Morphology: New Words Phenomenon Existed in Indonesian Language in Youth Communication

This is an innovative approach to word formation and lexicalisation. In the study of word formation, the focus has often been on generating the form. In this book, the semantic aspect of the formation of new words is central. It is viewed from the perspectives of word formation rules and of lexicalization. An extensive introduction gives a historical overview of the study of the semantics of word formation and lexicalization, explaining how the different theoretical frameworks used in the contributions relate to each other. Each chapter then concentrates on a specific question about a theoretical concept or a word formation process in a particular language and adopts a theoretical framework that is appropriate to the study of this question. From general theoretical concepts of productivity and lexicalization, the focus moves to terminology, compounding, and derivation. Theoretical Framewords discussed include: Jackendoff's Conceptual Structure; Langacker's Cognitive Grammar; Lieber's lexical semantic approach to word formation; Pustejovsky's Generative Lexicon; Beard's Lexeme-Morpheme-Base Morphology; and, the onomasiological approach to terminology and word formation.

New Trends in Word Formation in Modern English Summary In this article our main goal is to analyze the dominant processes in the formation of new words and main semantic fields. In order to achieve our goal, we have referenced several studies on the latest tendencies, as well as some prior knowledge of word formation. A number of words included in the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) have been analyzed to obtain a knowledge of dominant processes in the word formation and key semantic fields. Our results show that word formation processes have not changed as much as expected. Traditionally, compounding and suffixes have always been the most important processes. However, new processes – clipping, blending or conversion - have become more important. In addition, the process of forming new words has become easier. Blending is an easier word formation process which is common in making compound words. Moreover, many words are from specialized fields – linguistics, gastronomy, fashion, health, internet and technologies and many others. Key words: word formation, compounding, blending, clipping, affixation

The English language is a language of “fertility” due to its continuous formation of new words in modern times. However, the Chinese language is “infertile” because it has basically stopped creating totally new words. The general trend in the development of a Chinese character in the Chinese history has been moving from complexity to simplicity. As a result, it leads to the "infertility" of the Chinese language and makes it difficult to combine a limited number of different strokes within a limited space known as方块字Fāngkuàizì ‘Square Block Word’. What is a totally new word in English is simply a combination of used words in Chinese. The Chinese language's capability of saving horizontal and linear space makes this combination feasible to express a new meaning. Three types of constraint arising from limited type and number of Strokes, General Trend toward Simplicity and Square-Framed Space have made their concurrent contribution to the "infertility" of the Chinese word formation. The preference of the Chinese language for new combinations of used words over the creation of total new Chinese words in modern times constitutes a major difference between the formation of English words and the formation of Chinese words in modern times.

This article discusses the process of derivational affixation in both English and Arabic. It aims to describe the affix derivation process, which results in changes in the meaning of some words attached by affixes. This is a qualitative research and all examples of words attached by affixes come from books, dictionaries, and other sources. The data collection results show that English and Arabic are very productive in the formation of new words when these words are attached by affixes, which can also cause changes in meaning. The obvious distinction between English and Arabic is in the root word. In Arabic, all basic words are verbs, whereas in English, the basic words that affixes can attach to are verbs, nouns, and adjectives.

Mainstream word-formation is concerned with the formation of new words from morphemes. As morphemes are full linguistic signs, the resulting neologisms are transparent: speakers can deduce the meanings of the new formations from the meanings of their constituents. Thus, morphematic word-formation processes can be analysed in terms of their modifier/head relationship, with A + B > AB, and AB = (a kind of) B. This pattern applies to compounding and affixation. There are, however, certain word-formation processes that are not morpheme-based and that do not have a modifier/head structure. Acronyms like NATO are formed from the initial letters of word groups; blends like motel ‘mix’ or conflate submorphemic elements; clippings like prof shorten existing words. In order to analyse these word-formation processes, we need concepts below the morpheme level. This paper will analyse the role played by elements below the morpheme level in the production of these non-morphematic word-formation processes which have been particularly productive in the English language since the second half of the 20th century.

The purpose of this study is to categorize analogy, which is a word formation mechanism, and to quantitatively examine the formation patterns of new words according to the type of analogy. For this purpose, this paper deals with new words data. This is because new words use the form and meaning of existing words, but they are often formed in a way that partially modifies the form of existing words, so they can show various patterns of word formation by analogy. The type of analogy can be divided according to the criteria of the model of analogy, the similarity between the model word and the target word, and the fixed element that is the axis of the analogy. It is confirmed that the types of analogy that predominate in the formation of new words are essentially closely related to the schema of analogy. Considering that the formation of words ultimately starts from representing meaning, it can be interpreted that the fixed elements shared by model words and target words and the 'meaning' of the schema of analogy based on them act as the most important factor in the formation of new words.

Gunawan Tri Atmodjo's short stories are considered by many readers present humour. Many impressions are written by readers on the humorous aspect, but there is still no study that describes the humour aspect in these stories. Therefore, this study examines the types of humour in Atmodjo's stories based on a number of humour theories in literary works as presented by Louis Hasley and Matthew Kotzen. From the results of the study, it was found that there are three types of humour in Atmodjo's short stories, namely play, the formation of new words and expressions, and irony in the story. In compiling the story Atmodjo often uses the principle of deviation in normal situations. This can be seen from how he punctuates the names of the characters and the title of the work, the formation of words and expressions, and the irony in the story. These three things are built in conditions that are far from normal, both in terms of ethics (names and titles are messy and irony in the stories) and grammatical (on how words and expressions are formed). In this way, Atmodjo managed to free his readers from the emotional aspect that had been limited by ethics and grammar. Atmodjo thus consciously carried out the selection process (choosing characters and titles to play on), arranging (forming new words and expressions and arranging ironic plots), and using style (in summarizing these three things) so that the humour can be experienced and enjoyed by the reader. without leaving a message to be conveyed. The three types of humour in Atmodjo's short stories are not separate, but they support each other to build humour in the minds of the readers.

This study aims to analyze the process of affixation, which is the addition of elements to the basic form of a word, in three languages: Indonesian, English, and Javanese. Affixation is one of the important morphological processes in the formation of words that reflects the structure and characteristics of each language. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach by utilizing speech from the three languages as comparative data. Data was collected through the listening method, which is by observing the use of language in various contexts, both oral and written, including excerpts from texts that contain language errors. The analysis was carried out on the basic forms of words that undergo the process of affixation, focusing on four types of affixes: prefixes (prefixes), infixes (inserts), suffixes (suffixes), and confixes (a combination of prefixes and suffixes). The results show that the three languages have a distinctive affixation pattern, although there are some similarities in the function and purpose of word formation. Indonesian and Javanese tend to have a more complex and productive attribution structure than English, which is more dominant in using suffixes in the formation of new words. This study also found that language errors in writing are often related to the use of affixes that are not in accordance with the morphological rules of each language. These findings show the importance of understanding the process of affixation in language learning and language competence development. By understanding the differences and similarities in the process of interlingual affixation, it is hoped that language learners and practitioners can improve the accuracy of word use and enrich cross-cultural linguistic insights.

In this work I intend to present the result of the formation processes of new words in the mother tongue of the Apyãwa people, who live in the municipality of Confresa, in the extreme northeast of the state of Mato Grosso, with the objective of strengthening the use of our language in orality and in the writings. Another objective is to critically analyze the situations of use of some Portuguese words, which occupy the spaces of the mother tongue in the daily speeches of people in the community. And through the sustainable development of our language policy within the village, together with the community, we, as the Apyãwa/Tapirapé people, are always looking for a means of teaching to fight for the quality of education. The methods we use in the workshops or seminars are: discussing the creation of new words among teachers, socializing the creation of new words with the community; teach knowledge in the classroom, evaluate the situation of language use in relation to the processes of formation of new words, observe; research, encourage the use of new words; contribute and share the responsibility of working on the use of our mother tongue at school and in the community. As a result, we hope to involve all the Apyãwa people in activities, defending the life of our language, as this linguistic policy was accepted by the Apyãwa community with great success in oral and written terms to strengthen the use of our mother tongue, avoiding the Portuguese language in the community.

In Kyrgyz linguistics, the problem of morphological identification of certain groups of words, including imitative words, remains relevant. This article talks about some cases of the use of imitators as parts of speech. The relevance of the research topic lies in the importance of a holistic description of imitative words in the comparative grammar of the Turkic languages, in determining their general lexical and grammatical properties on the materials of the Kyrgyz language and in comparative analysis with equivalents in Russian. Linguists of various languages have devoted their works to the study of imitatives, since this, an unusual group of words is of interest to many. They do not bend or conjugate, therefore they are referred to as unchangeable words. The purpose of this work is to consider imitative words as a separate part of speech, since they have a special phonetic form and morphological structure, integral semantic meaning, are actively used in the formation of new words, and act as members of a sentence. It is customary to attribute imitative words to interjections, but the article discusses the allocation of imitative words in Russian as a separate part of speech by some linguists. In addition, in the grammars of the Turkic languages, imitative words are very numerous, and the linguists-Turkologists concluded that it is possible to single them out as a special part of speech. Also, examples of imitative words from works of Kyrgyz literature are given and described, showing their inconsistency in the composition of interjections. Imitative words act as members of a sentence, serve as a derivative basis for the formation of new words.

This article aims to investigate the process of forming ta'r─½b (Arabization) of foreign words into Arabic language and factors influencing the arabization process. The researcher used library research method with historical analysis. Research data sources were a number of literatures that is considered valid and credible. The result of study indicated that ta'r─½b have began in the late 19th century and the taÔÇÖrib phenomenon that occur in Arabic was as a response to the development of civilization although there were pros and cons. Ta'r─½b process of foreign words and terms into Arabic language was carried out in three ways, namely absorption, translation and formation of new words or terms. Absorption of words and terms was usually done by lexicographers, while the translation and formation of new words or terms were mostly done by language institutions. There were several factors that lead to the ta'r─½b process, namely the influence of the power politics, science development carried out by scientists and writers, the influence of globalization, and the spirit of nationalism of Arab society.

The emergence of neologisms has always been an interesting phenomenon as it demonstrates the dynamism of language. This study intends to determine the neologisms during COVID-19 Pandemic through a morphological analysis. This study argues that the neologisms that emerge during the COVID-19 pandemic reveal the morphological processes that formed the new words. It further claims that the morphemic structures of the neologisms follow the general structures of English vocabulary. This study utilizes the descriptive-qualitative design in analyzing the morphological structures of the neologisms during the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, this study involves textual analysis to determine the morphological processes that encompass the formation of new words. The data used in analyzing the morphological structures of COVID-19-related neologisms are five (5) Internet articles that introduce the new terms created because of the corona virus outbreak. These articles were published in the months of March, April and May 2020.Findings reveal that most of the neologisms are nouns. The common morphological process involved in the formation of new words are compounding, blending and affixation. Moreover, majority of the neologisms follow the compound structure of the free and bound morphemes. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the neologisms formed during the COVID-19 pandemic reveal the morphological processes and the morphemic structures of the neologisms follow the general structures of English vocabulary specifically on the combination of free and bound morphemes.

Dynamics of language, its ability to innovate, to create neologisms makes it possible to perform more complex cognitive-discursive functions, contributing to the reflection in the linguistic consciousness of the phenomena that are nominated. Neologic research acquires relevance focused on the occurrence of interactions between the well-established and accepted usage of the system of the Ukrainian language. This interaction reflects the process of harmonisation of the language system and the conceptosphere of modern society that is changing rapidly. Lexical changes in the language system are caused, as it is noted, primarily by extralinguistic factors. Denotation of new objects, events, concepts, realities, new words, new meanings of known words, new phrases are therefore the main characteristic feature in determining the nature of neologisms, new words. Categories of this type are considered by most researchers of neologisms. The formed neologisms as a result of these processes, do not represent new objects and concepts, and are used for names of words that already exist. According to my observations, among the neologisms introduced into the registers of lexicographic works, complex words dominate. The first is the formation of new words based on word-formative possibilities inherent in the language itself. These capabilities are being implemented, but with degrees intensity varying. In the formation of new words one notes a high activity of the prefix нео-, meaning renewal, of the prefix суб-, meaning fitting under something or near something, subordination, etc.

This article investigates the pivotal role of the English language in the creation and dissemination of neologisms across the globe. English, as a dominant international language in areas such as science, technology, business, media, and entertainment, has become a key driver in the formation of new words and expressions. The paper delves into how English, through its widespread use, acts as a source of innovation in vocabulary, influencing both global communication and the evolution of local languages.The study highlights the ways in which English neologisms are adopted, adapted, and integrated into various linguistic and cultural contexts. It examines the impact of technological advancements, such as the internet and social media, in accelerating the spread of English-derived terms worldwide. Additionally, the article explores the phenomenon of code-switching and borrowing, where non-English speaking societies embrace English words, often modifying them to suit local phonetic and syntactic patterns.Furthermore, the article considers the sociocultural and economic factors that facilitate the widespread adoption of English neologisms, such as globalization, transnational corporations, and the global reach of English-language media. Through this exploration, the paper demonstrates the powerful influence of English in shaping modern languages, as well as its role in creating a shared lexicon that transcends national borders and fosters global connectivity. Ultimately, this analysis underscores how English serves not only as a language of communication but also as a tool for linguistic and cultural exchange, driving the creation of new words and expressions that reflect the dynamic, ever-changing nature of global societies.

<p><span lang="IN">This study aims to describe the language variation phenomena in the form of indoglish and idiolect in the Girl Squad public figures on Instagram social media. This research is qualitative research with a qualitative descriptive method. The data in this study are in the form of captions or written expressions on Girl Squad’s Instagram uploads. Data sources were obtained from public social media Instagram of Girl Squad member figures. Data collection techniques are collected through documentation, listening, and note-taking. Data analysis was carried out in the interactive study by classifying data taken in written expressions on the Instagram caption of Girl Squad members who then organized and concluded indoglish languages and Idioms. The result of this study indicates the indoglish phenomenon that occurs in the upload of written expressions on the public Instagram figure of Girl Squad. Also, idiolect was found in several public members of the Girl Squad figure. Indoglish language patterns found include (1) prefix insertions, (2) suffix insertions, and (3) pronouns. Idiolect language patterns found include (1) word emphasis, (2) adaptation, (3) creation or formation of new words, and (4) contemporary language.</span></p>