Word Formation Processes Research Articles

Word Formation of Indonesian and English Used by Indonesian Children in Playing Online Games

Online games become more popular among the children since the spread of Covid virus over the world in 2019. Childs became aware of playing online games though most of the plays use English as their communication. English language, as their second language must be comprehended as well. Word formation process of Indonesian and English language color the conversation. The study aims at analyzing word formation process of Indonesian and English language used by some Indonesian children when they are playing online games. The method used in this study is a qualitative method. According to Cresswell, a qualitative method is an approach or a research to explore and understand a central phenomenon. To understand this central phenomenon, the study was done by using qualitative observation and qualitative documents. The speaking of the participants was recorded during their playing on online games and transcribed phonemically. The transcription is classified into three parts. They are morphological process in English, morphological process in Indonesian, and morphological process in English and Indonesian. After classifying the data, then it’s analyzed by using Alwi and O’Grady theories. The results show that there is morphological process constructed on their conversation during their playing such as derivational and inflectional affixes, reduplication in word class of noun, mixing code Indonesian and English. The children spontaneously and fluently combine both Indonesian and English in constructing the word. However, Indonesian language is still dominantly used and influence to the use of English one.

Analisis Pembentukan Istilah-Istilah Linguistik dalam Bahasa Korea dan Bahasa Indonesia

This study was conducted to fulfill the need of students to understand linguistics courses in the Korean Language Education Study Program. The student’s understanding of linguistics starts from their ability to understand the linguistic terms. This study deals with the formation of linguistic terms in Korean language compared to their formation in Indonesian language. It is necessary to analyze Indonesian terms’ formation to find their equivalent terms. It is found that Korean linguistic terms are generally changed into Indonesian as a whole. Although some terms originate from foreign languages, the majority have undergone adaptation and adjustments to be more comprehensible. In contrast, Indonesian linguistic terms are influenced by their source language. Meanwhile, Indonesian linguistic terms are influenced by the language of origin. The formation of terms is also analyzed based on the word formation process by using morphological theory to determine the formation pattern. This research may answer the function of these terms in the process of understanding linguistics lectures at the Korean Language Education Study Program, FPBS, UPI.

Motives for Nomination and Etymological Features of Anthropotoponyms of the Karaganda Region

The article discusses the motives for nominating anthropotoponyms in Kazakh onomastics and the etymological meaning of the toponyms of the Karaganda region associated with a person's name. In the course of the research, methods of description, classification, summarizing, analyzing were used to determine the etymology of the region's anthropotoponyms. The characteristic of the etymological origin of anthropotoponymic names is compiled, the linguistic significance of the word-formation process is established by means of classification and generalization. The article discusses toponyms named after a person among the toponymic units of the Karaganda region, and the motives of two different nominations of anthropotoponyms. In the course of the study of the anthropotoponyms of the Karaganda region, a group of anthropotoponyms was identified that was not typical for both different groups of nomination motives. These anthropotoponyms are a group of anthropotoponyms named after a person created for special reasons that were not created for reasons mentioned in both different groups of creation motivation. Due to the fact that these anthropotoponyms are specific, the opportunity was proposed to consider them as a third group of motivation to create. Anthropotoponyms proposed for consideration as the third group can be recognized as anthropotoponyms intended for a specific person or in honor of the work of that person. Geographical names or toponyms that are of particular importance tell about the history of this locality and the beliefs of its inhabitants or about the people who lived in this locality.

Selected grammatical categories in the Czech language as understood by non-Czech speaking students

Teaching elementary Czech to university students is a challenging task. Given the profound complexity and numerous exceptions found in the Czech language system, a balance between oversimplification on the one hand and overwhelming students on the other hand needs to be sought. The objective of this study is to find out whether and to what extent do beginner Czech learners understand how selected grammatical categories work in Czech. The results imply that more attention should be paid to word formation processes as insufficient understanding of them was identified not only in students who were new to Czech but also in the control group.

Biblical vocabulary of the Modern Literary Hindi language and its formation methods

The article displays the derivational methods of nouns and adjectives in the modern literary Hindi languge. The determination of the productivity of word-formation processes of the modern literary Hindi language is carried out on the basis of prefix, suffix, prefix-suffix methods of word-formation and stem-formation. To cover the topic of the proposed research, the author analyzes the scientific works of Ukrainian, European and Indian linguists to reveal the concepts of «derivational processes» in language, «biblicality» in linguistic culture. The scientists conclude that the lexical system of a language, including the biblical language, reflects the mentality and culture of a particular ethnic group and its perception of the world. The paper also considers the typological features of the word-formation methods of the modern literary Hindi language and offers the comparative characteristics of suffixes and prefixes, semantic and structural features of the biblical origin vocabulary based on the works of Ukrainian, European and Asian linguistics. The author finds out that the study of the biblical vocabulary of the modern literary Hindi language determines the national and cultural patterns of the Hindi speakers in India, Christians in particular, who use the biblical origin vocabulary in everyday life. The research establishes the most productive derivatives for the formation of nouns and adjectives, as well as active word-formation methods of nouns and adjectives of the biblical origin of the modern literary Hindi language. The scientific research identifies the main derivational methods of nouns and adjectives that have a systematic functioning in the biblical text of the modern literary Hindi language. The results of the research prove that the variety of prefixes and suffixes of the Bible lexicon in the modern literary Hindi language indicates its dynamic development.

Lexical Innovation Processes of Youth Netspeak on Malay Twitter Posts

The formation of neologisms in Malay has not been extensively studied and therefore has yet to be fully understood. The current study examined the lexical innovation processes in Twitter posts in Malay. A 25,679-word corpus was compiled from 2,000 tweets of 200 Malaysian Twitter users in their twenties. The textual analysis performed through AntConc software identified “ ni ” (this) and “ nk ” (want) as the top two neologisms, and these words constituted 45.8% of the corpus. Most of the neologisms are formed through clipping (65%) and pseudo-elliptical construction (26%), while blending (7%) and elongation (2%) are minor word formation processes. The clipping affects vowels (28%) more than consonants (9%), whether it is deletion, replacement, or addition. The pseudo-elliptical constructions involve letters of the alphabet and phonological adjustments to vowels and consonants. On vowel changes, the results show that there is a simplification of diphthongs to monophthongs, and a movement towards vowels in the middle position [e] or [o]. As for consonant changes, there is a shift in the place of articulation towards bilabial consonants [p], [m], and [w] and words containing [h] and [r] are likely to be dropped or replaced. The changes in the spelling are a result of changes in the spoken discourse. The findings suggest that exploring the phonological rules can explain pseudo-elliptical constructions, leading to a better framework on morphology and phonology to understand formation of neologisms in social media discourse.

A Contrastive Analysis of Word Formation Processes in French and Yorùbá: Areas of Convergence and Divergence

The paper attempts to find answers to the following questions: are there areas of convergence/divergence in the word formation processes in French and Yorùbá? In what areas are the convergence and divergence? And if there is divergence, does it possess any learning difficulty for Yorùbá learners of the French language? To answer the questions, the paper ventures into the contrastive analysis of word formation processes in French and Yorùbá. Adopting the literary and historical-analytic methods, it takes a close at the various processes of word formation in both languages and points out areas of convergence and divergence. The paper further analyses the import of divergence regarding the mastery of the word formation process in French by the Yorùbá French learners and concludes by offering some didactic approaches that could make the wordformation process in French easier for the Yorùbá learners of the French language.

WORD-FORMATION PROCESSES IN LOC’S SITE POEM: MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY

This study aims to find out the processes of word formation in ten poems in the LOC’s Site Poem. Word-formation processes is the study in morphology. The method used is qualitative research. The data are from the ten poems in the LOC’s Site Poem. The results of the study are that there are 193 (one hundred and ninety three) data found in the LOCs Site Poem. The affixation process including inflectinal and derivational process by 87.56% (eighty seven point five six percent), compounding process by 9.84% (nine point eight four percent), and acronym by 2.07%(two point oh seven percent). The dominant word formation process appear is affixation of inflectional process. The compounding is the combination of noun plus noun and adjective or adverb plus noun.

TEACHING ENGLISH WORD FORMATION PROCESS USING ATTRACTIVE MEDIA

The purpose of this study is to explain the importance of learning media in delivering material in class. Learning media has a major role in the smooth running of the learning and teaching process. Especially during the Covid 19 pandemic yesterday, lecturers thought hard about how to maximize learning even in difficult situations. One solution is to find interesting and attractive learning media especially for teaching course material that students find difficult. One such material is about the process of word formation in English which contains various theories in it. Media that is considered attractive for teaching this material is vlogs. A vlog is a video uploaded by someone on YouTube so that anyone can see it anytime and anywhere as long as they have an internet connection to access it. Students are able to watch the explanation of the material repeatedly so that they become increasingly aware of the material. This research is using experimental method. Before the research was carried out, the sample was determined to be the subject of this study. After the sample is obtained, the researcher tests the research instrument to find out whether the instrument is valid and reliable or not. Furthermore, pre and post tests were carried out to collect research data. Data were analyzed with statistics and then conclusions were drawn.

ANALISIS AFIKSASI VERBA PADA TEKS BACAAN DALAM BUKU BAHASA INDONESIA KELAS VIII

Analysis Of Affixation Verb In Reading Text Indonesia Book Clas VIII. The study aims to: (1) Describe the form of verb affixation in the reading text of Indonesian language books for clas VIII, (2) Describe meaning of verb affixation in the reading texts of Indonesian books for class VIII. This type of research is qualitative research using descriptive method. The data sources in this study were obtained from reading texts in the revised 2017 edition of the Indonesian language book class VIII by Suherli et al. The techniques used in data collection are reading, identification, and classification techniques. The results of this study found that verb affixation consist of: 1) prefixes: men-, ke-, di-, meng-, ter-, se-, and ber-; 2) the suffixes –an, -kan, and –i; and 3) confixes of ber-an, ber-kan, ke-an, pe-an, and se-nya. The meaning of verb affixation found is grammatical meaning because the process of word formation can result in changes in meaning. The grammatical meaning is formed because of the grammaticalization process such as giving affixes (affixes), reduplication (repetition), or compounding words so that the basic word become compound words.

An Analysis of Word Formation Process of English Slang Used in Camp Rock Movie Script

This study analyzes the process of forming words from slang words in the Camp Rock film script. This study uses the word formation process theory from George Yule (2014) to analyze how the process of forming slang words in the Camp Rock film script and find out which type of word formation is the most dominant used in the Camp Rock film script. The research method used is descriptive method, namely collecting data and then analyzing it descriptively. The researcher found 5 types of slang word formation in this film script, consisting of clipping, derivation, compounding, acronym and blending. This study found that the most dominant type of word formation used in this film was clipping with a percentage of 57%, then followed by acronyms with a percentage of 19%, then blending with a percentage of 14%, and the last two namely derivation and compounding which only had a percentage of 5 %.

Morphology: New Words Phenomenon Existed in Indonesian Language in Youth Communication

In morphology, the formation of new words is based on the word-formation process. The word-formation process itself is the concept of how new words can be formed. Several processes underlie the formation of new words in a language. This theory is based on Yule (2010). A comprehensive analysis requires answers to questions. 1. How new words are formed in Indonesian language communication, 2. What formations are dominant in the formation of new words? Observation serves as a data collection tool. The author collects new words to determine the natural word formation conditions used in communication and to identify the process of word formation without the intervention of the researcher. Finally, they are classified according to the process of word formation. This study uses data triangulation to ensure the research obtains valid data. The first-word formation process is blending which dominates the formation of new words in Indonesian with 13 processes found. The second process that dominates is the acronym with 8 found processes. The clipping process also includes the most processes in the formation of new words with 5 processes. The creation of new words found is not only blending, acronyms and clipping but also borrowing processes with 3 processes and compounding with 1 process. The first-word formation process is blending which dominates the formation of new words in Indonesian with 13 processes found. The second process that dominates is the acronym with 8 found processes. The clipping process also includes the most processes in the formation of new words with 5 processes. The creation of new words found is not only blending, acronyms and clipping but also borrowing process with 3 processes and compounding with 1 process.

The obstacles to word formation processes in Kurdish Language

Word Formation is a wide and important process in Languages. Words can be coined in various ways and forms such as coining, inventing words, blending, etc. . These processes sometimes occur according to rules, but at other times they occur while violating the existing rules. In certain cases, some phonological, semantic, and usage factors hinder the process of word formation. Besides the introduction, conclusions, and the references list, this research consists of two major parts. In the first part, morphological structures in Kurdish language are explained; syntactic and lexicographical morphemes are introduced, roots and affixes are presented. In the second section, the morphology of word formation is generally discussed, then compounding, affixation, blending, and word borrowing processes are explained. In the second part, the classification of semantic features and in the second section, the word formation processes and rules are stated. In the third section the obstacles to word formation processes are analyzed. A summary about word formation based on rules and while violating rules is presented and finally, the concluding points and the references list are provided.

Morpholexicosemantics analysis of neologism on Facebook posts and threads

Neologism is a word or phrase that has three classifications which are the completely newly-coined words and phrases, existing words and phrases that have new meanings and existing words or phrases with expanded meanings. This linguistic phenomenon is seen to be prevalent in Facebook posts and threads. This study was conducted to discover neologisms, their classification, word formation processes, and lexical functions. The results indicated that the word-formation processes, namely acronyms, affixations, back-formation, blending, clipping, compounding, conversion and shortening have been used and among these, affixation and compounding are the most used word-formation processes. Moreover, in its lexical functions, which are noun, verb, adjective and interjection, noun is the most used. Therefore, it is recommended that Cultural implications on the fast transmissions and influence of the creation of neologisms be further explored.

EXPANSION OF LANGUAGE AND AFFILIATION

Language is connected to the speaker and words are part of public speaking. The speakers of these words have no idea of their linguistic history. With the passage of time, the forms, appearances, spellings, and meanings of the word change. Old words become absolute and new words are added to the language. The Descriptive qualitative method was used to analyze the data. The proposed research article enlightens the concept of language growth and one of its practical cases affixation. Affixation is assessed in two ways; inflectional affixation and derivational affixation. Affixation, which is the process of word formation, has four ways of forming words including prefixes, suffixes, infixes, and circumfixes.

A Brief Semantic Analysis on The Form and Function of Biak’s article ’ma’

Biak language, spoken by 50.000 to 70.000 native speakers, belongs to the West New Guinea subgroup of the Austronesian language family and is spoken in West Papua (formerly known as Irian Jaya), Indonesia, which is found in the northern part of the Geelvink Bay. The typology of this language is SVO and has an agglutinative pattern in which the nouns are simple.This article aims to discuss the semantic function of particle ma in Biak language and to describe its form. The technique used to analyze the data is descriptive approach namely describing the data based on what people actually say by applying the morphological paradigm to see potential morpheme by morpheme in order to determine form, function, and meaning. By doing so, this approach helps to classify which morpheme in the morphological process that the particle ma is inflected or not inflected to in the verbs or other word categories. The finding of this study shows that there are eight semantic functions which are indicated by the particle ma which has different meanings such as to show desire or volition, conjunction, reveal future condition, state reflexive pronoun, to derive verb into noun in morphological process of word formation, tense and mood, adverbial conjunction and phrasal verbs. Morphologically, there are two types of the morphemes in which the particle ma is attached to and is not attached namely as bound and free morphemes.

Word Formation on Social Media

The word is the smallest part in language that can be spoken or written which is the embodiment of thoughts used in language. There are several processes in the formation of words and are divided into several types in their formation). The research aims to analyze word-formation processes on social media. This research used a qualitative method that expanded the research by observing events and phenomena happening around us. This research also collects data by observing the incident that happens across social media in general. Analysis carried out based on materials related to semantic theory. The results obtained from this research are that there are several examples of each word formation process, two examples for borrowing, two examples for coinage, two examples for compounding, two examples for acronyms, one example for blending, two examples for clipping, and no examples for back formation were found and conversion too, as well as two examples for inflection and two examples for derivation.

The age of acquisition effect in processing second language words and its relationship with the age of acquisition of the first language

AbstractThe present study investigated the age of acquisition (AoA) effect in processing second language (L2) words and how it is related to the AoA of the corresponding first language (L1) words. We adopted a lexical decision task in three experiments. The filler words were orthographically illegal in Experiment 1 to elicit more word form processing, while Experiment 2 used legal fillers to shift the bias toward semantic processing. In Experiment 3, we used a larger amount of stimuli containing more longer words with legal fillers. Our results showed that L2 AoA has a weak effect at the orthographical processing level and a stable effect at the semantic processing level. The L1 AoA modulates the L2 AoA effect at the semantic processing level, which is more likely to appear in long words. These results suggest that it is important to take bilingual representation and activation into consideration to explain the L2 AoA effect.

Towards a New Typology of Korean Lexical Blends

The present research is devoted to neological trends in Korean and focuses especially on the new lexical blends. Languages are constantly creating new words; this is an inevitable process caused by the changes in the world we live. Blending has been considered as a minor word formation process in Korean, but nowadays blending in Korean can be viewed as a separate word formation process due to its increasing productivity and semantic change in resulting blends. This paper first discusses the status of blends in the word formation system, then the theoretical framework and the results of the analysis of Korean blends are presented. The paper analyzes from the quantitative and qualitative perspective 301 blends collected from the National Institute of the Korean Language Dictionaries of Neologisms. Our analysis of the dictionaries showed that blending has become a highly productive and common way of word formation for various lexical layers in Korean. An increasing speed of foreign borrowing, high productivity of clipping and compounding in Korean can be viewed as the factors related to this process to a certain extent. This paper proposes a classification of blends from a semantic and cognitive viewpoint (coordinative, determinative, and derived blends are based on the mirror, single-scope, double-scope, and double blending models).

Городскаяречь как объект лингвистического исследования: устная и письменная разновидности

The article focuses on methodological tendences in urban language research. Authors, meanwhile, substantiate rationality of its spoken and written varieties as separate fields of study. These studies are marked with a high rate of activity and they highlight a new concept of the «regiolect» — a regional variety of the national language. The analysis of the scientific results of linguo-urbanistics reveals the dominance of the onomastic vector and obvious lack of research into urban speech. The authors specify discrepancies in the function of written and spoken language in linguistic, semiotic and psychological aspects. They also state destructive results of simple mechanical transfer of oral speech techniques to urban epigraphy, the differences between word-formation processes in written and oral speech are described. The visuality of a written sign, the possibility of hybrid word formation with the help of other symbolic and graphic systems, as well as the activity of language norms are listed as features of written communication. A distinctive feature of the oral form is the possibility of meaning explication through non-verbal signs. According to the authors, greater reliability of scientific results in the field of modern urban studies can be achieved through compliance with the principle of unmixed study of living speech and urban writing.