Flax Processing Research Articles

Математический анализ влияния различных факторов на процесс переработки тресты льна масличного в агрегате КВЛ-1М

The improvement of the primary processing of oil flax in the form of a tangled mass of broken stems in field conditions and the assessment of the operation of the KVL-1M unit when processing flax in the field are substantiated. The influence of process factors on the change in fiber quality indicators, rational parameters and operating modes of the unit to increase the efficiency of processing the stem tangled mass of oil flax have been determined.

Study On Parameters and Operating Modes of the Device for Deseeding Flax in the Field

The authors showed that the main technological process in the combined and separate methods of fiber flax harvesting is deseeding or separating the seed part of the crop from the stems. It was confirmed that there is a direct impact of this process success on seed and straw losses, the fiber yield and quality, the heap composition, the labor intensity and energy consumption of flax drying and processing. (Research purpose) To develop a technology for stripping fiber flax with a comb deseeder during harvesting, to study the deseeder’s specifications and operating modes. (Materials and methods) The authors studied the technological process of stripping flax with a comb deseeder. An experimental plant of a comb deseeder was designed. A model of theoretical calculation was proposed based on the physical and mechanical properties of fiber flax and agrotechnical requirements for its harvesting. (Results and discussion) The authors theoretically determined the comb deseeder’s optimal height, operation kinematic mode, stripping cleanliness, the radius of the stripper drum. Laboratory studies were conducted. It was shown that threshing seeds in the field will reduce the loss of flax seeds by 10 per cent and the stem waste due to tangling during the harvesting process – by 18 per cent. It will also reduce the number of harvesting vehicles, personnel, and the cost of product. The authors identified an opportunity to increase productivity by increasing the width of the header grip: for example, the width of a grain harvester header is about 4 meters, and the width of a flax harvester header is 1.52 meters, that is, the productivity of flax harvesting will increase 2.6 times at the same speed, and 3 times at a higher speed. It was possible to eliminate one piece of equipment – a heap separating machine, since the technological operation of heap processing is carried out by a grain harvester. (Conclusions) The authors presented a theoretical substantiation of the comb deseeder’s operating parameters and modes for stripping fiber flax in the field. The authors proposed a model to determine them based on the physical and mechanical properties of flax and agrotechnical requirements for its harvesting.

Scientific, technological and economic justification of the machine system formation for flax processing

Scientific, technological and economic justification of the machine system formation for flax processing

Действующие нормативы перевода льнотресты сортов льна-долгунца в условное волокно с оценкой результативности их использования

Abstract. The purpose of the research is the development of standards for the transfer of modern flax varieties of domestic and foreign selection into conventional fiber with an analysis of the problems arising in the course of their application and the proposal of ways for their rational solution. Methods. According to the current regulatory documentation using a special methodological program, the values of the following characteristics were determined: the total fiber yield, the yield and quality of long and short fiber from flax of various quality according to the results of control developments carried out in the conditions of flax processing enterprises and data from the State Variety Testing involved in the study of fiber flax varieties. Results and scope. The article presents the results of the development of standards for the conversion of different quality flax of 28 varieties of fiber flax into fiber, with their values given. It has been established that in order to obtain one ton of fiber from low grade flax trees (0.50–0.75), it is necessary to process 2.9–4.2 tonnes of flax trees; from flax trees of higher quality, with a value of 1.00 and more – 2.6–3.5 tons. Some issues related to the insufficient effectiveness of the use of translation standards in practice are considered. It is noted that when developing them, it is advisable to take into account the structure of the fiber contained in the stem material of a certain type with a division into fiber types: i. e., into long and short. At the same time, the accuracy of determining the cost of the produced fiber can increase by 20 %. It is also proposed to take into account the qualitative characteristics of long and short fibers, which can contribute to the correct orientation of an agricultural producer engaged in the cultivation of flax regarding the choice of fiber flax varieties with the most valuable economic characteristics. The reserve for increasing technical and economic indicators can be ~ 10 %. The need to develop a differentiated system is substantiated, which provides for taking into account the volume of fiber when converting into a conditional using standards specifically for each flax number in the range from 1.00 to 4.00. This may lead to an increase in the size of subsidies by 2.8–6.2 %. Scientific novelty. Standards have been developed for the conversion of flax of various quality into fiber of modern fiber flax varieties of both domestic and foreign origin, common in the flax-growing regions of the Russian Federation. The ways of increasing the efficiency of application of the established translation standards are proposed.

Development and Processing of Continuous Flax and Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites by a Modified Material Extrusion Process.

Additive manufacturing, especially material extrusion (MEX), has received a lot of attention recently. The reasons for this are the numerous advantages compared to conventional manufacturing processes, which result in various new possibilities for product development and -design. By applying material layer by layer, parts with complex, load-path optimized geometries can be manufactured at neutral costs. To expand the application fields of MEX, high-strength and simultaneously lightweight materials are required which fulfill the requirements of highly resilient technical parts. For instance, the embedding of continuous carbon and flax fibers in a polymer matrix offers great potential for this. To achieve the highest possible variability with regard to the material combinations while ensuring simple and economical production, the fiber–matrix bonding should be carried out in one process step together with the actual parts manufacture. This paper deals with the adaptation and improvement of the 3D printer on the one hand and the characterization of 3D printed test specimens based on carbon and flax fibers on the other hand. For this purpose, the print head development for in-situ processing of contin uous fiber-reinforced parts with improved mechanical properties is described. It was determined that compared to neat polylactic acid (PLA), the continuous fiber-reinforced test specimens achieve up to 430% higher tensile strength and 890% higher tensile modulus for the carbon fiber reinforcement and an increase of up to 325% in tensile strength and 570% in tensile modulus for the flax fibers. Similar improvements in performance were achieved in the bending tests.

Fiber flax and hemp cultiation, seed breeding and seed production technical equipment

The article discusses the issues of technological infrastructure for performing production steps during the cultivation, harvesting and post-harvest processing of fiber flax and industrial hemp in breeding and primary seed production; the current state of production of these industrial crops is covered as well. The main developers and manufacturers of machinery and equipment for breeding and primary seed production are presented. The main problems have been identified in the mechanization of breeding and seed production of fiber flax (shortage of domestic dedicated equipment for the sowing stages [drills having a row spacing of 6 cm and a sowing depth of 2 cm] and harvesting [flax pullers, flax turners, fluffers, and balers]) and industrial hemp: this is mechanization of the sowing and harvesting of crops, since general-purpose machines perform all other production steps (tillage, fertilizer application and crop tending.) The main areas of the development of mechanization of breeding and seed production of industrial crops have been determined.

Клинико-эпидемиологический анализ связи профессиональной бронхолегочной патологии со стажем работы на предприятиях льнопереработки

Целью исследования явилось выявление особенностей структуры профессиональной патологии на льноперерабатывающих предприятиях и установление влияния стажа работы в неблагоприятных условиях труда на степень постоянной утраты трудоспособности. Материал и методы. Анализ проводился по 23 случаям профессиональных заболеваний работников льноперерабатывающих предприятий. В работе применен метод сравнительного анализа с использованием точного критерия Фишера, корреляционный анализ Пирсона, метод обобщенных нелинейных моделей (GNMZ). Результаты. В ходе проведенного исследования было показано, что на льноперерабатывающих предприятиях доля профессиональных заболеваний с бронхолегочной патологией была равна 73,9%. Расчетным путем было определено, что минимальное значение стажа работы в условиях профессиональной вредности до установления диагноза профессионального заболевания с инвалидностью составило 17,2 года. Заключение. Структура профессиональной патологии на льноперерабатывающих предприятиях области имеет свою специфику, проявляющуюся главенствующей долей патологии со стороны органов дыхания. Установлено расчетное минимальное значение среднего стажа работы в условиях пылевых нагрузок, приводящее к развитию профессионального заболевания с инвалидностью.

Efficiency of cultivation of oil flax varieties in the conditions of the southern Trans-Urals

Oilseed flax is a valuable multi - use oilseed crop. The Ural region is favorable for growing flax and has great prospects in the development of this direction. Producers of flax products need to know how profitable this crop is, and how the crop can behave when organisms or populations of the same species influence each other; what is the interaction of individuals or populations of different species, etc. To increase production and obtain high-quality flax products, it is necessary to increase the level of flax production culture through the use of science-based cultivation technologies. When creating a new variety, breeders take into account the needs of two categories of consumers - flax producers and flax processors. Some require flax varieties with high productivity (for seeds and fiber) and fiber quality, resistant to diseases and lodging, adapted to the conditions of the TRANS-Urals and Siberia. Others are varieties of flax that meet the numerous requirements of textile, construction, automotive, aviation, medical, and other industries, and are suitable for processing on modern flax processing equipment. In other words, the approach to creating a variety has now changed - it becomes targeted, for a specific order.

Objectives and Efficiency of Biomodification of Flax Processing Waste for Production of Feed Additives

Objectives and Efficiency of Biomodification of Flax Processing Waste for Production of Feed Additives

COMPETITIVENESS OF DOMESTIC VARIETIES OF FIBER FLAX IN TERMS OF YIELD AND QUALITY OF LONG FIBER WHEN PROCESSING FLAX UNDER MODERN PRODUCTION CONDITIONS

Comparative data on the quantity (yield) and quality (number) of long fiber obtained from flax of fiber flax varieties of foreign and domestic origin are presented during control developments using traditional technology at flax processing enterprises of the Russian Federation. A rating assessment of varieties according to these characteristics for flax trees of low (numbers 0.50–0.75) and higher quality (numbers 1.00 and higher) was carried out according to the existing gradation of division of flax trees into two qualitative groups. It was found that varieties of domestic origin, both in terms of long fiber yield (average index 14.6) and number (average index 15.6) from low-quality flax stands, are inferior to foreign varieties with average indexes of 12.2 and 11.8, respectively. Long fiber obtained from high-quality flax straw of domestic varieties is characterized by a high yield (average index 13.9) and better quality (average index 14.6). For foreign varieties, the average index is: for long fiber yield - 18.0, for number - 16.0. In order to determine the extent to which the potentialities inherent in the varieties in terms of the yield of long fiber are realized in production practice, a comparative analysis was carried out. The results are revealed by means of state test data and the results of control developments. An extremely low degree of implementation was noted. For the best varieties it is slightly more than 50%. A large yield of long fiber under production conditions was obtained from highquality flax trees of domestic breeding varieties, such as Alfa, Aleksim, Lenok, Tost, Sursky and Alexandrite.

Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) for high-value textile applications: The effective long fiber yield and quality of different hemp varieties, processed using industrial flax equipment

Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) has great potential as a sustainable source of textile fiber; yet, to develop a viable European hemp-for-textile chain, agronomic practices and primary processing need optimization to current industrial standards. A straightforward approach is to process hemp using existing, modern equipment for flax (linen). Here we extensively evaluated the quantity and quality of fiber extracted from field-retted hemp stems, scutched on the industrial flax processing line. Varieties from diverse European origin (USO 31, Dacia Secuieni, Bialobrzeskie, Futura 75, Carmagnola Selezionata, Santhica 27 and Santhica 70) were sown in randomized field experiments in Belgium, which has a rich long-standing tradition in high-quality linen production. Biomass yield and the quantity of long fiber processed were assessed across three growing seasons (2017–2019; plot size: 15–45 m2). In 2018, we also determined the quantity of tow (short fiber) and, the quality of long fiber in terms of fiber tenacity and elongation. The quantity of total fiber extracted (i.e. long fiber plus tow) accounted for 36.2% of the initial straw yield, indicating high processing efficiency. Approximately equal amounts of tow and long fiber were extracted. Mean long fiber yield approximated one ton per hectare; yet yield variation between varieties was considerable (range long fiber yield: 0.6–1.4 ton/hectare). Despite significant variation between harvest years in straw yield, the quantity of long fiber extracted held relatively constant. Fiber tenacity of long hemp was overall high and comparable to flax (range: 37.6–45.3 cN/tex). Results indicate that field-retted hemp has potential to be processed into quality fiber on the industrial flax line and, that fiber yield can likely further be improved by genotype selection. Harvest mechanization, focused on the collection of parallel hemp stem portions of appropriate length for the flax scutching line (ca. 1 m), seems warranted to make this approach economically viable. Additional research on the fiber properties following hackling and wet-spinning will be needed to fully explore the potentiality of long hemp as a flax supplement for textile applications.

Production of textile crops in conditions of radioactive contamination

After the accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, a large part of the lands of the Polissya Zone became contaminated with radionuclides, which were withdrawn from land use according to current regulations, thus we have analyzed the current state of the branches of flax and hemp growing in Ukraine. Chernobyl accident has led to radioactive contamination of large areas of agricultural land, and therefore more and more attention is paid to the work of scientists aimed at reducing radioactive contamination. The possibility of growing bast crops under different levels of radioactive contamination is substantiated, the elements of technology of cultivation and primary and deep processing of flax and hemp are considered, which allow to significantly reduce radioactive cesium 137Cs input into crop production and its content in various types of products of processing of these crops.Specific countermeasures are proposed to achieve this goal, namely: in the cultivation of flax and hemp, to introduce phosphorus-potassium fertilizers that reduce the intake of radionuclides into products grown under different levels of radioactive contamination, flax sowing should be carried out in conjunction with sparsely shrubby grasses, using for this purpose seed rate of 15–20 kg of grass seeds. When aging stalks to the straw, to rotate the strips, which reduces the accumulation of radionuclides by reducing the mass of dusty impurities and avoiding direct contact of primary processing products with soil. It is recommended to rinse the flax or hemp straw in a water stream on a squeezing-washing machine before processing on the scutching-and-breaking machine

Некоторые экономические аспекты формирования системы машин в льноводстве

Abstract. The main goal of our research is to consider the main economic factors that prevent the introduction of advanced technologies and to justify the need to change the state's approaches to supporting investment processes for the formation of advanced machine systems in flax industry, including on the basis of automation and digitalization of process management. Methods. In the work, based on the using of a wide range of analytical methods for studying economic phenomena in the flax growing industry, the using of computational-constructive and abstract-logical methods, using computational-constructive and abstract-logical methods, system analysis, recommendations were developed for the implementation of state support measures focused primarily on the complex system of machines in agriculture, independently of the financial and economic condition of economic entities. Results. The article shows that the complex mechanization of flax production is hindered both by the remaining insufficient level of financial and economic opportunities of commodity producers, and by the imperfection of state support. According to the analysis of data from the electronic information-analytical system testfirm.ru, it was revealed that only 34 % of the flax producers examined in 2018 were profitable, whose revenue exceeded 10 million rubles. It was revealed that the limited ability to update the main links and elements of the machine system leads to significant economic losses during the cultivation of flax, due to non-compliance with the execution of technological operations in the optimal time. Scientific novelty. The article presents the idea of the need, based on the recommendations of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation and the Russian Center for Agricultural Consulting on the formation and use of specialized resource-saving technologies for cultivating flax for fiber and seeds, to expand the scope of government support measures for flax-growing farms not only to financially sustainable enterprises. The article substantiates the general need for investments for the use of advanced machine systems in the combined technology of cultivation, harvesting and primary processing of flax in the amount of more than 114 million rubles per 1000 hectares of sown area of flax.

The reconstruction of agricultural industry in the microdistrict “Nizhny Novgorod Vetluga region” by means of the organization of a flax-growing agricultural technological cluster and a research farm

The development of the agricultural industry in Russia requires a specific approach. The conservative approach and the lack of financing of the agricultural industry are obvious, but the more dysfunctional are the organizational approaches to the development of agriculture, which require an interdisciplinary analysis. The research object is the microdistrict “Nizhny Novgorod Vetluga region” as a potential experiment area for the formation of a full-cycle agricultural flax-growing complex based on a locomotive flax-growing manufacture working with crop-rotation and agronomic crops and agricultural industries.  The authors give special attention to such mechanisms as an agricultural technological cluster and a research farm, which should become effective instruments of high-quality development of both the flax-growing industry in Russia and the new level of agriculture in a non-chernozem belt. The scientific novelty of the research is the analysis of the problem of management approaches to the development of agriculture at the time when it's necessary to learn to use new technologies and to become an actor of the new highly competitive market. The authors offer a solution to the problem by means of a comprehensive projecting of the agricultural sector as a single interconnected system and the introduction of a locomotive instrument in the form of agricultural technological clusters and research farms, an analogue of the Soviet science and research  unions combining and coordinating science, education and manufacturing.  Thus, the formation of the system of partnerships and interactions of the actors of the spheres of education, science and manufacturing in the field of organization of growing and processing of flax according to the agricultural technological cluster model, will give rise to the development of Nizhny Novgorod Vetluga region and its agricultural sector transforming it from a detrimental dotational condition to the all-sufficient level of development.   

Development of high-efficiency equipment for wastewater treatment from difficult-to-oxidize organic compounds and suspended solids

The most important problem in the modern developing world - is the problem of industrial wastewater treatment, while there is a need to create a simple to manufacture, efficient, simple and reliable in operation treatment equipment to prevent the ingress of chemical pollutants into water bodies. The main task in the design and development of new equipment for industrial sewage treatment plants is to obtain technically feasible, environmentally efficient equipment for wastewater treatment of textile industries, which will meet the requirements of environmental regulations of the legislation of Russia. A great danger to the aquatic microflora are hard-oxidized organic compounds, residues of dyes, Synthetic surfactants, acids, alkalis are widely used in the flax processing industry.

Economic stimulation of the development of complex productions for agricultural products processing in the region

It is revealed that in the Volyn region in recent years the volume of agricultural exports has been increasing, which enhances the raw material orientation of the region, which in turn may lead to negative ecological and economic consequences in the future. Agricultural products produced in the region provide foreign processing enterprises with raw materials that come back to us in the form of finished products. It is substantiated that by stimulating the development of domestic agriculture, the state and local authorities for some reason pay little attention to stimulating the development of integrated productions operating on domestic agricultural raw materials. The raw material orientation of the Volyn region leads to increased extensive agricultural activities, which in turn may impair the level of ecological and economic development of the region. Given the low prices of agricultural commodities on the foreign market, it is advisable to increase the volume of exports of agricultural products with higher value added (finished products). The expediency and the basic directions of economic stimulation of creation and development of complex productions for in-depth processing of agricultural products in this region are proved. The main advantage of the creation and development of industries from the full cycle of advanced processing of natural resources is the preservation and increase of the amount of added value, which will contribute to increase of financial revenues to the budgets of territorial communities and the state budget in particular, increase of profits of processing enterprises, increase of employment of rural population, etc. It is concluded that it is necessary to develop integrated production of in-depth processing of agricultural products in the Volyn region. In this regard, additional financial resources should be attracted, first of all, to restore the fallen ones of the 1990s. or underdeveloped processing units of the agroindustrial complex of the region – flax processing, fruit and berry and canning production, vegetable drying, oil and fat production, livestock complexes for pig and cattle production, production of biofuel and food digestion.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ФАКТОРОВ ОКРУЖАЮЩЕЙ СРЕДЫ НА УРОЖАЙ И КАЧЕСТВО ЛЬНЯНОГО СЫРЬЯ

The formation of fiber flax yield and quality parameters depends on many soil-climatic, breedinggenetic, as well as anthropogenic factors. The quality of flax fiber is a combination of a number of features and properties that depend on the varietal characteristics of plants, the conditions of their cultivation, technologies for harvesting and straw retting, as well as on the processing modes of raw materials. During plant vegetation (90-130 days) many factors such as soil conditions (pH 4.8-5.5, humus 1.8-2.5%, P2O5 and K2O – 150-200 and 100-200 mg/kg, respectively) and the area of plant nutrition (15-30 million seeds/ha), temperature regime (the sum of active temperatures 1000-1800ºC), water supplying (400-430 units of water mass to create 1 unit of dry matter) and insolation (the arrival of FAR during the growing season 20-25 kcal / cm²), contamination of weeds (more than 60 annual and perennial species) and pests (more than 200 types of fungal, bacterial and viral diseases), features of phytosanitary measures (more than 50 chemicals) and agrotechnologic manners (Federal Register of technologies for the production of crop products) have a great influence on the quality of flax raw materials and can be a limit factor. Environmentally hazardous pollution of air, water and soil - the main components for the production of fiber flax – strongly affects the yield and quality of flax products. The development of waste-free environmentally friendly technologies for the cultivation, harvesting and processing of flax is an urgent task of scientific support of the industry. The main environmental factors affecting the yield and quality of fiber flax are discussed in the article.

Перспективи переробки льону олійного через застосування передових технічних рішень

The aims of the research – to explore the possibility of development manufacture of flax products in Ukraine. The paper is devoted to solving problems of development of scientific bases of resource-saving technologies of complex processing of bast crops. The work contains theoretical and experimental research in the field of processing oilseed flax . The development theoretical aspects and analyze of a prospects to forming assortment of the flax and flax-containing commodities from the standpoint of using innovative ideas is most labour intensive and problematic task. Currently, relevant discussions are underway and scientific bases are being established to develop advanced technologies for the processing of stem bast material, to design high-performance technological equipment or its nodal components, and to work on the prospects for their industrial implementation, which in general can have a positive effect on improving the qualitative and quantitative values of performance indicators. In the manuscript the theoretical aspects of development the domestic production of flax and flax-containing commodities the standpoint of using properties of flax raw material are considered. In the process of research the methods of theoretical generalization and comparison, analysis and synthesis are used. The critical analysis of recommendations of certain very influential advisers and institutes of world level on increase of the level of ecological commodity production was carried out. The questions of production, finding ways of improving to the volumes production and quality flax products are considered. The paper also provides the analysis of the current trends in the development of flax and hemp processing industry . The obtained data show that for the sustainable development of a products Ukraine market and increasing of its competitiveness the principles forming of product range based on flax-type materials should be used. Research es of the perspective directions of the innovative production technologies and assortment of textile materials allow giving an assessment to development of a national segment of the market of flax ecologically safe goods. Thus, scientific and methodical approach solving theoretical and practical questions of receipting of flax of fibre materials, which, in contrast to existing, allow to improve cleaning of fibre is improved. Keywords: oilseed flax, fibre, properties, cleaning, environmental friendliness, production, quality, innovative technologies.

Promising varieties of fiber and oil flax plants for agricultural technologies of Trans-Urals

Cultivation of fiber flax and oil flax in Kurgan region is of current interest due to the presence of flax seed and straw processing enterprise – SUE Len Zauralya, Kurgan. To increase the production of highquality flaxseed oil and flax products, the level of flax production should be increased via theoretically substantiated cultivation technologies. Propagating a new variety, plant breeders consider the needs of two categories of consumers – flax producers and flax processors. Some of them need fiber flax varieties of high yield (seed and fiber) and high fiber quality resistant to diseases and lodging, adapted to conditions of Trans-Urals and Siberia. Other consumers need fiber flax varieties that meet numerous requirements of textile, construction, automotive, aviation, medical, and other sectors of the economy, and are suitable for processing by state-of-the-art flax processing equipment. The approach to develop a variety has currently become targeted and customized. Varieties grown in the study area and used as a standard showed high fiber yields: Tomsky 17 – 0.68 t/ha, Tomsky 18 – 0.69 t/ha. The results of the three-year study showed high yields of new varieties: Tost 3 – 0.98 t/ha, Tost 4 – 0.86 t/ha, Tost 5 – 0.82 t/ha. The fiber yield of these varieties was also high: Tost 3 – 0.71 t/ha, Tost 4 – 0.68 t/ha, Tost 5 – 0.66 t/ha.

Structural and thermal insulation products based on vegetable raw materials

The author of the article addresses the issues of obtaining insulation products based on flax shives. The article suggests a systematization method for the flax shives based materials, which takes into account the principle of obtaining construction materials based on flax processing waste on various types of binders. It is based on the literature data and the existing research. The possibility of using flax shives as a large structure-forming aggregate of concrete is determined along with the composition and properties of organic aggregate - flax shives. The article presents the optimal ratios selection of flax and binding bonfires in the preparation of granular materials. The characteristics of granulated aggregates on the basis of flax shives are given. The manufacture of cob granules was carried out in two technological ways: on a complex binder and on mineral binders with “dusting” with portland cement. The the method involving the coating of granules with a cement shell was used to produce a granulated material with higher rates of adhesion to the hardened stone of mineral binders in the concrete composition. The technological parameters of the granulation process are determined for two technological methods.