Processes Of Social Reproduction Research Articles

Depletion through transnational social reproduction: guestworker migration and uneven development in the South Pacific

The recent expansion of regional guestworker migration schemes has altered the political economy of the South Pacific, creating a ‘permanent labour reserve’ (MacWilliam, 2022) for low-wage industries in rural Australia and New Zealand. Historical structures of uneven development, against which the ‘blackbirding’ of indentured Kanaka labourers took place more than a century prior, have again enabled a transnational labour (im)mobility regime in which Pasifika workers are rendered unfree and situated as a ‘fix’ for accumulation: limited to racialised and gendered labour practices, tied to employer-sponsors in remote locations, and without the rights afforded to other migrant workers. Taking the Pacific Australia Labour Mobility (PALM) scheme as the paradigmatic example of a resurgent guestworker model in the region, this article foregrounds overlooked processes of transnational social reproduction that emerge from the interplay of restrictive migration policies and exploitative Local Labour Control Regimes (LLCRs). Drawing on extensive in-depth interviews with migrant workers, their family members, and government staff from four participating Pacific Island Countries (PICs), it examines how the PALM scheme spatially and temporally reconfigures care practices, skills formation, and communal labour to progressively deplete (Rai et al, 2014) socially reproductive capacity within the South Pacific. The article concludes by suggesting that the strains the PALM scheme places on social reproduction within PICs is itself a fundamental driver of uneven development across the region.

Automated decision-making as domination

Machine learning ethics research is demonstrably skewed. Work that defines fairness as a matter of distribution or allocation and that proposes computationally tractable definitions of fairness has been overproduced and overpublished. This paper takes a sociological approach to explain how subtle processes of social-reproduction within the field of computer science partially explains this outcome. Arguing that allocative fairness is inherently limited as a definition of justice, I point to how researchers in this area can make broader use of the intellectual insights from political philosophy, philosophy of knowledge, and feminist and critical race theories. I argue that a definition of injustice not as allocative unfairness but as domination, drawing primarily from the argument of philosopher Iris Marion Young, would better explain observations of algorithmic harm that are widely acknowledged in this research community. This alternate definition expands the solution space for algorithmic justice to include other forms of consequential action beyond code fixes, such as legislation, participatory assessments, forms of user repurposing and resistance, and activism that leads to bans on certain uses of technology.

СУТНІСНА ПРИРОДА І КЛЮЧОВІ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ КРЕАТИВНОЇ ЕКОНОМІКИ

The article is devoted to the systematization of theoretical problems of the creative economy and their key characteristics. It is emphasized that the creative economy, from the point of view of the influence of intellectual capital and investments in human capital on the dynamics of competitive development of national economies, is the highest form of development of the new economy, capable of producing creative products with more than 50% of the specific weight of the creative component in their intangible value. The innovation-technological paradigm of the creative economy is determined by the accelerated dynamization of global technological progress, in which production, turning into a platform for technological application and a continuous flow of innovative developments, puts science and education among the priority factors of global economic development. As international practice shows, it is precisely the cultural aspect of the creation of economic activity that is the most difficult to understand, since in the cultural sphere, as in no other, the prevailing concepts in most cases require the greatest adjustments in order to adequately reflect the specific methods of organization and development of the economic system of society, presented in products of material and spiritual labor, the system of social norms and institutions, as well as the attitude of individuals to nature, to each other and to themselves. The article emphasizes the cultural paradigm of the theoretical design of the creative economy, which is characterized by the multifacetedness of the cultural phenomenon, which makes it possible to significantly expand the methodological ideas about the nature and driving forces of creative production based on the inclusion of economic activity that goes beyond the artistic sphere itself. The fundamental transformations that the world economic system has undergone in recent decades include radical changes in the nature and forms of organization of economic activity with the loss of traditional reproductive factors of production of their leading role in the competitive development of companies, states and entire regions. Under such conditions, their maintenance of high competitive positions on the market is decisively determined by creative resources, which, although they cannot be evaluated in traditional value categories, are actively introduced into the process of social reproduction based on the generation of new creative ideas by economic entities and their large-scale market commercialization.

КОНЦЕПТУАЛЬНИЙ ДИЗАЙН КРЕАТИВНОЇ ЕКОНОМІКИ

The article systematizes modern theoretical approaches to defining the essence of the category "creativity", reveals the key factors of its formation and development in the conditions of globalization. It is proven that the fundamental transformations that the world economic system has undergone in recent decades include radical changes in the nature and forms of organization of economic activity with the loss of traditional reproductive factors of production of their leading role in the competitive development of companies, states and entire regions. Their retention of high competitive positions on the market is decisively determined by creative resources, which, although they cannot be evaluated in traditional value categories, are actively introduced into the process of social reproduction based on the generation of new creative ideas by economic entities and their large-scale market commercialization. The creative economy makes new demands on the workforce, production infrastructure and institutional environment compared to the industrial economy. This sector is becoming an important strategic tool for revitalization and transformation. The epistemological-psychological paradigm of the theoretical design of the creative economy has been clarified. Despite the lack of a single and generally accepted definition of the category "creativity" within the epistemological-psychological paradigm of the theoretical design of the creative economy, its essential content can be identified as a unique cognitive property of the human mind, thanks to which an individual can carry out socially important activities and generate non-standard solutions based on the combination and synthesis of new ideas and systematic generalization of publicly available data. The dominance of the transdisciplinary level of creativity research at the intersection of art, political economy, philosophy, business activity, technology, education, culture, media and sociology is proven. It has been updated that different forms and levels of creative activity represent fundamentally different spheres of socially important activity (technological and innovative (invention), financial and economic (entrepreneurship), artistic and cultural activity), which, although developing in an autonomous mode, nevertheless demonstrate a high level of convergence and accelerate each other's development.

SOCIAL RISKS: FACTORS AND CONSEQUENCES

The article is aimed at revealing the social risks that arise in society, encompass all aspects of life, and go beyond the oversight of social institutions that ensure safety in society. The authors argue that social risks in Ukraine have certain country-specific features, and that they have emerged and become widespread due to problems accumulated during a long transformational period. In the face of Russia’s full-scale war against Ukraine, the level of uncertainty has increased, and problems in the socio-economic sphere of the country have worsened. Put together, these factors led to changes in the lives of a large part of the population and increased the intensity of the manifestation of social risks. An analysis of the current situation in Ukraine shows that risks in the labor, demographic, and educational sectors, as well as risks related to the availability and quality of medical services, are of particular concern. The features of the manifestation of contemporary risks are the deterioration of the demographic situation, the decrease in the possibilities of reproduction of human capital, the disruption of balances in the labor market, the decline in the well-being of the population, the deterioration of the financial condition of social benefit funds and the heavy load on them. Social risks increase the probability of negative changes, the danger of the dysfunction of social institutions, the inhibition of social reproduction processes, the transmission of social norms and values, production processes, and are likely to lead to social instability and tension. The dynamism, instability, and unpredictability of socio-economic changes and their irreversibility give way to the emergence of new social risks. Accordingly, focusing on priorities and specific ways to minimize social risks is one of the most pressing and urgent tasks of our time, the solution of which requires the development and application of effective mechanisms that will ensure an adequate response to social risks in the system of ensuring the economic security of the state.

The Essence of the Company’s Intellectual Holdings and their Evaluation Indicators

Intellectualization of the modern economy is an objective process, which is naturally predetermined by the new quality of the role and place of a man in the system of economic relations. The transformation of a human being into simultaneously an objective, a mean, and a condition of economic activity obliges us to characterize the processes of individual and social reproduction in a new way. The trends of modern economic development are reflected in such concepts as intellectual resources, intellectual capital of a company. At the moment, despite the abundance of literature, there is no single generally accepted approach to the definition and evaluation of these economic categories. The article presents the approaches of various authors to the interpretation of the term “intellectual capital”. As a result of this research, the author’s designation of the company’s intellectual resources – intellectual holdings, their structure and evaluation methods are proposed.

The Exclusion of Bahujan Schoolchildren: An Anti-Caste Critique of the National Education Policy 2020, India

This article explores the link between education policy and the social reproduction of caste, with a special focus on the National Education Policy 2020 (NEP 2020). It traces the shape of exclusion that Bahujan schoolchildren experience in the Indian school system by attempting to analyse, and build a coherent understanding of, caste-based exclusion in the sphere of school education. The article is organised in two parts, both of which use the NEP 2020 as an anchor to study the nature of educational inequality. The first part maps the outer contours of educational inequality, engaging with the issue of unequal access to schooling. The inner contours of educational inequality, that is, the internal processes of schooling that engender exclusion, are examined subsequently. At the kernel of this study is the complex relationship between education and power. In essence, the present article delineates the myriad ways through which the NEP 2020 contributes to the processes of social reproduction, particularly the mechanisms through which it conduces to the hegemony of historically privileged caste groups in the society.

The Extent and Duration of Primary Schooling in Eighteenth-Century America

AbstractThe educational attainment literature has brought back interest in early American primary schools, and much current research views those schools as superior to their European peers in the education offered to youth. Its emphasis, though, on using school enrollment as the prime indicator of attainment conflicts with the revisionist view of a previous generation of historians who argued that education in the heavily rural and agricultural society of the time should be considered as a process of social reproduction delivered by households, with schools being peripheral for most youth. This article, relying on evidence from statutes, indentures, and a 1798 New York State school survey, finds increased resort to primary schooling over the eighteenth century, attributable not to American exceptionalism but to a transatlantic movement away from scribal-dominated literacy and numeracy toward common use of a standardized written vernacular and “arithmetic by pen.” However, the dependence of households on child labor meant that the Three Rs did not get distributed in either an egalitarian or compact fashion. Small doses spread over a number of years—educational sprawl—best describes the system, and it lasted through much of the nineteenth century.

ОРГАНІЗАЦІЙНО-ЕКОНОМІЧНІ І ІНСТИТУЦІЙНІ МОДЕЛІ ЕВОЛЮЦІЇ МІЖНАРОДНОГО ТРАНСФЕРУ ТЕХНОЛОГІЙ

It is well known that an extremely important role in ensuring long-term economic growth is played by the educational component of the technological evolution of world society. The circle of factors for the activation of technology transfer activities in the conditions of technoglobalism is quite wide, which is due to the awareness of the complexity of both the nature of socio-economic development and its driving forces. Summarizing the main provisions of scientific works on the development of Industry 4.0 makes it possible to single out a number of key factors of international scientific and technological exchange in the conditions of technoglobalism. It is well known that in the era of the dynamic deployment of Industry 4.0 and the widespread introduction of its technologies into the processes of global social reproduction, such processes as the digitization of all links of supply chains, conscientious and responsible performance of mutual obligations by business partners, permanent procurement and tracking of deliveries in real time mode. We can also identify the following stages of evolutionary development of models of international technology transfer, namely: the period of absence of a clearly defined model; the period of dominance of linear models of technology sharing; the period of formation of his interactive models; the period of dissemination of models of knowledge ecosystems. Now, as we can observe, the formation and dynamic introduction of Industry 4.0 technologies into global social production prove the objectivity, regularity and irreversible nature of the process of further deepening of the international division of labor according to all its key structural components – specialization and production cooperation. We can state that on the scale of the global economy, activities in the field of cross-border technology transfer are considered as a set of national policies in the field of higher education, science, innovation, migration, as well as business and antimonopoly policy. In addition, the practical development of the concept of open innovation and open science causes a significant expansion of international and global networks, specialized knowledge clusters and joint ventures, entrepreneurship research centers and science parks.

Reproducing the Plantation

This article draws from long-term research on Indian tea plantations. It argues that if the plantation is to be at all useful analytically, then enslaved people, indentured laborers, and workers who find themselves otherwise stuck on those land tenure formations called plantations need to come to the analytical forefront. One means of centering labor in these discussions is to attend to acts and processes of social reproduction. Certainly, the plantation is a space of production, but the plantation would not persist as such a space without acts of childrearing, feeding, eating, care, and maintenance. Attention to these acts centers workers’ perceptions of time, space, accumulation, and the plantation itself. Even in the context of monocultural expansion, plantation workers live not just in service to single crops but through diverse forms of provisioning. Social reproduction and nonmarket exchange, then, are not a redemptive outside to plantation production, but integral to it.

Opening access to privilege: the enactment of the IB in public schools in Costa Rica and Peru

ABSTRACT The influence of the International Baccalaureate (IB) has grown impressively on a global scale. In Latin America, the IB has been mainly introduced in private schools that cater for the most affluent sectors of society and, consequently, has been mostly interpreted as contributing to processes of social reproduction and the widening of inequalities However, since the mid-2000s the IB has been promoted in state schools in countries such as Ecuador, Peru, Costa Rica and in the City of Buenos Aires in Argentina. This paper analyses the enactment of the IBDP in public schools in Costa Rica and Peru drawing on a mixed methods multiple case study. It shows how, in countries with significant socioeconomic disparities, the possibility of offering the IBDP to students at public schools was mostly justified as a matter of equity, understood as opening access to an educational programme that was only available to the most privileged sectors of society. By problematising the notions of privilege and eliteness, we discuss the complex relations between inequalities and educational opportunities and question the extent to which these programmes are affecting social structures in Costa Rica and Peru.

Social reproduction process in colonial Hong Kong: The shifting gender relations of the intra-east Asian economy

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the shift of gender relations behind the reconfiguration of the social reproduction in colonial Hong Kong. To achieve this, the focus is on the cross-border transfer of labor, goods, services, and information in Hong Kong and neighboring areas of East Asia. Firstly, up to the 1950s, Hong Kong’s reproductive sphere attracted the spinster women who had worked for silk filatures in Canton before Japan’s invasion. While these women took care of the everyday needs of the colonial masters and other upper-class families, they formed trans-local and trans-generational sisterhoods in order to sustain their own lives financially and physically. By the 1960s, new waves of Chinese migrant women gradually replaced the spinsters, although they soon turned to the manufacturing sector for better working conditions. Meanwhile, consumerism was encouraging Hong Kong families to introduce home appliances, typically made in Japan. The installment payment system enabled people to realize their aspirations for modernity, which in turn resulted in the reallocation of women’s labor in the reproductive sphere. By critically tracing such historical trajectories, we can understand that colonial Hong Kong’s industrialization and its subsequent economic growth was conditioned in the gendered process of the social reproduction.

Refusing and Redressing Gestational Labor: A Social Reproduction Account of Abortion

Abstract This article analyzes abortion politics from a Marxist feminist perspective by adapting social reproduction theory (SRT). Despite the urgent threats to abortion access facing feminists worldwide, abortion is largely absent from contemporary SRT. This absence is first addressed from a theoretical perspective through the development of three arguments: that SRT can connect abortion to the biological reproduction of labor power via gestational labor, that abortion can make gestational labor less alienating, and that abortion can function as a refusal of productivism and reproductive sexuality. The article then applies these arguments to a preexisting case study of reproductive justice and women in Canada’s Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program. By situating abortion within migrant workers’ struggles over social reproduction processes, this analysis demonstrates that SRT is useful for the study of abortion and can generate insights different from those of the reproductive justice approach alone.

개발연대와 능력주의

The deepening of inequality has made fairness and competence a hot topic instead of equality. Meritocracy appears in various forms under certain historical conditions. The effects and roles are bound to be different depending on the situation. Nevertheless, if the thickness of the time of meritocracy is measured, it is the largest in modern capitalism or capitalist modernity. The market for freedom, equality, and infinite competition created by the capitalist modern era is the best condition for meritocracy to flourish.BRMeritocracy is not simply limited to abstract ideology. It is a value, a custom, and a series of institutional practices. In other words, meritocracy is systematically structured through education and operates as a principle of corporate management, and it spreads to the dominant value system and common sense through the public debate and permeates into everyday customs. Despite the categorical order of free and equal human beings, the social reproduction process naturally internalizes the hierarchy by ability.BRThe 1960s and 1970s are often referred to as the political and economic origins of modern Korea. This indicates that the width and depth of the change caused by capitalist industrialization were large. If the sense of material goods, equality and inequality, and ability that we are experiencing today is historically composed, it is clear that it cannot be irrelevant to the history of Korean capitalism. The task of asking what meritocracy developed in this era, commonly referred to as the “development era” is the key to understanding contemporary Korean society.

Does artistic activity help kids avoid obesity? Emergent considerations in the ecology of childhood BMI

Although the positive relationship between arts engagement and mental health is well documented, arts participation may be an emergent factor in the ecology of childhood obesity. Prior research hypothesized several potential health benefits of arts participation including healthy diet and lifestyles, but the available evidence is mainly limited to cross-sectional covariate-adjustment models for the adult population. We employed a newly released panel of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study kindergarten cohort (ECLS-K: 2011), which is a nationally representative sample of American children who entered kindergarten in 2010–2011 (n = 15,820). We applied both dynamic panel models with Maximum Likelihood estimation as well as difference-in-differences models to address unobserved heterogeneity. Our results showed that childhood arts activity is significantly associated with reduced weight status in elementary schooling. In particular, arts participation in elementary schooling reduced the risk of being overweight on a year-to-year basis; the effect size was between 12% and 23% of a SD of BMI for all children. Arts participation at kindergarten also had a significant relationship with cumulative changes in BMI over the course of elementary schooling, especially for female and White female children (about 22% and 32% of a SD of BMI). There are considerable arts participation gaps between families and regions, and these early artistic experiences appear to affect the risk of being overweight. This suggests the possibility of a larger social reproduction process via an ecological pathway that might be easily overlooked—the accumulation of arts experience and concurrent health inequalities in childhood.

Women’s Solidarity, Communicative Space, the Gig Economy’s Social Reproduction and Labour Process: The Case of Female Platform Drivers in China

This article draws on a study conducted over a period of 17 months, including chatnography and semi-structured interviews with 30 female platform drivers working in China’s hail-riding industry, and makes three important contributions to the labour process and the social reproduction process scholarship. First, it fills a gap in the burgeoning literature on the gendered experience of gig work and of work–family flexibility in an on-demand economy. Women’s surplus production, as a means of subsistence for oneself and the family, is contradictory to childcare commitments in the labour process. Second, it theorises that the communicative space is a space for social reproduction in which labour-power is replenished outside the household. Labour productivity is not solely determined by algorithmic logic and platform control, but rather is organised by the social reproduction process. Third, it discusses how female platform workers negotiate technological insecurity and resist the platform’s control over and sexual exploitation in the communicative space. This sheds light on how the social reproduction process creates a potential for women’s solidarity. Women fight against sexual harassment and gender-based violence by utilising communication technologies, such as WeChat and TikTok. The social reproduction process organises labour resistance in a time of individual and collective crisis.

"Improved Countenance": Capitalist Relations in Mansfield Park

There is no neat division between the economic and the domestic. Not only are they connected, but their meaning, structure, and value are decidedly conditioned by one another. Yet, since it is capitalism’s nature to conceal exploitation, domesticity becomes outwardly coded as the domain of tradition, despite the productive forces of the market shaping domesticity through the process of social reproduction. Lise Vogel asks how the worker is produced in capitalism, analyzing the peculiar way women are exploited in this process. Using Vogel’s theory of labor and Marx’s analysis of commodity fetishism, this thesis analyzes Jane Austen’s Mansfield Park as a remarkable and salient example of capitalist relations invading and determining the realm of the domestic in the early 19th-century. At the beginning of the novel, Fanny Price, the protagonist of the novel, is intimately involved in social reproduction, but when she is displaced to the extravagant halls of Mansfield Park, her uncle’s estate, she enters the commodity sphere and becomes an ideological weapon, emptied out of her original and unique value to fervently justify the ruling class's power.

“Prefiro mexer no coração a mexer na boca”: reflexões sobre o cuidado em saúde bucal

Abstract This article shares reflections on oral health care that emerged from the dialect relation between professional practice and theoretical research. It interrogates the concept of care disseminated by the biomedical discourse, in which care is a technique geared towards cure. We believe care to be an ontological dimension, an intrinsic characteristic of the human being from which they constitute themselves in the world. As such, we use the notion of buccality to situate the mouth as a territory that take part in the social production and reproduction process, completely penetrated by the culture and psychism. The mouth is, therefore, socially produced-a body-territory endowed with subjectivity that is crossed by multiple experiences throughout life. Hence, dentistry’s concept of care fails to encompass oral health care in all its complexity, making it necessary to renounce an odontological a priori to understand that people’s socio-historical realities and experiences are materialized on their mouths, making room to understand care as an intersubjective encounter crossed by potent and transformative affections.

A Reprodução Social como perspectiva metodológica para análise contextualizada das condições de vida e de saúde

This article aims to discuss the use of Social Reproduction, proposed by Juan Samaja, in the analysis of living and health conditions in a context of an sustanaible development reserve in the Brazilian Amazon. This study uses a comprehensive approach to Social Reproduction processes that comprise the network of hierarchically organized structures using the analysis of social interactions of narrated and observable events, applied to the data matrix. The Ecological Reproduction of life in the riverside forest is negatively expressed in bio-communal life, as the strategic actions provided by the Political, Economic and Cultural Reproductions, that is, the environmental policy actions, do not value the local way of life. The deficient access to social goods and services, including health care, from the Political and Techno-Economic Reproductions, has an impact on the material basis of the Bio-Communal Reproduction, whose outcome is high frequency of disease complaints and workplace accidents, such as infectious gastroenteritis, malaria, tuberculosis, leprosy, and poisoning by venomous animals. Ensuring access to social goods and services, in particular health care, is essential for improving resilience to the forest adversities. In conclusion, the social reproduction data matrix helped understand the processes of Social Reproduction that are part of the hierarchically organized structures, whose interactions shaped the living and health conditions of the riverside population analyzed in this study.

ГЛОБАЛЬНІ ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЇ МІЖНАРОДНИХ ЕКОНОМІЧНИХ ВІДНОСИН

The issues related to the substantiation of ways and directions of global transformations of international economic relations (IER) are of bilateral scientific and practical relevance. On the one hand, it is about revealing the paradoxical nature of the process of globalization as such, including its economic component, and defining the essence and content of the IER as a globalized and integrated system – on the other. The complex and contradictory processes taking place in the modern world economy require a departure from a narrow-sectoral approach to the knowledge of important social processes, which undoubtedly include the problem of global IER transformations. The article describes the nature and content of global IER transformations on the basis of a systematic approach and the principle of interdisciplinarity. To achieve the goal of the study the following tasks are formulated and implemented: to characterize the essence of global transformations in the context of internationalization of economic life, economic globalization and international economic integration; identify trends in global IER transformations; to reveal the risks of global IER transformations. The hypothesis of the study is to recognize the interdependence of global transformations in the field of economy, environment, politics and innovative technologies. Scientific provisions, generalizations and conclusions of the study have a theoretical novelty, which is to reveal the paradoxical nature of global transformations of the IER, to determine the nature and content of this process. The study concludes on the specifics of global IER transformations, which is as follows: the relationship of transformational transformations in the economic, political, social, environmental, scientific and technical spheres and in the field of information and communication technologies; in the systemic nature of both the transformation process itself and the object of transformation – IER; of the intersection of the phenomena of internationalization of economic ties, economic globalization and international economic integration at the level of the process of transformation and its consequences for the IER. It was found that the goal of global transformations of the IER is to increase the dynamics of the process of social reproduction within the world space and overcome imbalances in the development of its reproductive phases, as well as between developed countries and countries that develop . With this in mind, there is a need for closer international scientific cooperation to jointly address the challenges of global IER transformations. Further scientific research should be focused on the implementation of these tasks.