Universal Process Research Articles

Prior-free imaging unknown target through unknown scattering medium.

Imaging through scattering medium based on deep learning has been extensively studied. However, existing methods mainly utilize paired data-prior and lack physical-process fusion, and it is difficult to reconstruct hidden targets without the trained networks. This paper proposes an unsupervised neural network that integrates the universal physical process. The reconstruction process of the network is irrelevant to the system and only requires one frame speckle pattern and unpaired targets. The proposed network enables online optimization by using physical process instead of fitting data. Thus, large-scale paired data no longer need to be obtained to train the network in advance, and the proposed method does not need prior information. The optimization of the network is a physical-based process rather than a data mapping process, and the proposed method also increases the insufficient generalization ability of the learning-based method in scattering medium and targets. The universal applicability of the proposed method to different optical systems increases the likelihood that the method will be used in practice.

Does Early Exposure to Chinese-English Biliteracy Enhance Cognitive Skills?

Clarifying the effects of biliteracy on cognitive development is important to understanding the role of cognitive development in L2 learning. A substantial body of research has shed light on the cognitive factors contributing to biliteracy development. Yet, not much is known about the effect of the degree of exposure to biliteracy on cognitive functions. To fill this research void, we measured three categories of biliteracy skills (language, reading, and cognitive–linguistic skills in both Chinese and English) jointly and investigated the effects of biliteracy skill performance in these three categories on cognitive skills (working memory and attentional control) in Chinese L1 children who were exposed to English as L2 beginning at age 3 (“early”) or in grade 3 (“late”). In this cross-sectional study, 10 parallel Chinese and English language, reading, and cognitive–linguistic measures were administered to emerging Chinese–English bilingual children in grade 3 (n = 178) and grade 6 (n = 176). The results revealed that early exposure to Chinese–English biliteracy enhanced cognitive skills but with a cost of a slight delay in performance on Chinese L1 language skills in grade 3 (but not in grade 6). Importantly, the present findings suggest that, in addition to universal and developmental processes, the cumulative effect of early and sustained bi-scriptal exposure enhances working memory and attention in school children.

A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DEVELOPMENT PARADIGM

The concept of ‘development’ is one that could be likened to running after a moving train. It is a concept that has been constructed in a particular history, culture and time, linked with industrialization, economic growth, and social transformations through economic, political and social re-arrangements creating a modern ‘state besides over the years the world has been confronted by a number of development challenges. Critical perspectives on development such as post-development, reject the idea of development as a universal necessity, as something desirable and a moral imperative, and as something that the Western world is entitled to bring about in other regions of the world. Post-development argues that the west proclaimed development as a universal and ahistorical process based on its own local experience. The starting point of this paper is the following question: What is the role of the notions of agency and power in the post-development Critique on the development discourse and Practices? Hence through review of the scholar's analysis this paper tries to reflect that development as a eurocentric myth, economic hegemony, economical dependency, legitimacy and power and geopolitical tool which is ruining the social system of development partitioner. Therefore, based on this background, this study will try to analyze the development process according to the power relations between the participants.

Partial exogastrulation due to apical-basal polarity of F-actin distribution disruption in sea urchin embryo by omeprazole.

Gastrulation is a universal process in the morphogenesis of many animal embryos. Although morphological and molecular events in gastrulation have been well studied, the mechanical driving forces and underlying regulatory mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we investigated the gastrulation of embryos of a sea urchin, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus, which involves the invagination of a single‐layered vegetal plate into the blastocoel. We observed that omeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor capable of perturbing the left–right asymmetry of sea urchin embryo, induced “partial exogastrulation” where the secondary invagination proceeds outward. During early gastrulation, intracellular apical–basal polarity of F‐actin distribution in vegetal half was higher than those in animal half, while omeprazole treatment disturbed the apical–basal polarity of F‐actin distribution in vegetal half. Furthermore, gastrulation stopped and even partial exogastrulation did not occur when F‐actin polymerization or degradation in whole embryo was partially inhibited via RhoA or YAP1 knockout. A mathematical model of the early gastrulation reproduced the shapes of both normal and exogastrulating embryos using cell‐dependent cytoskeletal features based on F‐actin. Additionally, such cell position‐dependent intracellular F‐actin distributions might be regulated by intracellular pH distributions. Therefore, apical–basal polarity of F‐actin distribution disrupted by omeprazole may induce the partial exogastrulation via anomalous secondary invagination.

The Dynamic Creativity Framework

Abstract. The dynamic creativity framework (DCF) represents a new theoretical perspective for studying the creativity construct. This framework is based on the dynamic definition of creativity, and it has both theoretical and empirical implications. From a theoretical point of view, we review the characteristics of the dynamic creative process and its extension into the dynamic universal creative process, encompassing creativity at different layers of complexity. We discuss the key concept of creative potential, considering individual, sociocultural, and material viewpoints, and we show how the DCF is instrumental in clarifying the relationship between creativity and intelligence, between creativity and anticipation, as well as in introducing the concept of ‘organic creativity’. From the empirical perspective, we focus on the dynamic creative process broken down into four phases: i) drive, ii) information, iii) idea generation, iv) idea evaluation. We review results obtained through investigations accounting for the dynamic interplay between emotional and cognitive components defining creative performance for each. Experiments were conducted to measure the role of emotions and attention in driving the dynamic process, considering the processing of apparently irrelevant information and the interaction between idea generation and idea evaluation, always taking into account individual differences as measured through personality traits, performance variables, or lifetime achievement. Neurophysiological evidence is considered in discussing dynamic effects in divergent thinking, such as the serial order effect, as well as the possibility to enhance creative potential through neurofeedback. Finally, we report on the effects of different environments on the creative process, highlighting the dynamics produced by context-embeddedness.

Designing for Plurality in Democracy by Building Reflexivity

Designing for Plurality in Democracy by Building Reflexivity

Shared genetic and epigenetic changes link aging and cancer.

Aging is a universal biological process that increases the risk of multiple diseases including cancer. Growing evidence shows that alterations in the genome and epigenome, driven by similar mechanisms, are found in both aged cells and cancer cells. In this review, we detail the genetic and epigenetic changes associated with normal aging and the mechanisms responsible for these changes. By highlighting genetic and epigenetic alterations in the context of tumorigenesis, cancer progression, and the aging tumor microenvironment, we examine the possible impacts of the normal aging process on malignant transformation. Finally, we examine the implications of age-related genetic and epigenetic alterations in both tumors and patients for the treatment of cancer.

SECONDARY NOMINATION AS A WAY OF CREATING POLISH LINGUISTICAL TERMINOLOGY

The aim of this article is to consider the process of secondary nomination in Polish linguistic terminology of Middle Polish (ХVI cen. — 80-th. XVIII cent.) and New Polish (80-th. XVIII cen. — begin. ХХ c.) periods, when did its originate and form. The objects of study are term units, which designate conceptions in the sphere of linguistics, which is fixed in lexicographical and methodological literature of Middle Polish and New Polish periods. The subjects of research are notable secondary nominations as universal dynamic term creative process in the system of linguistic terminology of the Polish language. Common science and special linguistic methods are used in the article. Thanks to induction and deduction, analysis, and synthesis we managed to make a theoretical conclusion systematization of fixed linguistic material. Describing and comparative methods are used for the explanation of the semantic construction of special lexemes, their origin, and functioning. Componential analysis is used for finding common components of term units meaning, which were created using secondary nomination. During the research, we got to the conclusion, that the most productive type of secondary nomination was terminologization. Among terminologizated lexemes, we isolate the names of grammatical categories, which formed the core of researched terminology and helped to form derivative nominations. The process of secondary nomination comes forward as a result of the development of a linguistical term system in the Polish language, caused by the realization of cognitive function of the language, generalization of science experience, and deepening of existing knowledge about linguistic notions. The perspective of the research are in comparative studying of semantic processes in linguistic terminologies of Polish and other Slavic languages.

Automated variable power cold microwave tissue processing: A novel universal tissue processing protocol without using formaldehyde and xylene

The tissue processing technique is used to preserve the biological structure of tissue samples harvested from biopsy as closely as possible to their in vivo state for the diagnoses and study of disease on the cellular level. This process includes fixation, dehydration, clearing, paraffin infiltration. The protocol follows paraffin block embedding, microtome slicing, staining, and microscope slide studying. Tissue processing is a time-sensitive task as histopathologists must rapidly prevent the decomposition of tissue samples and promptly provide diagnoses on time. However, there are different tissue processing protocols for processing tissues with different types and sizes. Fatty tissues and tissues thicker than 1.5 mm are more susceptible to human errors when choosing a proper tissue processing protocol when preparing separate batches of tissues. In this research, a novel automated variable power cold microwave tissue processor was developed using a universal tissue processing protocol (processing time of 97 min) to simultaneously process all tissue types up to 4 mm in thickness. The tissue processor operated with a relatively smaller number of reagents without formaldehyde or xylene. These materials cause severe health and safety issues for humans and the environment. The quality of healthy and diseased processed tissues (sizes 1×1×1 to 24×15×4 mm) of fatty, thyroid, breast, placenta, skin, prostate, stomach, and bladder was examined under a light microscope by defining MAS (morphology, artifacts, and staining) criteria for evaluating cellular details, tissue arrangement, tissue integrity, stain uptake, and visual distinction of a tissue structure in light microscopy. It was found that the new tissue processor has successfully processed both healthy and diseased fatty and nonfatty tissue samples, while all tissue samples also met MAS criteria. Light microscopy showed outstanding integrity and arrangement in the tissue structures with an excellent visual distinction.

Surface modification of Na0.44MnO2 via a nonaqueous solution-assisted coating for ultra-Stable and High-Rate sodium-ion batteries

• AlPO 4 -coated Na 0.44 MnO 2 is firstly prepared by a nonaqueous solution-assisted technique. • AlPO 4 coating could facilitate the interfacial charge transfer reactions and accelerate the insertion/extraction process of Na. + • The coated samples show excellent rate performance and thermal ability. • Fast charging ability makes it viable for practical applications. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) provide an attractive option for large-scale electrochemical energy storage applications. However, the approach to realize highly reversible cathode materials needs further exploration. Our work adopts a universal nonaqueous solution process in coating functional Al-PO 4 layer on cathode material Na 0.44 MnO 2 (NMO) for SIBs. Surface modification of NMO by AlPO 4 coating layer facilitates the interfacial charge transfer reactions and enhances pseudocapacitance's contribution. The optimized 0.5 wt% AlPO 4 -coated Na 0.44 MnO 2 (0.5 wt% AP-NMO) exhibits an enhanced capacity retention ratio of 80.3% after 500 cycles at 5 C (1 C=120 mA g −1 ) and a higher discharge capacity of 92 mAh g −1 at 10 C (1200 mA g −1 ). In addition, it can release a reversible capacity of 42 mAh g −1 at an ultra-high current density of 50 C (6000 mA g −1 ) and maintain 76% of the initial capacity after 2000 cycles. The coated materials also show extraordinary electrochemical stability at 60 °C. This research paves a way to apply an effective surface modification technique for enhancing transition metal oxide cathodes for SIBs.

Universality, criticality and complexity of information propagation in social media

Statistical laws of information avalanches in social media appear, at least according to existing empirical studies, not robust across systems. As a consequence, radically different processes may represent plausible driving mechanisms for information propagation. Here, we analyze almost one billion time-stamped events collected from several online platforms – including Telegram, Twitter and Weibo – over observation windows longer than ten years, and show that the propagation of information in social media is a universal and critical process. Universality arises from the observation of identical macroscopic patterns across platforms, irrespective of the details of the specific system at hand. Critical behavior is deduced from the power-law distributions, and corresponding hyperscaling relations, characterizing size and duration of avalanches of information. Statistical testing on our data indicates that a mixture of simple and complex contagion characterizes the propagation of information in social media. Data suggest that the complexity of the process is correlated with the semantic content of the information that is propagated.

Self-Propelled Motion of an Oil Droplet Containing a Phospholipid and its Stability in Collectivity

Collective cell migration (CCM) is a universal process that is responsible for various biological phenomena in living organisms. Therefore, unraveling the mechanism of CCM is critical for understanding the principles underlying such processes and for their application in biomaterials and biomedical science. Among these phenomena, unjamming/jamming transitions are particularly intriguing as they are controlled by three factors: cell motility, cell density, and cell–cell adhesion. However, there is no experimental system to independently demonstrate and control these effects. In this study, we added 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) to a nitrobenzene droplet containing KI and I2 to develop a prototype system that shows self-propelled motion in an aqueous trimethylstearylammonium chloride (TSAC) solution. First, we explored the relationship between the motility of the droplet and experimental parameters, namely, the concentrations of TSAC, I2, and DMPC and droplet size. The droplet showed directional motion driven by Marangoni convection owing to a solubilization promoted by the formation of mixed micelles filled with oil between DMPC and TSA+; notably, droplet motility could be controlled by each parameter. Furthermore, the interfacial tension (γ) at the oil–water interface, measured using the pendant drop method, indicated that each parameter contributed to changes in γ. Based on our experimental results, we inferred that the dynamics of the insertion of TSA+ in the aqueous phase into the self-assembled DMPC membrane covering the nitrobenzene droplet, as well as the solubilization, are important factors that trigger Marangoni convection and lead to controlled droplet motility. Furthermore, the developed droplets remained stable in a confluent state, wherein they were in contact with each other and exhibited various polygonal shapes depending on their size and density because they were protected by a robust self-assembled DMPC membrane layer. The results indicated that the density and the morphology of the droplets are controllable in this system, and that they indirectly altered droplet adhesion. Thus, we procured a prototype system that could be controlled independently using three parameters to elucidate phase transition for CCM. This system can be biomodified through the combination of phospholipids with any biomolecule and can enable a more precise evaluation of the CCM exhibited by living cells.

A possible solution to the Milky Way’s binary-deficient retrograde stellar population

Context. The fraction of field binaries on retrograde orbits about the Milky Way is significantly lower compared to its prograde counterpart. Chemical and dynamical evidence suggests that the retrograde stellar population originates from ω Centauri, which is either the most massive globular cluster (GC) of the Milky Way or the putative core of a former dwarf galaxy. Aims. Star formation conditions required to produce the retrograde binary population are constrained assuming that the retrograde stellar population originates from ω Centauri’s progenitor. Methods. We match the observed low binary fraction with dynamical population synthesis models, including a universal initial binary population and dynamical processing in star clusters, making use of the publicly available binary population synthesis tool BIPOS1. Results. It is found that either the GC progenitor of ω Cen must have formed with a stellar density of ≈108 M⊙ pc−3 or the ω Centauri dwarf galaxy’s progenitor star cluster population must have formed in an extreme starburst with a star formation rate exceeding 1000 M⊙ yr−1 and probably a top-heavy embedded-cluster mass function with suppressed low-mass cluster formation. The separation and mass-ratio distribution for retrograde field binaries are predicted for comparison with future observations. Conclusions. A viable solution for the deficiency of binaries on retrograde orbits is presented, and star formation conditions for ω Centauri as well as orbital parameter distributions for the Milky Way’s retrograde binary population are predicted. The dwarf galaxy origin for ω Centauri is tentatively preferred within the present context.

Gravitational Waves: The Theorist’s Swiss Knife

Gravitational waves provide a novel and powerful way to test astrophysical models of compact objects, early universe processes, beyond the Standard Model particle physics, dark matter candidates, Einstein’s theory of General Relativity and extended gravity models, and even quantum gravity candidate theories. A short introduction to the gravitational-wave background and the method we are using to detect it will be presented. Constraints on various astrophysical/cosmological models from the non-detectability of the gravitational-wave background will be discussed. Gravitational waves from transients will be highlighted and their physical implications will be summarised.

A Study to Assess the Effect of Hot Water Foot Bath Therapy on the Quality of Sleep among Elderly Patients Admitted in Hanagal Shree Kumareshwar Hospital and Research Centre, Bagalkot

Background of the Study: Sleep is the basic need of every human being and it is the universal biological process for all human beings. Sleep trouble is one of the most common current manifestations among elders. Objectives To assess the quality of sleep among elderly patients in both control and experimental group To determine the effectiveness of hot water foot bath therapy by comparing post interventional quality of sleep scores between experimental and control groups. Method: True experimental research design with 2 group design was used. The total 50 subjects were selected through convenient sampling technique divided into 2 groups; 25each as experimental and control groups assigned through simple randomized sampling. Data was collected by means of structured questionnaire by interview schedule and the tool used was PSQI tool. Data was analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistical in terms of mean, frequency distribution, percentage, t test and Fisher’s exact test. Results: In overall pre-test mean scores was 2.12±0.23 (21.22%) in the experimental group and in the control group, overall pre-test mean score was 1.18±0.337(11.88%). The pre test Knowledge score was not Statistically Significant between the Experimental and control group. T value (r=1.076) was higher than p value (0.647): H1 is accepted hence hot water foot bath therapy was effective. Fisher’s exact test was revealed that with the pre and post test scores were statistically not significant in both the groups. Conclusion: The study proved that hot water foot bath therapy on quality of sleep among elderly patients attending the OPD and IPD is scientific, logical and cost-effective strategy. Keywords: Effectiveness, Quality of Sleep, foot bath therapy, elderly patients.

Co-created employer brands: the interplay of strategy and identity

PurposeThe study aims to explore strategic employer brand management by combining experiences of multiple organizations. In particular, the purpose is to identify what strategic management processes managers consider relevant to employer brand management for small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).Design/methodology/approachThis study took an inductive approach, observing a practitioner project in Sweden. The data were gathered during four full-day workshops, where 14 SMEs from different industries were chosen to participate and to actively work their employer brand(ing) activities.FindingsThe results show that organizations have difficulty understanding and comparing employer branding practices, and thus, evaluating their own brand. The major themes show that organizations have two focus points for their employer branding work: building strategic structures (processes) on one hand, and a collective identity that aligns with the brand values, on the other. However, organizations differ in these dimensions, affecting what needs to be done to become successful.Originality/valueThis contributes to the limited knowledge about employer branding, human resources development (HRD) and SMEs. In addition, most of the previous studies have neglected to take into account the differences between organizations, approaching employer branding as a universal process. This paper summarizes different positions for employer brands that affect strategy: the unmanaged, the non-strategic, the impersonal and finally, the co-created. Co-creation can be facilitated with the help of constructive and collaborative HRD. Then, it can be turned into a dynamic capability that builds competitive advantage.

Yinyangism: Rethinking Western Dualism Regarding Sex and Gender

Much has been written in the West about sex and gender in the last one hundred years. It is perhaps to be expected that characteristic Western dualist approaches on this topic be quite different from the Chinese organic approach implied in yin and yang. Owing, evidently, to different socio-cultural worldviews, gender inequality, feminism and patriarchy are the subjects of very different definitions in the West and in China/Asia. Where the former underscores opposition between the genders’ different realities and advocates for “diametric equality”, the latter emphasises complementarity and is thus more predisposed to consider gender difference in what might be called “symbiotic inequality”. Thus, it would be misleading to assume that researchers around the world readily accept Western paradigms regarding this issue. Using a sociological method, this essay aims to establish that concepts like patriarchy and feminism are not subject to unanimous presumptions based on Western models, and are therefore not practical concepts with which to design universal analytical processes or to create a dominant ethos. It further proposes the introduction of “yinyangism” as a new, more apt conceptual framework that will consider the male-female relation as a complementary one. The aim is to have yinyangism studied as a more productive stage in the evolution of sex and gender discourse, one whereby the natural differences between the male and the female will be recognised not in adversarial terms, but complementary ones. The resulting social environment will be one where individuals of different genders are not necessarily expected to perform the same objective functions in society, but rather have their mutual inequality act as a reservoir of differentiated skills that complement each other in different ways and actually produce a “mutual” or “symbiotic” equality.

Effects of Polyphenols in Aging and Neurodegeneration Associated with Oxidative Stress.

Aging is defined as the functional loss of tissues and organs over time. This is a biological, irreversible, progressive, and universal process that results from genetic and environmental factors, such as diet, physical activity, smoking, harmful alcohol consumption, and exposure to toxins, among others. Aging is a consequence of molecular and cellular damage built up over time. This damage begins with a gradual decrease in physical and mental capacity, thus increasing the risk of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Neuronal, functional, and structural damage can be explained by an imbalance among free radicals, reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, and antioxidants, which finally lead to oxidative stress. Due to the key role of free radicals, reactive oxygen species, and reactive nitrogen species, antioxidant therapy may reduce the oxidative damage associated with neurodegeneration. Exogenous antioxidants are molecules that may help maintain the balance between the formation and elimination of free radicals, thus protecting the cell from their toxicity. Among them, polyphenols are a broad group of secondary plant metabolites with potent antioxidant properties. Here, we review several studies that show the potential role of polyphenol consumption to prevent, or slow down, harmful oxidative processes linked to neurodegenerative disorders.

Fracture Toughness of Free-Standing ZrSix Thin Films Measured Using Crack-on-a-Chip Method

In this work, we experimentally measure fracture toughness of free-standing zirconium ZrSiₓ thin films using the crack-on-a-chip method. In this method, fracture toughness is determined from the analysis of cracks, which propagate and arrest in specially designed free-standing test structures. The test structures use a well-known double cantilever beam geometry, which enables crack arrest, and don't require any external force actuation, but instead rely on the internal tensile stress of the tested thin film. To produce the ZrSiₓ test structures, a universal fabrication process was developed and used, which avoids typical issues related to etch selectivity and that can be readily applied for other thin film materials. Unlike in previous studies, which used the crack-on-a-chip method, in this work crack initiation was triggered only after the test structures were fully fabricated, which allowed to avoid the influence of the fabrication process on the extracted toughness values. For this, blunt pre-cracks included in the structures were ``sharpened'' using focused ion beam, which resulted in rapid crack propagation and subsequent crack arrest. Mechanical analysis done by a finite element method to extract the values of fracture toughness, showed that buckling of the free-standing thin film test structures has a strong influence on the results of fracture toughness calculations and therefore cannot be ignored. The fracture toughness of ZrSiₓ thin films was determined to be 2.1±0.13 MPa*m <formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex> $^{0.5}$ </tex> </formula> .

Shared vs. private aesthetic tastes: The cognitive and neural mechanisms

<p id="p00005">Shared and private aesthetic tastes represent universal and idiosyncratic aesthetic processing, respectively. The new trending that combines both aesthetic tastes are challenging pre-existing “universal” aesthetic principles. Previous research focused mainly on whether aesthetic principles were statistically universal, neglecting the fact that aesthetic attributes can cause different reactions among individuals. This contradictory relationship between generality and particularity concerns one long-standing but essential topic in aesthetics: is beauty universal and objective or idiosyncratic and highly subjective? If an aesthetic principle is only based on the average aesthetic judgment and is able to ignore the differences of aesthetic experience among individuals, can such an aesthetic principle support the proposition that "beauty is universal"? This is a reflection on empirical aesthetics brought by research on aesthetic tastes. Therefore, if private taste does play a role in aesthetic tastes, then there's no doubt that future studies on empirical aesthetics will have to take into consideration both dependent variables: the average aesthetic reactions and the extent to which such aesthetic reactions differ among individuals. Recent studies on aesthetic tastes have revealed many factors that can modulate the relative weights between shared and private tastes, the most typical of which is stimulus domain. Studies have shown that the proportion of shared taste in artificial stimuli (such as architecture and art) is less than that in natural stimuli (such as faces and landscapes). Other studies further demonstrated that high-level object categories (e.g., faces vs landscapes) can override aesthetic principles based on low-level stimulus features (e.g., symmetry). Besides stimulus domain, other factors, including expertise, cultural backgrounds, previous experience and age, can affect the relative weights between shared and private tastes. Recent fMRI and EEG studies have explored the neural mechanisms of shared and private aesthetic tastes, the basis of which includes sensory pathways and the reward system. Similar sensory “impressions” among individuals triggered by the same aesthetic stimuli may be the prerequisite that aesthetic responses share some commonality among individuals. Meanwhile, the reward system, especially medial orbitofrontal cortex(mOFC), shows homologous activation patterns across different stimulus domains. Therefore, both sensory pathways and the reward system might be the neural basis of shared aesthetic taste. What’s more, studies found that default-mode network (DMN) are suppressed in a task requiring external focus, and are engaged in tasks requiring internally directed thought, such as autobiographical memory and autistic thinking. Given that DMN is typically activated in self-directed thinking, it is possible that DMN is more related to individual differences in aesthetic responses, and plays a more important role in private aesthetic tastes. Furthermore, take example for the PIA model and the VIMAP model, contemporary aesthetic processing models still owe an explanation for aesthetic tastes. And it is yet to clear how different aesthetic processing stages lead to changes in relative weights between shared and private tastes. Two completely opposite predictions and explanations can be reached by these models. The first one is that early stages in aesthetic models are driven more by stimuli, thus leading to more homogeneity in aesthetic responses and greater proportion of shared taste due to the objectivity of stimulus characteristics; in contrast, late aesthetic stages are driven more by perceivers, leading to more proportion of private taste. The other one also makes some sense: in stimulus-driven stages, the general “gist” formed by different perceivers can also be heterogeneous because at these stages individuals process the stimuli incompletely and insufficiently. However, in perceiver-driven stages, individuals process stimuli more intactly and sufficiently, thus it is possible that in these stages perceivers have more similar impressions of the targeted stimuli, resulting in higher proportions of shared taste. In the future, more relevant studies are required to expand stimulus domain of aesthetic evaluation and to explore the corresponding relationship between aesthetic tastes and different aesthetic processing stages.