Emigration Processes Research Articles

Author's genre definition as a comprehension of the new reality (based on the drama of Ukrainian emigration writers in the middle of the twentieth century)

This article is devoted to the study of author's genre definitions as a way to grasp the new reality in which the Ukrainian emigration playwrights appeared in the middle of the twentieth century. It is found out that the originality of author's nominations was caused by the need for a philosophical rethinking of time, definition of moral and ethical priorities. The original genre marking of plays reflects social, political, psychological changes in the life of both society and the individual, drawing attention to the actual problems of that time. The author's definition of plays is often subjective. It points to the artist's experience, focusing mainly on the emigration processes of the mid-twentieth century. It was proved that the practice of author subtitles, in addition to attempts to indicate a historical and cultural paradigm, indicated the complexity of the communicative ability of emigration writers in the foreign-language space. Also, genre definitions indicated the thirst for self-expression, which in the Soviet Union was impossible, and in the new conditions is an indispensable attribute of self-affirmation, a kind of evidence of the existence of each individual. The fact of creation of new genre nominations, consonant with creative searches of artists due to the thought of the crisis of the theater of the twentieth century reigning in the contemporary world cultural space, is important. The activation of the personality and author's component in the subheadings marks of a departure from the canonical genres, which should be assumed, could not adequately realize the ideological idea of emigration artists. In this way, playwrights not only expanded the structural and semantic capacity of the genre, but also confirmed their right to interpret their own works.

Ivan Franko about the emigration of ukrainians : historical and economic analysis in the context of modernity

The article attempts to consider the labor emigration of Ukrainians through the work of Ivan Franko in the historical and economic aspect. The writer 's views and position on the problems of labor emigration of Ukrainians in the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries are discussed, as well as parallels with modern emigration processes are conducted. Attention is drawn to the description of the methods, means and mechanisms that were used to emigrate Ukrainians, which were covered in the scientific and literary work of Ivan Franko. It also explains the up-front factors that have prompted Ukrainians to emigrate, in particular labor, and attempts to analyze the positive and negative effects of Ukrainian emigration processes in different historical periods through the prism of Ivan Franko work. Also, the relationship between land ownership and Ukrainian emigration abroad is traced. It is emphasized that many questions raised by Ivan Franko have not lost their relevance in the present historical period. Ivan Franko in a number of his publications makes an attempt to understand the reasons for the emigration of the complex - economic, political, domestic, and environmental. In particular, he is one of the first not only among Ukrainian but also European researchers to draw attention to the deterioration of the ecological component and its direct impact on the emigration processes of the population. Also, the ideological and propaganda aspect in the influences on the emigration of Ukrainians. Particularly visible in the works of Ivan Franko, the inability of state and municipal government to quickly influence the process of emigration. The article gives a brief description of the research of this problem in the works of Ivan Franko by Ukrainian scholars. The urgency of this problem has gained a new sound today, as Ukraine received free access to the world labor market, and also found itself at the epicenter of a geopolitical conflict between civilizational warfare, which, in turn, influenced the qualitative and quantitative indicators of emigration.

Russian Emigration at the Turn of 21st Century

The article deals with the evolution of the Russian emigration processes at the turn of the 21st century. Based on the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the Russian emigration flows over the past 25 years, the authors highlighted five emigration waves characterized by their main emigrant categories and emigration channels. Attention has been given not only to the size of the emigration flows but also to the emigration flow’s own compositional characteristics, especially age structure. The authors’ benchmark analysis of the Russian emigration data provided by the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation and the data on Russian immigrants provided by the national statistics services of foreign countries showed the overwhelming quantitative discrepancies in the migration flows set out in the Russian statistics, thus underestimating the intensity of emigration.

СОВРЕМЕННАЯ ЭМИГРАЦИЯ ИЗ РОССИИ И ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ РУССКОГОВОРЯЩИХ СООБЩЕСТВ ЗА РУБЕЖОМ

The article identifies and describes three new waves of emigration from Russia after the collapse of the USSR on the basis of prevailing push factors and the sociodemographic structure of emigrant flows. The authors examine regional and sociodemographic features of modern emigration flows from Russia. It is noted that the socioeconomic factors which determine these emigration processes are becoming more significant. The article considers the shortcomings of national and foreign sources of statistical data on the number of Russian emigrants. An approximate estimate of the number of Russian-speaking migrants outside of the country is provided on the basis of comparison between domestic and foreign statistical sources. The geography of migration flows from Russia are revealed, including a description of priority countries for the resettlement of Russian emigrants. The peculiarities of their employment, resettlement, socioeconomic adaptation are highlighted. The features of resettlement and employment of Russian citizens in various regions and countries of the world are noted. The main channels of emigration are estimated. Emigration channels for permanent residence and temporary labor migration are singled out. New channels of emigration are also described: marriage emigration, the adoption of children by foreign citizens, educational emigrants, refugees and others. Several approaches to the identification of the Russian-speaking population abroad, which are used by experts and state structures, are described. There are several types of identification of Russian-speaking migrants abroad based on different approaches. The consequences of emigration for the Russian Federation are singled out on the basis of three methods of estimating economic losses. A certain evolution of the emigration policy of Russia during the recent history of the country is considered. In particular, the transition of the immigration policy from an indifferent attitude towards emigrants and the diaspora to an active interaction with them is noted. Acknowledgements. The article has been supported by a grant of the Russian Science Foundation. Project no. 16-18-10435.

FOREIGN LANGUAGE COMPETENCE OF THE CITIZENS OF POLAND AND CZECH REPUBLIC WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF CURRENT ALL-EUROPEAN LINGUISTIC

The comparative analysis of the foreign language competence among the citizens of Poland and Czech Republic has been accomplished. The received findings were compared with current observations of all-European linguistic tendencies. Having analysed various statistics the authors succeeded in assembling the social portrait of an average multilingual European. The authors have also considered the fact that over the past years the official percentage of multilingual citizens, both in Poland and the Czech Republic, has significantly decreased due to intensive emigration processes. In the authors’ opinion, this problem is mostly of the socio-economic nature and demonstrates rather not the weakness of educational systems, but the ability of educational institutions of both countries to prepare competitive specialists who are able (due to the high level of foreign language competence) to find decent job in the labour-market of the United Europe. It has also been stated that since the foreign language competence has become a professional and cultural prerequisite for creation of the unified globalized Europe, and multilingualism has become a part of the European identity, the future specialists’ foreign language training in Ukraine should be conducted precisely taking into account the prospects of European integration.

Predicting species-habitat relationships: does body size matter?

Allometric scaling laws are foundational to structuring processes from cellular to ecosystem levels. The idea that allometric relationships underlie species characteristic selection scales, the spatial scales at which species respond to landscape features, has recently been investigated, however, supporting empirical evidence is scarce. Lack of pattern can be explained by inaccurate estimation, low power, confounding factors, or absence of a relationship. In this paper, we evaluate the relationship between body size and species characteristic selection scales after overcoming limitations of previous study designs. We conducted 1328 avian point counts across the state of Nebraska using the robust sampling design to account for imperfect detection. We used Bayesian latent indicator scale selection with N-mixture models to estimate species’ characteristic selection scales of six habitat features for 86 species. We propagated the uncertainty associated with assigning characteristic scales to a model of the relationship between body size and characteristic spatial scales. Species characteristic scales varied across habitat predictors, and varied in the uncertainty associated with selecting single characteristic scales. After propagating uncertainty our results do not support a relationship between species’ body size and the spatial scales at which they respond to landscape features. As species abundance integrates birth, death, immigration, and emigration processes, each of which are influenced by ecological processes manifesting at various scales, we question whether a general allometric relationship should be expected. Our results suggest that selection may act on responses to specific environmental features, rather than responses to spatial scale per se.

Emigration and Policy in Yugoslavia: Dynamics and Constraints within the Process of Muslim Emigration to Turkey during the 1950s

The southern parts of Yugoslavia, especially Macedonia, experienced massive emigration by non-Slavic Muslims in the 1950s after an agreement was concluded between Yugoslavia and Turkey in 1953. The movement raises questions of ethnic belonging and policy towards minorities in socialist Yugoslavia, especially regarding the Albanian population in Kosovo. It also raises questions regarding the entanglement of (migration) policy and emigration and the character of state intervention in an on-going emigration process. Thus, the author's aim is to analyse the pillars of migration policy, the legal and regulatory framework as well as the extent, causes and consequences of state intervention on emigration processes to Turkey. The author further questions the emigration factors and their ethno-political dimensions, also examining how the mass emigration of Muslims influenced different fields of society in the region of origin as well as the Muslim lifeworld in the region.

DEVELOPMENT OF MIGRATION POTENTIAL IN HUNGARY FROM 2000 UNTIL TODAY

Hearing the words “international migration”, two things might come to our mind. One of them is the emigration process and the other is the wave of refugees. In our study, we examined the changes of the number of employees emigrating from Hungary from 2000 until today. Nowadays, the examination of the migration potential is an important topic in Hungary, since the rate of Hungarian emigrants started to grow after 2006 and the rate of growth became even faster after 2010. The reason of the acceleration was the opening of the Austrian and German labour market. The actuality of the topic is based on the fact that international emigration merges the labour market’s processes, influences the given country’s employment level, moreover it has an influencing role on the rate of wages. Emigration from a given state has several reasons: natural disasters, war, marginalization, economic reasons, etc. In our study, we examine emigration caused by economic reasons. We have to take into consideration that measuring emigration processes is a difficult task, due to the lack of data. The reason of the deficiency is that those who leave the country, often forget to report their leaving. From 1 March 2013, only the permanent foreign settlement should be reported towards the administration (District Office, Consulate). Earlier, temporary (more than 3 months) settlement was also obligatory to be reported. Many of the leaving Hungarians do not report their leaving, however working abroad for more than 3 months should be reported towards social insurance organizations and tax authorities. I would like to emphasise that my migration potential presentation does not show a direct correlation with the actual migration. However, this study might show the expected movement rates and the composition of emigrants.

Quantifying individual heterogeneity and its influence on life‐history trajectories: different methods for different questions and contexts

Heterogeneity among individuals influences the life‐history trajectories we observe at the population level because viability selection, selective immigration and emigration processes, and ontogeny change the proportion of individuals with specific trait values with increasing age. Here, we review the two main approaches that have been proposed to account for these processes in life‐history trajectories, contrasting how they quantify ontogeny and selection, and proposing ways to overcome some of their limitations. Nearly all existing approaches to model individual heterogeneity assume either a single normal distribution or a priori known groups of individuals. Ontogenetic processes, however, can vary across individuals through variation in life‐history tactics. We show the usefulness of describing ontogenetic processes by modelling trajectories with a mixture model that focuses on heterogeneity in life‐history tactics. Additionally, most methods examine individual heterogeneity in a single trait, ignoring potential correlations among multiple traits caused by latent common sources of individual heterogeneity. We illustrate the value of using a joint modelling approach to assess the presence of a shared latent correlation and its influence on life‐history trajectories. We contrast the strengths and limitations of different methods for different research questions, and we exemplify the differences among methods using empirical data from long‐term studies of ungulates.

The features of emigration processes in Ukraine

The features of emigration processes in Ukraine

Migration as the main factor of the Russia’s urban population dynamics

This review summarizes the results of the long-term studies performed at the Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, in the field of genetic demography of migration processes in Russia and its capital. The main population-genetic parameters of migration and their dynamics in Moscow over a hundred years are given. Sociodemographic and population-genetic implications of migration processes are considered. A model predicting the population gene pool dynamics under migration pressure for genes of different localization (autosomal, sex-linked, and mitochondrial), exemplified by predicting the allele frequency dynamics in the Moscow population of some gene markers, including genes accounting for monogenic pathology and genes associated with resistance to socially significant diseases, are presented. The paper discusses the selective character of migration processes, in particular, processes of emigration, with respect to some genetically significant ethnodemographic traits; the problem of adaptation of migrants; and adaptive strategies of consolidation of ethnoconfessional groups in the megalopolis (compact settlement over the urban territory and positive assortative mating with respect to demographic traits). It was shown that, owing to the intense influx of migrants and gene flows between ethnic groups, the population of the megalopolis is of mixed origin in terms of ethnic, anthropologic, and genetic aspects. The results of the study suggest the necessity to develop a specific strategy of genetic database formation for the population of megalopolises for the purposes of medical genetics and forensic medicine.

EMIGRATION AND THE PROCESSES OF GLOBALIZATION: CHALLENGES, CONTEMPORARY TRENDS, ISSUES, SOLUTIONS / EMIGRACIJA IR GLOBALIZACIJOS PROCESAI: IŠŠŪKIAI, ŠIUOLAIKINĖS TENDENCIJOS, PROBLEMOS, SPRENDIMAI

The article complexly investigates the processes of emigration from Lithuania and other European Union countries in Central and Eastern Europe which appear under contemporary conditions of economic globalization. The main attention is given to those determinants of emigration which are caused by the processes taking place in the global economy, social and economic circumstances occuring globally. The theoretical study for the processes of migration and emigration in contemporary environment of globalization has been made. The original theoretical conception intended to analyze migration flows, motives and reasons of emigration, allowing to complexly assess the impact of various economic determinants has been suggested: on the basis of this conception researches of emigration from Lithuania and other European Union countries in Central and Eastern Europe have been carried out and peculiarities of the processes of emigration reflecting the impact of circumstances determined by economic globalization have been highlighted. Carrying out empirical researches the instrumentation of economic mathematical modeling has been used.

Linking mechanistic toxicology to population models in forecasting recovery from chemical stress: A case study from Jackfish Bay, Ontario, Canada.

Recovery of fish and wildlife populations after stressor mitigation serves as a basis for evaluating remediation success. Unfortunately, effectively monitoring population status on a routine basis can be difficult and costly. In the present study, the authors describe a framework that can be applied in conjunction with field monitoring efforts (e.g., through effects-based monitoring programs) to link chemically induced alterations in molecular and biochemical endpoints to adverse outcomes in whole organisms and populations. The approach employs a simple density-dependent logistic matrix model linked to adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) for reproductive effects in fish. Application of this framework requires a life table for the organism of interest, a measure of carrying capacity for the population of interest, and estimation of the effect of stressors on vital rates of organisms within the study population. The authors demonstrate the framework using linked AOPs and population models parameterized with long-term monitoring data for white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) collected from a study site at Jackfish Bay, Lake Superior, Canada. Individual responses of fish exposed to pulp mill effluent were used to demonstrate the framework's capability to project alterations in population status, both in terms of ongoing impact and subsequent recovery after stressor mitigation associated with process changes at the mill. The general approach demonstrated at the Jackfish Bay site can be applied to characterize population statuses of other species at a variety of impacted sites and can account for effects of multiple stressors (both chemical and nonchemical) and dynamics within complex landscapes (i.e., meta-populations including emigration and immigration processes).

Population regulation in Magellanic penguins: what determines changes in colony size?

Seabirds are often studied at individual colonies, but the confounding effects of emigration and mortality processes in open populations may lead to inappropriate conclusions on the mechanisms underlying population changes. Magellanic penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus) colonies of variable population sizes are distributed along the Argentine coastline. In recent decades, several population and distributional changes have occurred, with some colonies declining and others newly established or increasing. We integrated data of eight colonies scattered along ∼ 600 km in Northern Patagonia (from 41°26´S, 65°01´W to 45°11´S, 66°30´W, Rio Negro and Chubut provinces) and conducted analysis in terms of their growth rates, production of young and of the dependence of those vital rates on colony age, size, and location. We contrasted population trends estimated from abundance data with those derived from population modeling to understand if observed growth rates were attainable under closed population scenarios. Population trends were inversely related to colony size, suggesting a density dependent growth pattern. All colonies located in the north—which were established during the last decades—increased at high rates, with the smallest, recently established colonies growing at the fastest rate. In central-southern Chubut, where colonies are the oldest, the largest breeding aggregations declined, but smaller colonies remained relatively stable. Results provided strong evidence that dispersal played a major role in driving local trends. Breeding success was higher in northern colonies, likely mediated by favorable oceanographic conditions. However, mean foraging distance and body condition of chicks at fledging were influenced by colony size. Recruitment of penguins in the northern area may have been triggered by a combination of density dependence, likely exacerbated by less favorable oceanographic conditions in the southern sector. Our results reaffirm the idea that individual colony trends do not provide confident indicators of population health, highlighting the need to redefine the scale for the study of population changes.

A fuzzy cellular prey–predator model for pest control under sustainable bio-economic equilibrium: A formal description and simulation analysis study

In the present work we have formulated a mathematical model for an aphid–predator–resource interaction system and studied its performance using simulation procedures. The proposed model integrates spatial heterogeneity using a cellular structure where environmental-favorability drives immigration and emigration processes. Environmental favorability is in our settings fundamental for the control of the dynamics of both populations. Therefore, uncertainty an imprecision in this variable paves the way to consider a fuzzy set framework. Parameter characterization is achieved through variation intervals defined as input and output variables, by using a criterion, in a fuzzy logic system. Simulations results show that the aphid population evolves toward an equilibrium level that depends on the initial values of both populations and the resources. A target bio economic equilibrium defined by the maximum economic benefit derived from the resource can be obtained by modifying the population levels and this can be achieved in an interactive way throughout the associated simulation program. On the basis of the numerical exploration of the performance of the model it is concluded that the model possesses the qualitative properties raising it as a potential tool for biological control of an aphid–predator–resource interaction system.

Perceptions of Mental Illness and Related Stigma Among Vietnamese Populations: Findings from a Mixed Method Study

Mental-illness-related (MIR) stigma is recognized as a major barrier to health care. Yet very little is known about mental illness and stigma among Vietnamese populations, or how emigration and acculturation processes might affect traditional views. Focus group discussions were conducted with Vietnamese Americans in New Orleans (Louisiana) and Vietnamese nationals in Bui Chu (Vietnam), who shared historical and cultural backgrounds, in 2010 to assess differences in their perceptions of mental illness and stigma. Results show several significant differences in mental illness perceptions between Vietnamese Americans and Vietnamese nationals, while MIR stigma seemed prevalent and understanding of mental illness was low among both groups.

The causes and consequences of emigration and emigration processes in the visegrad group countries: a cross-regional comparative analysis

The article deals with the causes and consequences of emigration and emigration processes in the Visegrad Group countries at different stages of their development after the collapse of the Warsaw Pact, in particular on the basis of a cross-regional comparative analysis. The author stated that the causes and consequences of emigration in the Visegrad Group countries are interrelated. The researcher argued that emigration from the Visegrad Group countries is socio-economically determined, as the movement of emigrants from the region is mainly directed to the countries of Western Europe and North America. At the same time, it was found that emigration from the Visegrad Group countries is socio-economically advantageous for the countries of Western Europe, but not for the analyzed region. Thus, it was generally argued that the causes and consequences of emigration from Visegrad Group countries are predominantly internal and socio-economic.

Statistical Performances of Population Migration in the Republic of Macedonia at the Beginning of the 21st Century

The Republic of Macedonia has always been considered a highly intensive migration area, characterized by both exhaustive inner movements of its citizens, as well as continuous emigration processes towards other countries. This paper is focused on exploring and analyzing the volume, dynamics, trends, demographic characteristics, and the variability of migration flow modalities in the country during the first decade of the 21st century, as well as their conjunction and effects on the socio-economic factors. Having in mind the diversities of the migration flows within the country, the expected outcomes are projected towards discovering relevant information about their changes, their trends, and the interaction between the basic indicators being acquired by appliance of relevant statistical migration-related metrics and those portraying the statistical regions’ development in the specified period of time.

Both female castes contribute to colony emigration in the polygynous antMystrium oberthueri

Nest emigrations are perilous for social insect colonies. Outside their nests, adults and brood are exposed to dangers. The behavioural mechanisms of emigration are thus likely to be under strong selective pressures. Most studies on emigration have focused on monogynous species where survival of the queen is paramount, but emigration processes are largely unknown for species having several queens per colony. In colonies of Mystrium oberthueri Forel, members of the morphological queen caste are as numerous as workers, although only a few of them mate and reproduce (polygyny). All queens perform intranidal tasks, such as brood care. Accordingly, we expected them to participate actively in emigration and to be less well protected. Using four colonies, we studied the dynamics of 16 emigrations with a special focus on individual behavioural profile. Workers were more involved than non-reproductive queens in recruitment and brood transport. Reproductive queens and young ants preferentially walked directly to the new nest without carrying brood. A chemical trail was probably used. The physiological status of individuals had more impact on their behavioural profile than their morphological caste. This highly organized emigration process may underpin dependent colony foundation, as both involve the coordinated movement of nestmates.

“Mes čia ‒ jie ten”. Tarpgeneracinio bendravimo įprasminimas, būdai, vertinimas

The increase of individual life expectancy merges several generations in time, namely, they are coexisting in the same time – so are developing vertical kinship ties. Decline in fertility and birth postponement towards advanced age, in turn, narrow the horizontal kinship ties. Meanwhile, the increase in the intensity of migration progressively separates generations in space. All these demographic processes combined are not only changing the structure of families, but also the social relations among its members. The aim of the research is to reveal what meanings are given by members of transnational families to intergenerational communication. To achieve this purpose, the following tasks were formulated: 1) to reveal what meanings are given to meetings (mutual visits) of different generations belonging to transnational family; 2) to identify how technical tools helping to maintain everyday communication practices in transnational family are perceived; and 3) to describe the evaluation of family’s transnational status and emigration of a family member. Theoretical resources of the study are concepts of transnational family and intergenerational communication. Study’s empirical resources include data of the research project “Trajectories of Family Models and Social Networks: Intergenerational Perspective “(No. VP1-3.1-MES- 07-K-01-106). 60 in-depth individual interviews were conducted in the summer of 2012 in six selected regions of Lithuania (the research included 30 women, 30 men, 15 informants from four birth cohorts: 1950-1955, 1960-1965, 1970-1975, and 1980-1985). The study results showed that different meanings are given to the meetings (mutual visits) of different generations belonging to transnational family: regular visits of children living abroad to their parents is an obligation, tradition; visit of parents residing in country of origin is one of the many activities their children are interested in; transnational family get-together is a tool to make a pleasant surprise for parents; children’s visit to their parents is a tool of parent’s life periodization. Informants perceived meetings of transnational family members as a significant social practice that supports family unity. In order to do common every-day-social-practices in transnational families, at the same time to maintain the integrity of family, an entire arsenal of modern communication technologies is applied: internet programme Skype, telephone, letters, e-mails, messages on Facebook. It seems that the expectations of transnational family members are met in the best way by the internet programme Skype and opportunities of smartphones to convey images. The study revealed specific interpretation of families in transnational condition. The evaluation of families disunited by emigration processes expressed by the informants is solidly negative in cases, when they are reasoning about the transnational family as a unit, and positive-concerned-negative in cases, when they are thinking about (potential) emigration of individual family members.