gasification process of different municipal solid wastes (MSWs) to produce syngas as a substitute gaseous fuel was assessed from a techno-economic viewpoint. The plasma gasification process was modeled under a thermo-chemical approach using aspen plus. The model validation has been carried out with experimental data from the literature, reaching an average relative error of 6.23% for temperature, heating values, and fuel species concentration of the syngas. The plasma torch power consumption was one of the main process parameters that affects the energy and exergy efficiencies. In spite of increasing moisture content of MSW, from 26.61% to 57.9%, the energy and exergy efficiencies expanded by 1.5% and 5.4% on average, respectively, which ascribed to the reduction of torch power consumption; this behavior resulted as the torches thermally degraded a lower fraction of dry MSW. Whereas, if plasma temperature increased (2500 °C to 4000 °C), the gasification efficiencies diminished because of the torch power consumption boosted by 28.3%. Furthermore, the parameter combinations process (air flow and plasma temperature) was found to reach the highest process efficiency, the efficiency ranged from 79.22% to 83.46%, highlighting the plasma gasification flexibility. The levelized cost of syngas production varied from 15.83 to 26.21 ¢US$/kW h. Therefore, to make these projects feasible (waste to energy), a waste disposal charge ranging between 14.67 and 26.82 ¢US$/kW h was proposed.

Recycling of municipal solid waste using solar energy

The article proposes a solar installation for thermal processing of municipal solid waste and presents a method of technical and economic analysis of systems for processing municipal solid waste based on solar energy. The object of the research is a solar installation for thermal processing of municipal solid waste. The analysis of the heat balance of the developed solar installation was compiled and carried out, and the energy requirement for thermal processing of municipal solid waste was determined. The work uses the methods of the theory of heat and mass transfer and body balances of heat power and solar installations. The created solar installation for anaerobic fermentation of solid waste to obtain landfill gas and bio fertilizers has been investigated. Balance methods of numerical and experimental studies of anaerobic fermentation of solid waste were used to analyze the results. A calculation has been made showing the energy efficiency of a solar installation for the processing of municipal solid waste using solar energy. Based on the research carried out, it was found that at an average heating temperature of 50-55 °C, 200-250 m3 of landfill gas was obtained from one ton of household waste.

DYNAMICS OF SOLID MUNICIPAL WASTE COMPOSTING SPEADING IN UKRAINE

Composting is the technology of solid municipal waste processing, it is based on the principle of natural biodecomposition, its end product is compost, used in urban management and agriculture. Determination of the regressive dependence that describes the rate of spreading the process of solid municipal waste composting is Ukraine an important scientific engineering problem. Aim of the study is to determine the regressive dependence, describing the rate of solid municipal waste composting spread in Ukraine and can be used for the forecasting the spreading  the solid municipal waste management methods. During the research process the method of regressive analysis of the results of single factoral experiments and other paired dependences was used with the selection of the rational type of the function from sixteen most widely-spread variants by the criterion of the maximum value of the correlation factor. Regression was performed on the base of the linearized transformations, which enable to reduce the non-linear dependence to linear one. Determination of the regression equations coefficients was carried out, applying the method of the least squares, by means of the developed computer program "RegAnaliz", protected by the certificate of the State Registration of the rights to the copyright object. Adequate regression dependence is obtained, it describes the rate of spreading the process of solid municipal waste composting in Ukraine and can be used for the forecasting the spreading of the solid municipal waste management methods. Graphic dependence, describing the rate of spreading solid municipal waste management methods in Ukraine and allows to illustrate this rate, show sufficient coincidence of the theoretic results with actual data is constructed. Using the obtained dependence, it is forecast that in Ukraine the level of composting solid municipal waste, comparable with the level of the EU countries at present rate of growth can be achieved by 2035.

Planning organization of facilities for the municipal solid waste processing for use in the structure of small cities of Russia

The range of problems, related to the environmentally dangerous accumulation of solid domestic waste (SDW) in Russian cities and settlements and the lack of effective ways of handling them, has been analyzed. The importance of this problem is substantiated for the difficult location conditions of geographically remote small towns and settlements of Russia, where the rational solution for solid waste collection conditions, transportation and processing still has not been found. The planning organization concept for small cities with the inclusion in their structure a modern system of objects for processing solid waste is proposed. A new methodological approach to the formation of functionally completed and environmentally friendly small residential agglomerations in the Russian regions is substantiated. The proposed methodology is focused on the use of advanced native technologies, using domestic waste as a renewable source of fuel for the production of electric and thermal energy. The new methodological approach is based on the complete exclusion of domestic waste landfill disposal in small towns in Russia and provides an effective scheme for waste collecting, advance preparation and container delivery for it complex processing with extensive use of the local railway transport network. The results of the study allow us to identify new directions in the field of small towns design and development in Russia, in relation to the requirements of a sustainable ecological environment ensuring.

Циркулярна економіка та термохімічна конверсія твердих відходів

The basic thermochemical methods of solid waste processing (SWP) have been considered within the framework of circular and classical linear economy. The advantages and disadvantages of each of the methods, the prospects of their industrial use and the presence of world leaders in the development of technologies for processing industrial and household waste, and in the production of necessary industrial equipment were analyzed. It has been shown that the energy recycling industry (ERI), namely waste incineration, does not meet the criteria for safety for human health and the environment, which were declared by the Committee on Innovation, Competitiveness and Public-Private Partnership of the UN Economic and Social Council in published "Guidelines for the Promotion of Public-Private Partnership Projects for the Benefit of People in the Field of Converting Waste into Energy in the Interests of Closed-Cycle Economy Development". The possibility and efficiency of using gasification of waste with the use of modern plasma technologies in the use of low-temperature (350…490 °C) pyrolysis has been shown. It has been established that the high-tech method of gasification of waste is the most promising, because it allows in the circular economy to use synthesis gas to produce synthetic gasoline and oils, as well as raw materials in organic synthesis. Emphasis is placed on the decarbonization of organic waste recycling in a circular economy, as well as on the need for integration in the transition period to a new energy system, rather than segregation of existing technologies, both at the technical and commercial levels. It has been shown that the decarbonization of the processing of organic waste in the circular economy is primarily associated with a reduction in their incineration and recycling by other more technological methods.

Project specifics for the construction of a municipal solid waste treatment plant

Environmental trends and growing tendency to think about ecology play an important role in the development of modern industry. Significant role in this field takes a construction of plants for the processing of municipal solid waste, contributing to the neutralization of the harmful effects by different waste. This article represents development and stages of project implementation for the plant OOO «Kamskoye» that works with solid municipal waste in the city of Chaykovsky, Perm Territory. Investment efficiency of the construction of this facility was calculated. A model of interaction between business and government bodies, which regulate investment to waste disposal projects, is presented. The main structural elements of construction of a plant for processing municipal solid waste are shown. The project was developed using a public-private partnership model. The implementation of the project will ensure the production of secondary raw materials for its further use as an alternative source of heat and electricity generation, as well as the use of products necessary for the market in the production process. The main feature and advantage of the project is the possibility of using a principle «waste to income», which allows to provide your production with energy resources from reusable waste.

Multicriteria Decision Support System for Selecting the Structural and Functional Scheme of a Biogas Plant in the Agro-Industrial Complex

The variants of structural and functional schemes of biogas plants (BP) were investigated to obtain biogas and fertilizers based on the processing of solid organic waste in the agro-industrial complex (AIC). Based on the results of the study of biogas technologies, criteria are proposed for determining the best layout from the expert’s point of view. The systematization of options is given and alternatives are obtained. The method of multicriteria analysis of options based on fuzzy sets was used as a decision-making method. The use of the decision support system to select the best variant of the structural and functional scheme of the biogas plant predetermined the formation of a matrix of paired comparisons of dimension 5x5. To ensure high consistency of preferences associated with the procedure for filling in the matrices of paired comparisons of alternatives according to criteria, the method developed by us has been applied. This reduces the number of inquiries to the decision-maker. The selected structural and functional scheme meets the requirements for the development of typical automation solutions, which contributes to the replication of control systems for the same type of plants.

Mechanism and control strategy of ammonia and nitrous oxide during composting of municipal solid wastes

Aerobic composting is an effective way to realize recycling of organic solid wastes. It is not only convenient for operation and management, but also can convert waste into organic fertilizer. However during the composting process, the nitrogen in the heap exists in the form of organic nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and other forms and is transformed into each other. It is also a potential source of ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O), and it is closely related to the environmental problems such as haze pollution and greenhouse effect. Combining with the researches of domestic and foreign scholars, this paper summarizes the form transformation of nitrogen elements, the emission mechanism of NH3 and N2O, and the adjustment and control measures in the aerobic composting process of the organic solid wastes, and it prospects the research direction for aerobic composting of the organic solid wastes.

Reverse Logistics for Solid Waste from the Construction Industry

This article reviews studies on the application of reverse logistics in solid waste from the construction industry. The main objective is to provide a summary of current knowledge and specific areas for future research. In addition, construction, as an economic sector, is in a continuous search for new tools to improve its processes, so this research provides the current situation of the relationship between reverse logistics and solid waste in the industry. The review methodology was content analysis of scientific literature published between 1997 and 2020, and total of 66 articles were used. 73% correspond to research articles, around 13% are case studies, and 12% are literature reviews. Only one of the articles is a survey. In addition, 52% of the works reviewed correspond to solid waste studies and 49% are related to the construction industry; only one publication does not classify in any. The most used keywords for the identification of published works were reverse logistics and supply chain; both terms are frequently related to the process and general management of solid waste and construction. The least used term was the literature review that shows the low number of articles that provide a summary of the proposed topic. Finally, three materials were chosen for the study because they are the most used in construction: metals, bricks, and concrete. 15% of the articles study all three, 18% study only metals, and 63% study other materials or are related to construction and solid waste in general.

Scientific and legal aspects setting norms in the area of generation and processing of municipal solid waste

The current situation in Russia concerning generation and disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) is characterized by significant environmental pollution, irrational use of natural resources and, as a result, significant economic damage. Measures taken at the federal and regional levels is focused on achieving optimal efficiency in waste management. However, an increasing financial burden on legal entities due to higher standards of MSW formation may lead to negative trends in economic development caused by lower competitiveness of enterprises, worsened investment climate and business activity. The study is aimed to assess regulating processes of municipal waste management in connection with the development of an effective system of recycling and reuse of MSW.

Modern Technologies for the Thermal Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste, and Prospects for Their Implementation in Russia (Review)

The data on the state-of-the-art of the thermal processing of municipal solid waste (MSW) in the United States, China, Europe, and other countries are presented. The analysis of technologies for MSW incineration in layered furnaces using fire-grates and fluidized-bed furnaces, as well as using gasification and pyrolysis, is performed. It is shown that the best technology for the energy-producing MSW utilization consists in MSW incineration in layered furnaces with the use of mechanical shearing fire-grates. It is noted that, since all the enterprises for the energy-producing MSW utilization (in fact, these are TPPs, whose main fuel is municipal solid waste) are currently equipped with multistage gas purification facilities, the problems of their environmentally safe operation are completely solved. Therefore, research is mainly aimed at improving the energy efficiency of these enterprises, including through the integration of the units for MSW incineration into the thermal circuit of a TPP operating based on fossil fuel. Examples are given of foreign operating installations for the energy-producing MSW utilization with an electrical efficiency of 27–31% as well as those operating in a heating cycle with a high energy efficiency. The state-of-the-art of MSW thermal processing and the prospects for the implementation of modern technologies for the energy-producing MSW utilization in Russia are presented. Despite the fact that there is no sufficient experience in this field in Russia (only three plants have been constructed in Moscow, whose installed electric operating capacity does not exceed 12 MW), it is planned to construct four relatively large thermal power plants in Moscow oblast with an electric operating capacity of 70 MW each, in order to incinerate 700 000 t of solid waste per year. A TPP with the energy-producing utilization of 360 000 t of MSW per year with an installed electric operating capacity of 24 MW is the most promising for Russia. Such a TPP could already be in demand in more than two dozen large Russian cities.

Research and Development of Processing and Disposal of Solid Radioactive Waste

Research and Development of Processing and Disposal of Solid Radioactive Waste

Evaluation of the bio-drying process of municipal solid waste using rotating drums Bio-drying rotary drum.

Most of the municipal solid waste collected is disposed of in landfills and controlled landfills. However, efficient ways of recovering these wastes have emerged, such as bio-drying. This technique uses the exothermic degradation reaction of organic matter carried out by microorganisms along with aeration to reduce the moisture of the waste. The objective of the research was to test the bio-drying technique in a rotary drum. For this purpose, three rotary drums were built, and the tested residue was synthetically produced. The aeration rate tested was 1 liter per kilogram per minute, and rotation was performed for one minute every three hours. The analyses performed on the residues were moisture content, volatile solids, calorific value, particle size, and temperature profile. The residues entered the bio-drying process with a moisture content of 52%, 49%, and 54% and went out with 15%, 13%, and 10% for drum 1, 2, and 3, respectively, a reduction of more than 70%. The calorific value increased by 95%, 88%, and 122% for drum 1, 2, and 3, respectively. During the process, no leachate generation was observed.

ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОЕ ОБОРУДОВАНИЕ ПРИ ОБРАБОТКЕ ТВЕРДЫХ КОММУНАЛЬНЫХ ОТХОДОВ

In various regions of Russia, there is some sort of crisis in the handling of municipal solid waste. The National Project "Ecology" is aimed at solving this problem, as well as the federal projects "Integrated system of solid municipal waste management" and "Implementation of the best available technologies". However, in the processing and disposal of waste, the problems of preserving the environment (ecology) often come into conflict with the financial component of the development of the industry (economy). The aim of the study is to determine the integrated environmental and economic efficiency of waste management at the regional level. The study considers the scheme of the technological process for the processing of municipal solid waste and assesses the efficiency of replacing the technological equipment at the "EcoResourcePovolzhie" enterprise based in the city of Togliatti. The authors suggest modernization of separation technology to improve the efficiency of waste processing. With the replacement of the existing separators with drum separators, screens RMZ TR-4500, the efficiency coefficients of the sorting and extraction process, the percentage of selection of secondary raw materials, increase. The costs of replacing drum separators were determined, the economic effect and payback period of the proposed modernization were calculated, as well as the environmental effect of reducing the flow of waste to the landfill, extending the life of the landfill, reducing the risk of the release of hazardous components into the air in the event of fire at the landfill, soil pollution and aquatic environment, as well as reducing disposal costs.

Formation of soot in the disposal of municipal solid waste

In power plants intended for the disposal of solid household waste, the processes take place at a high temperature. For such installations, nonequilibrium processes are characteristic of a change in the composition of combustion products caused by the final rates of the ongoing chemical reactions. This affects the basic characteristics of the combustion process of municipal solid waste. A mathematical model has been created for calculating the chemically nonequilibrium composition of the fuel. Solid household and industrial waste is a high-energy fuel. It is a high energy fuel. The process of thermal neutralization of solid household waste is considered. An alternative calculation method is presented that allows one to find the composition of combustion products under conditions of nonequilibrium in the process of thermal utilization of solid domestic waste. The data on the composition and properties of solid household waste obtained by the developed method of calculation allow predicting the yield of super Eco toxicants in combustion products. On the basis of the equations of formal chemical kinetics, an alternative was created, which consists in determining the composition of combustion products taking into account the kinetics of chemical reactions. The assumption is introduced that transformations in the gas phase are elementary, one-stage. Various chemical interactions can be represented by a set of elementary stages. The most probable are mono-, biand three molecular chemical reactions. The method allows predicting the yield of Eco toxicants by finding the composition of the fuel combustion products prior to its utilization.

ЭКОНОМИКО-МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКАЯ МОДЕЛЬ ОПТИМАЛЬНОГО РАЗМЕЩЕНИЯ И ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ РАЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ МОЩНОСТЕЙ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЙ ПО ПЕРЕРАБОТКЕ ТВЕРДЫХ БЫТОВЫХ ОТХОДОВ (ТКО) НА РЕГИОНАЛЬНОМ УРОВНЕ

The article considers an economic and mathematical model of optimal placement and determination of rational capacities of enterprises for processing solid household waste (SHW) at the regional level. The economic and mathematical model takes into account: factors that ensure the achievement of economic efficiency; ensuring environmental safety of the environment, the population of cities and towns. Environmental safety of SHW processing plants is of the utmost importance, since Crimea is a resort and recreation area. The role of state bodies in solving these urgent problems for the Crimea is considered.

Crushing and screening complex for the production of compost from organic components of municipal solid waste

The existing technology for processing solid household waste (MSW) at waste transfer stations in the city of Tashkent does not allow obtaining high-quality raw materials for compost production. In this regard, a crushing and screening complex has been developed to produce compost with low energy and material consumption. The carried out theoretical and experimental studies made it possible to determine that the rotor blades should be installed along the rotor line with an angle equal to zero degrees. To overcome the resistance arising between the bottom of the crusher and the lower surface of the rotor, several holes with a diameter of 12 mm are drilled on the bottom of the crusher in the radial direction. It was found that the rotational speed of the electric motor of the crusher, as well as the sorting device, is 1500 min-1, the angle of impact of organic waste on the rotor blades of the sorting device is approximately 45 degrees. The use of a crushing and screening complex made it possible to effectively grind and extract ballast inclusions from the composition of crushed organic waste by 85-90 percent.

ЕНЕРГОЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ ВІДНОВЛЮВАНИХ ДЖЕРЕЛ ЕНЕРГІЇ: МОДЕРНІЗАЦІЙНІ ІНСТРУМЕНТИ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ЕКОЛОГІЧНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ ТА ІННОВАЦІЙНО-ІНВЕСТИЦІЙНОЇ АКТИВНОСТІ

The article examines the preconditions for the aggravation of environmental danger for Ukraine and the world as a whole, in particular in the context of the intensifying economic crisis. The long-term plans of the International Energy Agency to achieve “zero” carbon emissions by 2050 have been assessed. It was found that in order to ensure the growth of the world economy by the middle of the XXI century, it is necessary to increase energy efficiency, in particular in terms of active use of renewable energy sources. Energy efficient measures to ensure energy security of the urban agglomeration are summarized. In order to develop alternative energy sources, investments are needed in the energy sector (the annual share of investments in renewable sources in 2020 was 38%, which is $258.9 billion). Enhancement of energy efficiency and introduction of renewable energy sources should take place in the context of modernization of energy infrastructure of urban agglomerations: financing of technical re-equipment of energy assets, development of energy networks, reduction of energy intensity of industrial products, introduction of energy audit, etc. Ukraine has been ranked 8th in the world as one of the most attractive markets for renewable energy investment, but long-standing debt and incomplete energy market reform do not fully realize the potential (this is adversely affected by political mistakes, populist decisions, corruption and poor quality of energy management in Ukraine). It is proved that in the way of ecological safety creates barriers and a difficult situation with environmental protection, which significantly reduces the quality and comfort of life. It is proposed to create a strong environmental infrastructure in order to increase environmental security in the context of ensuring economic security; to introduce innovative ecological technologies; rationalize the processing of solid waste; to build modern waste processing plants, etc. Environmental legislation and governance in the field of energy policy is, unfortunately, a problematic area of current global change initiated by the EU to promote the use of environmentally friendly energy among EU member states.

Development of innovative methods of thermal waste processing in modular waste burners with a high degree capture of harmful emissions

Innovative methods have been developed for the thermal processing of solid waste in modular waste incineration plants with mechanical furnaces of boilers from 1.16 MW with gas afterburning over the layer and with a high degree of capture of harmful emissions in compact emulsifiers and activated carbon filters.