Translation Procedure Research Articles

The Italian Version of the Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire (MHQ): Translation, Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation.

Background: Patient-reported outcome measures are largely used in clinical practice and scientific community. Michigan hand questionnaire (MHQ) is widely recognized as a standardized reliable instrument for the assessment of any kind of hand disorders. Aim of the study: translation, cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Italian version of MHQ. Methods: The study was composed by two phases. Phase 1 consisted in translation and cross-cultural adaptation of MHQ, from original language version (English) into Italian, according to the standard procedure of translation and back translation. The final Italian version of MHQ was tested on 136 Italian patients with hand disorders (Phase 2), in addition to Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) questionnaire, Visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain assessment and grip strength, to psychometric properties of the new version, 55 patients repeated the questionnaire after 7 days for test-retest to assess the reproducibility of the questionnaire. All data were subsequently analyzed (descriptive statistics, multitrait analysis, reliability and construct validity assessment). Results: Phase 1 was performed without major problems, thus the final Italian version was approved for Phase 2. The questionnaire was clear and easily understood (missing data 0-2.9%). Multitrait analysis brought very good results for each outcome measure. High reliability (Cronbach's alpha: 0.91-0.99) and very good reproducibility (Intraclass correlation coefficients: 0.83-0.98) were revealed. High to moderate correlation was found between MHQ and DASH, grip strength and VAS. Conclusions: The Italian version of MHQ has demonstrated to be reliable and valid.

Validation of the Kazakh-language version of the World Health Organization's WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire on the quality of life among the elderly population of Aktobe city

Introduction. In Kazakhstan, as the phenomenon of population aging becomes more and more relevant, an increasing number of researchers in the field of medicine are studying health-related problems that arise at this age. During these studies, many scientists are wondering: how to accurately measure the quality of life of older people? In our country, the most used tools for conducting this assessment are the SF-36 questionnaire, while the widely used worldwide tools WHOQOL-100 and its short version WHOQOL-BREF are rarely evaluated and used in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the psychometric properties of the Kazakh-language version of the World Health Organization's Short Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF) in a pilot study. Material and methods. The WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire was subjected to translation procedures according to the instructions of WHOQOL (WHO) and a pilot study was conducted in a group of elderly respondents (>60 years old) living in the city of Aktobe. The WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire consists of 26 questions, which are divided into 4 areas (physical health, emotional health, social factors, environment). The reliability and validity of the questionnaire was evaluated with the determination of the Alpha-Cronbach's index, as well as the assessment of the intra-class correlation (ICC). The statistical significance was set at 0.05. The software package SPSS v. 10.0 was used for the analysis. Results. The average age of the participants was 67.3±5.03 years, and the overall WHOQOL-BREF score was 76.02 ±11.86. Overall, 60% of the participants were women. The alpha values for each of the spheres and the overall index (> 0.70) and the overall correlation of the elements were satisfactory. The confirmatory analysis of the intra-class correlation showed high ICC values (more than 0.74) for each of the spheres. Conclusion. The psychometric properties of the Kazakh version of WHOQOL-BREF were acceptable.

Exploring Autobiographical Memory Functions in Korean Older Adults: Development and Application of the Korean Version of Thinking About Life Experiences Scale

Objective: The aim of this study was to develop a Korean version of the Thinking About Life Experiences (TALE-K) scale and to analyze the characteristics of autobiographical memory function (AMF) in community-dwelling older adults. Methods: To develop TALE-K, a translation and back-translation procedure followed by an understanding test was performed. Then, a survey was conducted to examine the associations of AMF with psychosocial variables using TALE-K, Index of Well-Being (IWB), Meaning in Life Scale for older adults, Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale, Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey, and Brief Resilience Scale. Results: Data from 75 community-dwelling older adults were used for the final analysis. The average scores of all three subscales of TALE-K were below 3 points (less frequent than occasionally). The correlation results showed that TALE-K total score was significantly associated with IWB and the Meaning in life scale for older adults. The multiple linear regression results presented that higher AMF was significantly associated with higher IWB, along with having siblings, higher meaning in life and resilience, and lower loneliness. Conclusion: Including a validation study of TALE-K, studies for understanding the characteristics of AMF in older adults using TALE-K are needed.

Challenges in translating Indonesian reduplication into English

The articles reflects how reduplication matters in the process of transferring meaning from the source language into the closest equivalent meaning in the target language. Indonesian reduplications are varied in their types and meaning that cover reduplications of verbs, nouns and adjectives and each has its own function such to indicate plurality in reduplicated noun, to indicate repeated action, to convey intensity, to emphasise or to form other meaning from the root. This study aims at investigating the types of Indonesian reduplication and the types of translation procedures applied in retaining the meaning of Indonesian reduplication into English as the target language. Descriptive translation study is applied as it provides a method for the description of language use in translation in the form of parallel corpora. The results show that the types of Indonesian reduplication are: full reduplication, partial reduplication and reduplication (stem and affix), and the translation procedures found are couplet, equivalent, modulation, and synonymy. This study gives the implication that in translating Indonesian reduplication into English; the translator should fully comprehend the meaning of the reduplicated word in the source language before defining its equivalent in the target language in order not to distort the meaning being expressed in the source language when it is transferred into the target language

From the original article to the summary for patients: Reformulation procedures in intralingual translation

The wider access to information and the tendency toward patient education have increased the demand for medical texts aimed at a wide, non-specialized, heterogeneous audience. In this context, it is essential to know what procedures are required to make specialized knowledge accessible to non-experts. This paper presents a corpus-based exploratory study that describes the procedures employed to reformulate, intralingually, medical knowledge from a highly specialized genre, the original article (OA), into a genre derived directly from it but addressed to laymen, namely, the summary for patients (SP). The linguistic and textual changes that take place when translating an OA into an SP are taken as the basis for explaining the reformulation procedures used. The results of the study contribute to the characterization of the SP from a text genre perspective, and provide keys to writing and reformulating for both medical translators and experts in the field, who are often called upon to carry out these intralingual translations.

Semic verbalisation: A systematic procedure for the replication of meaning in translating lexical items

The purpose of this article is to introduce a systematic translation procedure called Semic Verbalisation (SV), which draws on componential analysis so as to first lexicalise and then translate a word's sense components. While construing a hybrid denotational-mentalistic conception of meaning, a series of steps will be formulated that are useful for solving various prac-tical translation problems. The procedure is based on philosophy of lan-guage (Russell, Tarski, Frege, Quine and Wittgenstein), linguistics (Katz & Fodor) and translation studies (in particular Newmark). Its practical appli-cations for translation studies will be illustrated, and, in the discussion, its advanta ges and drawbacks will be scrutinised from both a theoretical and a practical perspective

Assessment of executive functions in older adults: Translation and initial validation of the Swedish version of the Frontal Assessment Battery, FAB-Swe

Objectives The Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) is a screening test for executive functions. The purpose of this study was to describe the translation process and to make an initial evaluation of the reliability and convergent validity of the Swedish version of the FAB, the FAB-Swe. Methods The FAB-Swe was translated and adapted to Swedish using a translation and back-translation procedure. Seventy community-dwelling participants aged 65 years or older participated. Participants completed the FAB-Swe, the Mini-Mental State Examination – Swedish Revision (MMSE-SR), three established tests of executive functions (FAS, Trail Making Test—part B [TMT-B] and Stroop), and self-ratings of executive abilities. Reliability of the FAB-Swe was measured using Cronbach’s alpha. Convergent validity was measured using Spearman’s rank correlation. Results Internal consistency was moderately high (.675). Statistically significant correlations were found between the FAB-Swe and MMSE-SR, FAS, TMT-B, Stroop, and education. No significant correlations were found between the FAB-Swe and age or self-rated executive functioning. Conclusions This study indicates that the FAB-Swe has acceptable reliability and convergent validity. Further normative studies are needed to further investigate the effect of age and educational level. Studies are also needed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy in clinical populations.

Directive illocutionary acts ‘suggest’ and its translation found in the novel new moon

The aim of this research is to determine the translation procedures of directive illocutionary acts ‘order’ found in the novel New Moon translated into Indonesian. The method in collecting the data using several steps, such as: note-taking, identifying the data, arranging the data, and classifying the data in the form of a table. The analysis uses the theory of translation procedures proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet in Venuti (2000) and the theory of directive illocutionary acts that are proposed by Searle (1969). The finding of the research is that there is directive illocutionary acts ‘suggest’ found in the novel “New Moon.” Secondly, the types of translation procedures that are found in the novel are only two out of seven procedures obtained from the novel namely; literal translation, and transposition.

Nutritional Knowledge and Eating Habits of the National Brazilian Futsal Team

Introduction: Futsal is a sport that requires nutritional support to support the high-energy expenditure and significant loss of fluids and electrolytes during training and matches. It is important that high-level athletes follow appropriate, evidence-based nutrition. To our knowledge, there is a lack of data on the eating habits and nutrition knowledge of Futsal players. Therefore, this study aims to describe the nutritional knowledge and eating habits of players of the national Brazilian Futsal Team. A secondary aim was to translate the Abridged Nutrition for Sport Questionnaire into Portuguese for use in Portuguese-speaking athletes. Material and methods: This is a cross-sectional and descriptive study. The evaluations were carried out during the preparation period of the Brazilian Futsal Team for the FIFA Futsal World Cup 2020 qualifiers. We evaluated anthropometry (weight, height, body mass index) nutritional knowledge (assessed using a translated version of the Abridged Nutrition for Sport Knowledge Questionnaire) and eating habits (assessed using a validated Brazilian FFQ), as well as supplement use. The translation of the ANSKQ was undertaken using previous validated forward-backward translation procedures. Results: The mean total correct score on the ANSKQ was 12 out of a possible 35 (34.45%). The mean total correct score on the ANSKQ was 12 out of a possible 35 (34.45%). Players had a statistically significantly higher score for “General Nutrition” knowledge than Sports Nutrition Knowledge (47.27% vs 28.53%, p<0.005). Futsal players had infrequent consumption of the food group "Milk and dairy products", and frequent consumption of "Snacks" as well as fruits. Regarding dietary supplements, 46% of athletes said they consume, or previously consumed, with Whey Protein being the most common supplement. Conclusions: There is room from improvement in athletes nutrition knowledge, especially sports specific knowledge. Futsal players may also require education on appropriate supplement use and dietary intake.

Freshman Students’ Motivated Behavior Indicators in EAP Courses

Attendance, L2 motivation, and language learning achievement indicators were pursued in a EAP course at a Civil Engineering Department for freshman students . Quantitative methodology via motivated behavior scale, first midterm grades and attendance was employed. The survey instrument was translated into Turkish, and both translation and back translation procedures were conducted to ensure the content validity of the instruments. The study was conducted at a state university in the North of Turkey, with 45 participants. These participants were 1st year students between the ages of 18 and 22. All of the participants -at the time of data collection- were A1 level students, as measured according to descriptors proposed in the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (Council of Europe, 2001). The quantitative data were analyzed through SPSS Statistics. Parametric tests were employed as the data showed a normal distribution. Both descriptive statistics and inferential analysis including Independent Samples T-test, One-way ANOVA, Pearson Correlation were applied and conclusions were drawn. The results demonstrated that the freshman learners in the educational context had medium level L2 learning motivation. Female students were a little more successful in their language achievement compared to male students. While motivation had a big impact on language learning achievement and was central in the interplay between the variables, absence had no effect at all. The higher was the motivation, the higher were the grades. This study concludes that achievement is stimulated by motivation

Adaptation of the Parentification Questionnaire for the Brazilian Context

Abstract Parentification involves a role reversal phenomenon between family subsystems, including role distortions and hierarchy inversion. The purpose of this study was to adapt and search for validity evidence of the Parentification Questionnaire for the Brazilian context. After translation procedures, the authors applied the instrument in 868 adults of four geographic regions of Brazil, of which 55.4 percent were women. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed the solution of three parentification factors (i.e., emotional parenting, instrumental parenting and perceived unfairness) as adequate, with satisfactory internal consistency rates, following the construct theory. As expected, the authors also found relations with other variables; for example, people who presented parentification indicators in their speeches displayed higher levels in the three factors of the construct; while women displayed higher levels of parentification than men. The Brazilian version of the instrument showed satisfactory validity evidence and appropriate reliability indicators.

The translation evaluation of google translation

Machine translation (MT) offers great assistantship when people have difficulties in understanding or comprehend text of their non-native language both in spoken and written language. One kind of machine translation is Google Translation that can be got on their hand just by using mobile phone. This machine can help people to translate the text from one language to another one, in short time. This study aims at finding out the translation procedures found in the translation product by Google Translation and analyzing the errors occurred in Google Translation product.
 The data of this study are in the form of written data taken from a bilingual children story book of archipelago legend, which consists of 100 lines. There is a source language text in Bahasa Indonesia which is translated into English by using Google translation. The texts are chosen as it contains several sentences that are constructed by paying attention on the rhyme of ending sounds. The data of this study were analyzed through qualitative method. The translation results were analyzed based on translation procedures proposed by Vinay and Dalbernet (1989).
 Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that translation procedures used by Google Translation found in the data source are borrowing, calque, literal, transposition, modulation, equivalence, and adaptation. The most dominant type of translation procedure is literal translation. It has the highest frequency data; with a total of 50 data (50 %). Some errors are found in the result of Google translation. They are the errors in the use of pronoun, the use of plural and singular noun and inconsistency in the translation of name. Those errors are caused by limitation of machine in detecting the context of the text. Thus, the translated text is incoherent.

The Translation of Cultural Terms in The Balinese Folktales

This study is entitled “The Translation of Cultural Terms in The Balinese Folktales”. This study is aimed at to identify the categories of cultural words and describe about translation procedure. The data were taken directly from Balinese Folktales in internet. Documentation method was used as the method in collecting data; finding the cultural words, note taking and classifying. In analyzing the data, qualitative method was applied. In presenting the analysis, this study used descriptive method. The main theory was proposed by Newmark (1988:95). There was also the other theory by Newmark (1988:45) as the theory of translation procedures. The results of this study showed that the most used types of cultural words found in this study were ecology, material culture and social culture. In connection with translation procedure, there were only three types of translation procedure found in Balinese folktales. The translation procedures used were Literal translation, cultural equivalent, and descriptive equivalent. By translating books from Balinese to English can make other people who read and learn about Balinese culture understand easily. Also, it is the media to introduce Balinese culture to the world.

The Translation Procedure of Tourism Terms in Garuda Indonesia Inflight Magazine: Colours

This study discussed about English-Indonesian articles in Colours Magazine that consists of tourism terms found in the article and translation procedures used by the translator in translating the articles. The data was taken from a magazine entitled Colours. The writer used three English-Indonesian tourism articles of April and December 2019 editions as research objects. The data was collected through library research and used qualitative and descriptive method for data analysis. The theory of translation procedure by Newmark (1988) and Gui Lohmann and tourism terms by Lohman & Netto (2017) were used to analyze the data. The result of this analysis shows that there are 7 types of tourism terms found, those are hospitality, entertainment, recreation, food and beverages, events, landscape, and authenticity in tourism and 7 procedures of translation found in this analysis namely, transference, naturalization, cultural equivalent, descriptive equivalent, reduction & expansion, shift/transposition, and couplets.

Le Propre et l’Étranger : le problème de la traduction de la littérature de jeunesse française en ukrainien

The translation of children’s literature has certain specificities because it must be subject to several constraints: taking into account the double recipient in children’s literature (child and adult), the educational purpose, the diastratic variation, etc. Wonderful Neighbors (2016) by Hélène Lasserre is a children’s book about difference, tolerance and living together. The gap between French and Ukrainian cultures leads to problems with the perception of socio-cultural realia by readers of the target language who sometimes misunderstand or even reject them. In this intervention, we analyze the perception of the album by the readership of the source and target culture based on the comments of the readers which will allow understanding the editorial strategies and the choices of translation procedures made by the translators. In particular, we study the text-image relationships and the influence of extralinguistic factors on the lexical level. In a second step, it is necessary to analyze the role of the educational purpose which may provide for certain censorship of children’s text to which the translator must obey in order to meet the demands of a publisher and his/her readership.

Psychometric evaluation of medication safety competence scale for clinical nurses

BackgroundNurses are the most important members of the health care system for medication safety, there are few tools to evaluate their medication safety competence. This study aimed to translate the Medication Safety Competence Scale into Chinese and validate its reliability and validity among clinical nurses.MethodsA total of 894 clinical nurses were recruited from three cities in China. The original version of the Medication Safety Competence Scale was translated into Chinese using the backward and forward translation procedure. The reliability of the scale was measured by internal consistency, split-half reliability, and stability. The validity of the scale was assessed by the content validity index, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis.ResultsThe Cronbach’s coefficient of the scale was 0.940, and the coefficient values for the six domains ranged between 0.843 and 0.948. The split-half reliability and stability were 0.671 and 0.703, respectively. The content validity index of the scale was 0.952. The 6-factor structure, supported by the eigenvalues, total variance explained, and scree plot accounted for 71.485 % of the total variance. Moreover, as a result of the confirmatory factor analysis, the average variance extracted values were 0.55 to 0.70, and the model fitting indexes were all in the acceptable range.ConclusionsThe Chinese version of the Medication Safety Competence Scale had ideal reliability and validity among clinical nurses. The evaluation results of the scale can provide a reference for nursing managers to formulate education plans and intervention measures to improve clinical nurses’ safe medication competence.

Cross-cultural adaptation, reliability, and validity of the Turkish Adult Sensory Processing Scale

Introduction Sensory processing is crucial to adaptive behavioural responses in occupational therapy. Nevertheless, information on sensory processing in adults is limited. The Adult Sensory Processing Scale (ASPS) measures behavioural responses indicative of sensory processing in different sensory systems. The study aimed to examine the cultural adaptation, reliability and validity of the ASPS-Turkish (ASPS-T). Methods The ASPS-T was administered to 405 individuals, who were aged 18 to 64 (38.5 ± 11.4) years. The cross-cultural adaptation and translation procedures were conducted following Beaton’s guidelines. Internal consistency was examined by Cronbach’s alpha. Criterion-related validity of the ASPS was determined by the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile using Construct validity and was examined by confirmatory factor analysis using AMOS. Results The study included 405 participants (271 female and 134 male). Exploratory factor analysis with varimax rotation determined 11 factors with 55.15% total variance. In confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), model fit indices showed an acceptable fit. The reliability of the scale was 0.834, and test–retest reliability changed from 0.94 to 0.99, illustrating high internal consistency and excellent reliability of the scale. Conclusions The ASPS-T is reliable and valid for analysing sensory processing patterns of adults in the Turkish population.

Translation strategy and procedure analysis: a cultural perspective

ABSTRACT Translation scholars have investigated culture as a problematic issue for both novice and professional translators. Within this line of research, the present study focuses on students’ use of translation strategies and procedures when rendering English cultural references into Arabic. A questionnaire and a translation task were used to track the students’ behaviors during the translation process. The sample of the study was composed of forty undergraduates in English as a foreign language aged 22–24 in their final year of studies. The findings revealed low percentages of students using translation strategies and inadequate use of translation procedures, which may lie behind students’ failure to meet the standards of accepted translation set by the study. Their translation could not reflect a full understanding of the writer’s intention and recognize the boundary of the ST meanings. The study puts forth a model for translation strategy and procedure analysis that can be applied to a translation course to tackle the students’ deficiencies in strategic and cultural competences.

Translation, Cross-Cultural Adaptation, Validity, and Reliability of the Indonesian Version of the IKDC Subjective Knee Form.

Background:No questionnaire is currently available for use in patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in an Indonesian population. The most-used questionnaire in clinical research for these patients is the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) Subjective Knee Form, as its psychometric properties are considered to be excellent.Purpose:To translate the IKDC into Indonesian and assess its validity for use in Indonesian-speaking patients with ACL injuries.Study Design:Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2.Methods:After a forward-and-backward translation procedure and cross-cultural adaptation, the validity and reliability of the questionnaire were investigated. The responses of ACL injury patients on 3 questionnaires, the Indonesian-IKDC (I-IKDC), 36-Item Short Form Health Survey, and Kujala Anterior Knee Pain Scale, were compared. Following consensus-based standards for the selection of health measurement instruments guidelines, construct validity, test-retest reliability, internal consistency, floor and ceiling effects, and measurement error were determined. The Bland-Altman method was used to explore absolute agreement.Results:Of 253 ACL injury patients, 106 (42%) responded to the invitation. Construct validity was considered good, as all predefined hypotheses on correlations between the I-IKDC and other scores were confirmed. Reliability proved excellent, with a high test-retest correlation (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.99). Bland-Altman analyses showed no systematic bias between test and retest. Internal consistency was good (Cronbach α = .90). There were no floor or ceiling effects. Standard error of measurement was 2.1, and the minimal detectable change was 5.8 at the individual level and 0.7 at the group level.Conclusion:The I-IKDC, as developed, appeared to be a good evaluation instrument for Indonesian patients with ACL injuries.

Identifying Text Message through Different Types of Translation

Main idea, concept, message are practically terms denoting the same phenomenon. To give a definition to a text message is no less hard than to formulate the message. Still, stylistic text analysis presupposes detection of text elements that contribute to message formation and are marked from this point of view; the understanding of the message depends on many factors, including extra-linguistic variables: historical and cultural background as well as readers' personality characteristics such as the habit and ability to read, their educational and social status, age and gender. The more pronounced then is the necessity of adequate message formulation. The procedure of literary text translation into other verbal as well as in non-verbal languages helps clearly reveal the message. Several stages of the procedure were worked out in the study to train future teachers in reading and analyzing the text.