Settlement Problems Research Articles

The Future of Online Dispute Resolution: Building A Framework for E-Commerce Dispute Resolution in Indonesia

There was a legal issue, the gap between e-commerce dispute resolution (das sollen) in the Act and its implementation in the field (das sein). E-commerce disputes required a resolution, such as Online Dispute Resolution (ODR). ODR hasn't conducted a face-to-face method, low cost, and covers wide areas. However, ODR wasn't regulated in a "lex specialis" for its implementation. This study discussed several business settlement problems through ODR. Besides, the implementation of the prospect of ODR as a new form of construction of e-commerce transaction dispute resolution in Indonesia. This study provided an understanding of ODR and how the law used to mediate community disputes by using the internet as an alternative possibility to resolve conflicts in society in Indonesia. This paper described the probabilities and challenges of implementing ODR. This paper was normative juridical research which was collected through literature study. The research analysis used a statute approach and a comparative approach. The results showed the mechanism of ODR solved the e-commerce dispute. ODR's execution was in line with the trade sector development. ODR regulated for provided and supported the consumer protection law in Indonesia. ODR regulations in Indonesia should be regulate explicitly to provide legal certainty for the community.

3D stratigraphic modelling of the Bangkok basin using Kriging on borehole data

The Lower Central Plain of Thailand has a deep and highly irregular basement filled with complex layers of alluvial sandy soil and deltaic clay or silt. The Bangkok Metropolitan region with its high level of infrastructure development is located in this plain. With high population density, the problem of land subsidence is critical. This study uses borehole data and the Kriging method to interpolate the data. A detailed 3D stratigraphic model of the basin is presented and several cross sections along two directions. Seventeen layers and the points used for modelling each layer are presented. The model shows eight aquifers in the Bangkok basin, lying between eight layers of clay, and a bottom layer above the basement. The bottom of the lowest aquifer of the Bangkok aquifer system is 610 m deep. The basement extends down to a depth of more than 2000 m in some places. Our 3D model, which extends to the basement, is of interest for mining and site-specific seismic risk analysis. Moreover, our results can be very useful for groundwater and land subsidence studies.

Study of negative skin friction on floating piles foundation due to long-term groundwater extraction in Semarang, Indonesia

The northern Semarang area is prone to a land subsidence problem as the underlying soil consists of a thick layer of normally consolidated clay which also exacerbated by groundwater extraction to meet water demand. The downdrag impact on a pile structure due to the water extraction from two major aquifers that have been used for domestic consumption was investigated. A 3D-finite element analysis was performed to a raft foundation with steel pipe piles. The study used Banger polder data and soil characteristics based on previous investigations. The evaluation was done by comparing the results of negative skin friction (NSF) and total settlement within 50 years period under continuous extraction and one without. From the result, the corner pile located farthest from the pump mobilized NSF of 64% of the total negative skin friction which was highest than middle and interior-corner piles of 28% and 20%, respectively. The groundwater extraction was also found to contribute to almost double the settlement in 50 years in the non-piled area, from 0.24 m without extraction to 0.42 m accounted for. Also, the empirical 0.75Lpile for the maximum neutral point of the pile is in agreement in the result of this study.

Three-dimensional adaptive limit analysis of masonry arch bridges interacting with the backfill

In this paper, the collapse behavior of masonry arch bridges interacting with the backfill is investigated through an adaptive procedure based on the kinematic theorem of limit analysis and a NURBS (Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline) representation of the geometry. The initial model is subdivided into few macro-blocks considered rigid and with dissipation occurring only along element interfaces, in turn represented by planar or curved NURBS surfaces. The properties of the materials are considered using homogenized failure domains and the initial mesh subdivision is then adjusted by means of a Genetic Algorithm. Particular attention is focused on the characterization of the arch-backfill interaction problem. The backfill is here represented first in terms of equivalent vertical and horizontal loads and then by following a direct modeling through NURBS curved macro-blocks. In particular, this latter approach allows to take into account the backfill contribution also in terms of internal dissipation. However, material parameters must be defined with particular attention: the use of a very rough discretization with the assumption of rigid blocks requires the utilization of equivalent ultimate resistance values for backfill-backfill interfaces to correctly estimate the internal dissipation at failure. Meaningful numerical examples dealing with different geometries and considering both load-carrying capacity and foundation settlement problems are reported. Finally, two geometrically complex examples are analysed through a recently presented modeling strategy via NURBS solids.

Analysis of the impact of the South-to-North water diversion project on water balance and land subsidence in Beijing, China between 2007 and 2020

After operating the middle route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project (SNWDP), the total water transfer to Beijing has exceeded 5.0 km3, bringing significant changes to the water use structure of Beijing. This article compiles historic data from 2007 to 2020 to analyze changes in water circulation, groundwater level, climate factors and subsidence patterns in Beijing following implementation of the middle SNWDP. It is found that the main current pressure on Beijing's water supply has come from improved living standards, the gradual popularization of water-using appliances, and a rapid development of the accommodation and catering industries. An InSAR time series approach was used to map subsidence in Beijing between 2007 and 2020 using satellite images from Sentinel-1A/B, Radarsat-2 and ALOS-1. Climate factors including precipitation and evapotranspiration were estimated using the Penman-Monteith-Leuning Evapotranspiration V2 (PML_V2) product. By compiling ground subsidence data for Beijing and corresponding climate data, the impact of the SNWDP and climate factors on groundwater levels and ground subsidence in Beijing were examined We identified three periods to characterize the changes of surface displacement after implementation of the SNWDP as a) the pre-effect stage, b) the effective stage, and c) the post-effective stage. The contribution of the SNWDP was apparent at the second stage, alleviating the problem of land subsidence to some extent. The ease of subsidence at different stages are accounted for 4%, 26.5%, and 41.7%, respectively, in terms of the mean velocity changes. Based on the result of some general circulation models. Precipitation in the Beijing region is expected to increase over the next decade, implying a greater likelihood of rapid groundwater recovery. However, although groundwater is expected to recover in the long run, climate extremes in the future could possibly challenge the success of SNWDP during certain dry periods.

KEGIATAN IDENTIFIKASI PERUMAHAN DAN KAWASAN KUMUH DESA BANDAR RAHMAT KECAMATAN TANJUNG TIRAM KABUPATEN BATU BARA

Problem of slum settlements is one of the main issues of rural development.. Many things are the cause of the formation of slum settlements in coastal areas, in addition to the low level of community welfare, social patterns and their habits to live in slum areas make slum settlements exist in the coastal area. In accordance UU No. 1 of 2011 concerning Housing and Settlement Areas, mandates the importance of efforts to improve the quality of slum housing and slum settlements. The Government shall establish policies, strategies, and patterns of handling that are humane, cultural, just, and economical. Determination of the location of housing and slums must be preceded by a data collection process carried out by the Regional Government by involving the participation of the community. The identification activity was carried out in a slum area in Bandar Rahmat Village, Tanjung Tiram District, Batu Bara Regency. Through this identification activity, it is hoped that data and information will be obtained that describe the profile of slum settlements in Bandar Rahmat Village. The results of the identification and calculation of slums in Bandar Rahmat Village, obtained a moderate level of slums with a total value of 46.

Dynamic influencing mechanism of traditional settlements experiencing urbanization: A case study of Chengzi Village

With the rapid progress of urbanization around the world, more and more traditional settlements are destroyed and disappeared, and the ecological experience which can effectively improve many current urban problems in traditional settlements also have disappeared. In this context, this research aims to examine the renewal of traditional settlements from a dynamic perspective, using digital twins to simulate the changes in settlement spatial forms, underlying surface materials and building facade materials, and to explore the ecological wisdom of traditional settlements. Achieve the unity of traditional feature and functional requirements of settlements in the process of urbanization. Furthermore, the research results can provide enlightenment for the modern translation of traditional settlements and urban construction. The complete research methods can also provide reference for the study of traditional settlements around the world. Through a comprehensive research method combining field measurement, field investigation and ENVI-met (a building environment simulation model) simulation, the microclimate of Chengzi Village, a typical traditional settlement in China, was studied. The results obtained in the above method shown that: (1) in the microclimate inference mechanism, traditional settlements’ spaces are highly efficient; (2) microclimate regulation of traditional settlements benefits mostly from the surface material, spatial form and building facade material; and (3) through a comparative study, it is concluded that in the process of urbanization, it is better for the spatial form to remain unchanged, but the building façade material can be changed appropriately. Concluded this study, the research results can not only promote the sustainable development of Chengzi village, but also provide experience for the modern translation of traditional settlements under similar circumstances around the world, which has important practical significance. In addition, The synergistic dynamic influence mechanism of development -inheritance is particularly important for the sustainable development of traditional settlements.

Towards the Development of Sustainable Ground Improvement Techniques—Biocementation Study of an Organic Soil

Ongoing research effort is dedicated to the development of innovative, superior and cost-effective ground improvement techniques to mitigate natural and man-made hazards while minimising waste and other environmental impacts. In this context, the nature-based process of biocementation of soils has been proposed as a potentially more sustainable technique than conventional chemical ground improvement practices. This paper focuses on the biocementation of an organic soil of the UK railway network. Having recently proven the feasibility of biocementing this soil using indigenous ureolytic bacteria, in this paper, the authors perform a parametric study to identify treatments successful in increasing the strength of the soil. Selected treatments are then applied to the soil to assess its volume change during consolidation, secondary compression and shrinkage upon drying. The results show that, depending on the treatments used, biocementation has increased the unconfined compressive strength by up to 81% compared to that of the control samples. For selected treatments and the range of water contents tested (55–33%), shrinkage upon drying reduced by 16%, while the volumetric strains of the soil upon 1-D compression reduced by 32–47%. This was reflected in the values of the coefficient of volume compressibility and the coefficient of secondary compression (the latter either reduced by up to an order of magnitude or secondary compression was not observed altogether in the testing period). Overall, the results proved that biocementation improved considerably the mechanical properties of the organic soil, which gives promise for addressing the settlement problems of this soil.

Challenges and opportunities of applying digital public participation tools in urban development projects in Egypt. (Dept. A)

Despite the rapid social and informal-urban growth which causes a lot of problems in urban and rural settlements in Egypt, the lack of both stakeholders’ coordination and genuine public participation cause additional issues. Nowadays, many cities in Egypt, including the capital, suffer from the lack of real public participation in the decision-making of urban projects which results in conflicts among the government, the public and even experts opposing these decisions. All over the world, many participation models have been adopted in urban planning and development projects with different levels and forms of public participation. Where public participation is a requisite, not a choice, the debate is how to develop the participation models using the potentials of ICT's and smartphones to ensure inclusiveness in participation processes. At the Covid-19 pandemic, most of the activities have been shifted to online platforms. This shift has made an urgent demand for complete digital methods of public participation which -in addition- supports the Egyptian government vision for digitalizing services. In this regard, the research opens the door for applying digital public participation in urban development projects that reflects the public’s needs and preferences, taking the advantages of the new technologies and considering the precautionary measures and social distancing in the age of covid-19. The paper explores the state-of-the-art of current online public engagement tools used in Egypt, the potentials and challenges of applying digital public participation and recommends guidelines for implementation based on successful case studies and what fits in the local context

Relations between Steppe Nomads and Farmers in Eastern Europe and M. Gimbutas’ Migration Concept

After Ukraine had gained independence, artificial problems began to arise in the study of the ancient history of Eastern Europe, especially in the relations of steppe herders and farmers of Polissia. In particular, this applies to the Migration Concept of the American archaeologist M. Gimbutas recognized in Europe. After an unfounded “unscrupulous criticism” of archaeologists – representatives of the “Russian World” – an archaeologist from Moldova V. Dergachev spoke in defense of the objectivity of the 50-year study of this topic by M. Gimbutas in his monograph. Earlier, the Migration Concept of conquering Europe was supported by D. Telehin, Kh. Todorova, N. Ryndina, Ye. Chernykh, and others.Our study confirms the conceptual foundations of the ancient history of relations between nomadic steppes and farmers of Eastern Europe relying on the Migration Concept of M. Gimbutas. On the basis of the sources, protective fortifications of Kukuteny-Trypillia settlements and a large number of arrowheads – weapons of steppe riding archers – were found. In the early, middle, and late stages of Kukuteni-Trypillya culture, three waves of military invasion against European farmers by the Middle-Volga’s, Middle-Stog’s and Novodanyliv’s nomadic tribes of the eastern steppes can be traced. Further research will allow the author to solve the problems of the origins and causes of the disappearance of Kukuten-Trypillia tribes, the problems of burning Trypillia settlements, the fate of Buh-Dniester and East Trypillian tribes.

Subsidence Monitoring of Fill Area in Yan’an New District Based on Sentinel-1A Time Series Imagery

In recent years, many cities in the Chinese loess plateau (especially in Shanxi province) have encountered ground subsidence problems due to the construction of underground projects and the exploitation of underground resources. With the completion of the world’s largest geotechnical project, called “mountain excavation and city construction,” in a collapsible loess area, the Yan’an city also appeared to have uneven ground subsidence. To obtain the spatial distribution characteristics and the time-series evolution trend of the subsidence, we selected Yan’an New District (YAND) as the specific study area and presented an improved time-series InSAR (TS-InSAR) method for experimental research. Based on 89 Sentinel-1A images collected between December 2017 to December 2020, we conducted comprehensive research and analysis on the spatial and temporal evolution of surface subsidence in YAND. The monitoring results showed that the YAND is relatively stable in general, with deformation rates mainly in the range of −10 to 10 mm/yr. However, three significant subsidence funnels existed in the fill area, with a maximum subsidence rate of 100 mm/yr. From 2017 to 2020, the subsidence funnels enlarged, and their subsidence rates accelerated. Further analysis proved that the main factors induced the severe ground subsidence in the study area, including the compressibility and collapsibility of loess, rapid urban construction, geological environment change, traffic circulation load, and dynamic change of groundwater. The experimental results indicated that the improved TS-InSAR method is adaptive to monitoring uneven subsidence of deep loess area. Moreover, related data and information would provide reference to the large-scale ground deformation monitoring and in similar loess areas.

Research on life cycle deformation monitoring system of Airport

In order to meet the rapid development and strategic needs of the national economy, a large number of airports are newly built, rebuilt and expanded every year in China. With the accelerating process of urbanization, the airport construction environment is getting worse and worse: the terrain is complex, the construction process is often accompanied by high excavation and deep filling of earthwork, and the high filling airport is often accompanied by the problems of foundation settlement and slope safety and stability. Therefore, it is very important to identify and monitor the existing or potential deformation of the airport and the deformation under the external environment such as earthquake.

Human health risk assessment in PM10 -bound trace elements, seasonal patterns, and source apportionment study in a critically polluted coking coalfield area of India.

Jharia Coalfield (JCF) has been affected by coalmine fire and subsidence problems for several years. The emission of particulate pollutants is due to the history of unscientific and unregulated coal mining in the JCF area. In the present study (conducted in the year 2019), seasonal variations, possible causes, and human health hazards of particulate matter (PM10 )-bound trace metals like Cd, Cu, Fe, Cr, Ni, Mn, Co, Pb, Zn, and As were estimated. The mean concentration of PM10 (418 ± 67 µg/m3 ) exceeded the limit of NAAQS (National Ambient Air Quality Standards India, 2009) by a factor of 4.18. PM10 -bound trace metal concentrations were found in the order of Fe > Mn > Cu > Zn > Cr > Pb > Co > Ni > Cd > As. The maximum trace metal concentrations of all the metals studied were observed at the mining areas of JCF affected by coalmine fire. Human health carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks in children and adults were estimated through exposure pathways, ingestion, dermal contact, and inhalation. The cancer risk was evaluated as excess cancer risk (ECR). Noncancer risk estimates were evaluated as the hazard index (HI) and the hazard quotient (HQ). The HI and HQ values for Cr, Cu, Cd, As, and Pb at coalmine-fire-affected areas were observed to be higher than the value of safe dose (≤1), showing a possible noncarcinogenic risk to the inhabitants as a result of multielemental toxicity. The ECR values (>10-6) in JCF areas suggested a carcinogenic risk to the populace of the area, owing to inhalation of PM10 -linked Cd. Active mine fire (related to mining activities), higher transportation load, and resuspended particulate matter from road transportation were identified as the possible causes of the estimated risks based on principal component analysis and Pearson correlation analyses. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:469-478. © 2021 SETAC.

Montenegrin Rural Settlement Attributes, Problems, and Possibilities for Development According to Their Regional Affiliation

The rural areas cover a significant part of the Montenegrin territory and play an essential role in its development potential. These areas have been exposed to various (more spontaneous and less planned) transformations throughout history, which has been reflected in their particular characteristics. The three settlements, one from each region, were treated by analyzing identity attributes and complex issues of development and degradation of rural areas. This research aims to determine the reasons for the extinction of rural settlements and propose measures for preserving the existing and restoration of the missing values of their natural and cultural heritage. The planning procedures for recognizing and determining the criteria for the detection (today visible ones) and assessing the lost values of rural settlements are proposed at the end of this paper. Future planning and design processes could acquire the gained knowledge about these values and be employed through future development, through creating new planning and economic models for the rural settlements’ revival, protection, and improvement.

Managing the displacement of population from the failing housing stock in the area's socio-economic development strategic planning system: The municipal dimension

Subject. This article examines trends in the management of unfit housing facilities within the framework of the implementation of national and federal projects. Objectives. The article aims to define the specifics of the process of managing the resettlement of citizens from unfit housing facilities and improve the implementation of municipal programmes in the field of housing policy. Methods. For the study, we used a systems analysis, and the techniques used in professional practices of control and accounts bodies. Results. The article describes the peculiarities of the management of unfit housing stock and the problems of the participants of relocation in Volgograd. The article also proposes a system of measures to improve resettlement management and substantiates the benefits of the project-based approach. Conclusions. Historical features of housing construction, natural and climatic factors, management culture influence the choice of the way to solve the problem of unfit housing stock settlement. This requires a differentiated approach to resettlement management. The introduction of innovative capital construction technologies as well as smart city systems can contribute to solving the strategic task of minimizing unfit housing stock in the mid-term.

Settlement of the Russian-Ukrainian Conflict on the Donbas in the Focus of the Problem of War and Peace

The purpose of this article is to understand how the blurry nature of hybrid warfare and hybrid peace influences the assessment of national security and the making of adequate foreign and security policy decisions, including, in particular, the prediction of the further course and resolution of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, which is not only a threat to Ukraine’s existence but also to European security in general. In order to properly study this issue, the Russo-Ukrainian war on the Donbas was selected as an object. As the main method of the research of this problem was chosen the conflict analysis. The conclusions drawn from this analysis prompt us to differentiate the concepts of war, peace, and conflict and bring our perceptions of them to reality. When the idea of internal conflict replaces the real war, their sophisticated substitution will leave the problem of settlement of the conflict on the Donbas not solved, and the war between Ukraine and Russia is not completed.
 Achieving peace by “settlement the conflict on the Donbas” within the framework of a real war of Russia against Ukraine will not lead to its end and sustainable peace. In such a situation, only a temporary “cold peace” is possible. The implementation of the strategy of Ukraine and the international community should begin with the rejection of the “plot for settlement the internal conflict on the Donbas” and the recognition of the reality of the war, in which the belligerent and aggressor is Russia, but not Phantoms DPR/LPR.
 The study’s objectives are based on identifying epistemological reasons that make it impossible to resolve the Russian-Ukrainian conflict in Donbas and clarify their national and international security consequences. The study results are based on an analysis of the course of the Russian-Ukrainian war and the process of settling the conflict in Donbas. The article analyzes the mechanism of interaction between hybrid war and hybrid peace in the Russian-Ukrainian conflict in Donbas, clarifies the essence of war and peace under existing realities, and identifies epistemological reasons that make it impossible to resolve the Russian-Ukrainian conflict in Donbas. The article also analyses the real and probable national and international consequences of the unresolved problem of war and peace in the Russian-Ukrainian conflict on Donbas.
 The article concludes with a proposal for a possible solution to war and peace on Donbas. Recommendations for resolving the Russian-Ukrainian conflict in Donbas are based on Ukraine and the international community’s rejection of the “plot for settlement the internal conflict in Donbas” and recognition of the reality of a war in which the warring party and the aggressor are Russia, but not the phantom DNR/LNR. According to these recommendations, military force should become the main instrument for coercion of Russia for forcing peace and ending the war on acceptable terms for Ukraine. Ukrainian diplomacy must act under the task of war, but not only so much for the sake of “settlement internal conflict on the Donbas.”

Enhancing Effect of Fe3O4/Nanolignocelluloses in Magnetorheological Fluid.

Magnetorheological fluid (MRF) is an intelligent material, which can be controlled by an external magnetic field. It is widely used in damping, finishing, mechanical transmission, sealing, and other engineering fields due to its magnetorheological (MR) effect. However, despite decades of research and experimental development, the wide application of MRF is still restricted by its serious settlement problem owing to the density difference between the magnetic particles and carrier liquid. Here, using the coprecipitation method, a kind of Fe3O4-modified nanolignocellulose (Fe3O4/NLC) composite fiber was characterized by its unique advantages such as low density, soft magnetism property, and high specific surface. These Fe3O4/NLCs were used as a kind of reinforcing particle with carbonyl iron powder in the new bidisperse MRF system. The performances of MRF samples were enhanced by these superior properties. We found that all MRF samples with composite fibers exhibited excellent antisettlement and dynamic mechanical characteristics and cooperativity between Fe3O4 and NLCs. Furthermore, redispersibility of MRF is qualitatively evaluated by a shearing test in this paper, explaining the high property of antihardening. This composite fiber improves the comprehensive performance of MRF and has the potential to be repeatedly used in engineering applications.

Application of a New Semi-Automatic Algorithm for the Detection of Subsidence Areas in SAR Images on the Example of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin

The article presents a new method of automatic detection of subsidence troughs caused by underground coal mining. Land subsidence that results from mining leads to considerable damage to subsurface and surface infrastructure such as walls of buildings, road surfaces, and water relations in built-up areas. Within next 30 years, all coal mines are to be closed as part of the transformation of the mining industry in Poland. However, this is not going to solve the problem of subsidence in those areas. Thus, it is necessary to detect and constantly monitor such hazards. One of the techniques used for that purpose is DInSAR (differential interferometry synthetic aperture radar). It makes it possible to monitor land deformation over large areas with high accuracy and very good spatial and temporal resolution. Subsidence, particularly related to mining, usually manifests itself in interferograms in the form of elliptical interferometric fringes. An important issue here is partial or full automation of the subsidence detection process, as manual analysis is time-consuming and unreliable. Most of the proposed trough detection methods (i.e., Hough transform, circlet transform, circular Gabor filters, template recognition) focus on the shape of the troughs. They fail, however, when the interferometric fringes do not have distinct elliptical shapes or are very noisy. The method presented in this article is based on the analysis of the variability of the phase value in a micro-area of a relatively high entropy. The algorithm was tested for differential interferograms form the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (southern Poland). Due to mining, the studied area is particularly prone to various types of subsidence.

Mechanical properties of re-packed reinforced Earth embankment during service stage

ABSTRACT Problems of large settlements and uneven settlements on the road always happen during service stage. Reinforced embankments can reduce these problems. But currently the study on the mechanical properties of reinforced embankments during service stage are so few, and lack of measured data. This study uses numerical simulation and on-site measured data analysis to set up a geogrid creep damage model and traffic load model. Based on the analysis of the mechanical properties of reinforced embankment under the conditions of new test section and widening test section, the influence laws of traffic load amplitude, frequency and driving interval on reinforced embankment are obtained. When the traffic load amplitude is 2 q 0, there is little difference in settlement between the two test sections, but the settlement ratio gets the maximum value of 0.028 mm/d when the amplitude is 2q 0. When the traffic load frequency increases from 1 Hz to 4 Hz, the embankment settlement is in the sudden settlement stage, and the settlement is almost stable after 4 Hz. When the driving interval is greater than 4 s, the rebound value and rebound time are almost stable.

The problems of historical settlements’ enhancement and the possible solutions

The paper deals with the problems of historical settlements, which lead to the loss of their status and critical violations of the historical environment. The author analyzes the problems of historical settlements and their particularly vulnerable type – small formations – including social, political, economic, and scientific research. The author points out the need for complex innovative approaches that ensure not only the material restoration, but also the functional development of the historical environment, the introduction of new functions. The tools of working with the historical urban environment and its active functional inclusion in the modern discourse, models of increasing the value characteristics of urban objects, as well as the principles of implementing local potentials, which are laid in the basis of a holistic methodology, are considered. A strategy is proposed that solves the extremely acute issue of the urban significance of historical and cultural monuments on the basis of management tools and spatial planning, and tactical steps for its implementation are highlighted. The methodology obtained as a result of the study can be used as a basis for a national program aimed at developing and strengthening the social and economic role of small historical cities in the country’s settlement system.