Problematic Points Research Articles

A smart sewer detection approach based on wavelet denoising of in-sewer temperature sensing measurement

Urban sewer detection is important for the proper conveyance of sanitary water to wastewater treatment plant prior to environmental discharge. An effective approach to address this important process still needs to be developed. This study introduced a novel data-driven approach to sewer detection utilizing in-sewer distributed temperature sensing (DTS) measurement combined with wavelet-based denoising of DTS data. It underlines that the effective denoising of DTS data, and consequently the accurate determination of DTS noise threshold, is pivotal to reliable sewer detection. DTS background noise is chiefly influenced by the threshold rescaling. A reliable DTS background noise threshold was found to be ±0.25 °C in a field study, established with the threshold rescaling of a level-dependent estimation of level noise, and the associated threshold selection rule of heuristics threshold or minimum maximum variance. Deviation from this threshold could hamper the identification of true inflow or infiltration points. Applying the established threshold to the study site, our study identified two sewer problematic points including a groundwater infiltration point, and a clean water inflow point based on generated three-value image. Further interpretation of the three-value image revealed that both groundwater infiltration and clean water inflow into the sewer exhibited intermittent instead of constant behavior, which was due to time-variable water head difference associated with sewage discharge variation over the daily period and rainfall events. Thus, the methodology offers considerable potential for urban sewer detection, especially for its performance to capture intermittent sewer infiltrations and inflows without draining sewers.

Models of quality of life management in the region: National Social Initiative (on the example of the Republic of Bashkortostan)

The work is devoted to the study of the issue of quality of life management in the region on the basis of a new model presented by the National Social Initiative (NSI), as most consistent with the principle of human-centricity. The purpose of this study is to analyze the improvement of the quality of life of the population in the regions of Russia. The subject of the study is the models of quality of life management of the population in the regions of Russia. The actual basis of the study was made up of data from the Agency for Strategic Initiatives, data from the Quality of Life Rating in the regions of the Russian Federation, materials from the Smarteca digital platform, as well as official materials and data from the Employment Service of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The main constructs and a fragment of parametrization are given. Using the example of the Republic of Bashkortostan, the tools for analyzing and evaluating the quality of life within the framework of the designated model are described, and the results of content analysis of management decisions in the social sphere assigned to the region as the author on the Smarteca platform are also presented. Taking into account the identified problematic points, the current directions of development in the region are highlighted. Based on the analysis of the content of practices already replicated in the region, as well as the analysis of top projects presented on Smartec, some social management practices that are relevant in order to resolve the problems identified in the region are identified.

Cantorův diagonální důkaz

Cantor's diagonal proof is sig­nificant both because the central method of proof used in it has been subsequently applied in a number of other proofs, and because it is considered to confirm the existence of infinite sets whose size fun­ damentally and by an order of magnitude exceeds the size of the "classical" infinite set represented by all natural numbers, while their size can theoretically exceed every conceivable limit. Although Can­tor's proof is generally accepted by the scientific community, some experts are somewhat reserved about it. The aim of this paper is to present Cantor's proof in an accessible way, while pointing out its (hidden) assumptions and possible problematic points, and pointing out that some of its underlying assumptions are not indisputable mathematical truths, but rather postulated propositions that may or may not be accepted.

The conception and framework of universal competencies in Russian higher education: understanding their significance and features

The purpose of the article is to raise the issue of the significance, advantages and disadvantages of universal competencies and the conceptual validity of their set / framework for competence-based education (including Russian higher education). The factors that actualize universal competencies in the conditions of the modern digital world and the knowledge economy are identified. The significance of this actualization for education is comprehended: expanding the boundaries of the competence-based approach; increasing the availability of competencies that have been the province of the few; transferring of the process of mastering these competencies from familiar environments (family, work) to schools and universities; avoiding the opposition of training and upbringing, education and socialization. The main problematic points of this conception are considered: the vagueness and incompleteness of their conceptualization; the complexity of their measurement and assessment; the risk of mixing personality qualities and competencies, which is fraught with an overestimation of their upbringing potential; the ambiguity of changing their status in education: from means to ends; the possibility of their inclusion in the context of indoctrination. The authors reveal the ambivalent nature of the Russian framework, reflected in its disproportionate structure: its ability to respond promptly to the challenges of a dynamic world turns into in its dependence on the economic and political agenda. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that the issue is investigated through the prism of the fundamental contradiction of competence-based education — between the focus on a predictable guaranteed successful result and the effort to take into account the unpredictability of the modern world. It is determined the conceptual validity of the Russian framework of universal competencies embodying an attempt to overcome such contradiction. As a result, it is demonstrated that the dialectically interrelated advantages and problematic aspects of the conception and framework of universal competencies give them an ambiguous but progressive significance for Russian higher education.

Health beyond clinical protocol: institutional traps and limitations of modern medicine

The article is aimed to describe the ineffective health care mechanisms and find ways to overcome them. Some variants of institutional dysfunctions (or institutional traps) in medical practice are considered. The resort to natural methods of healing and self-healing is regarded as a way to overcome various institutional dysfunctions. The work combines several qualitative methods: a non-standardized survey of experts (doctors), included observation (25 years of work as a doctor and independent use of natural healing methods for the past 12 years), and analysis of documents, literary sources and messages on the topic of self-healing in relevant Facebook groups. The themes of the talks with doctors were health self- management and alternative healing practices (intensive physical exercises, medical fasting, and breathing exercises). During conversations with the doctors found that only some senior doctors have positive experience of using therapeutic fasting and breathing exercises (both personal and clinical), and young doctors who have been working in medicine for over 10-20 years are not familiar with these methods ("because this treatment is not carried out according to the approved clinical protocols”, and “we treat according to modern protocols"). The most problematic points of the use of such health practices and the reasons for their increase in society are discussed. It is concluded that both in the institutional and ideological aspect, the essential component of the public health institute should be outside the scope of official medicine, which is aimed at the use of medicinal and high-tech means of treatment and prevention.

The peculiarities of exemption from serving a sentence with probation on the basis of Art. 75 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of exemption from serving a sentence with probation on the basis of Art. 75 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. In the article, the authors drew attention to the peculiarities of exemption from serving a sentence (Article 75 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine), the peculiarities and terms of such an appointment; duties imposed by the court on a person released from serving a probationary sentence (Article 76 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine). The state of the current criminal legislation is considered on the example of court practice. Exemption of a person from serving a sentence with probation is used quite often by the courts, taking into account the conditions contained in Art. 75 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. The first thing the court pays attention to is the term of the imposed punishment, namely, no more than five years, and the absence of specific criminal offenses specified in the article, taking into account the changes made on December 13, 2022. Equally important is the consideration of the identity of the culprit, namely: social status, demographic data, post-criminal behavior, criminal-legal characteristics, etc. And also the presence of mitigating and aggravating circumstances. An important point is the clarification of the Criminal Court of Cassation as part of the Supreme Court of Ukraine regarding exemption from punishment with probation for a criminal offense committed with complicity. A review of previous numerous studies on the subject under consideration and an analysis of the gaps that were pointed out in the conclusions of the studies were carried out.Special attention was paid to the draft of the Criminal Code of Ukraine and the norms contained in it regarding exemption from punishment in connection with probation. A comparison with the current criminal legislation was made, and positive points were identified, such as an increase in the term of the prescribed punishment from five to eight years, except for the one convicted of a crime of the 6th degree of gravity, related to the use of violence. There are also no restrictions in the project regarding a certain category of criminal offenses, for example, corruption or related to corruption, certain military criminal offenses (Articles 403, 405, 407, 408, 429 of the Criminal Code), torture (Part 3 of Article 127 of the Criminal Code). On the basis of the conducted research, meaningful conclusions were made with the indication of problematic points and measures to eliminate them.

Problems of using the evidence collected during the investigation in criminal proceedings regarding the crime

The article raises issues relevant to judicial practice related to the interpretation and application by investigative judges of Art. 298-1 of the Criminal Procedure Code «Procedural sources of evidence in criminal proceedings on criminal misdemeanours». The introduction of the institution of criminal misdemeanour into the national legal system led to significant changes in the normative regulation of the procedural order of inquiry, however, the short-term practice of implementing the norms of criminal procedural legislation regarding the investigation of misdemeanours revealed problems of a law enforcement nature, which are partly caused by the lack of proper legal regulation, legal uncertainty of individual norms, as well as the unity of judicial practice. In particular, Art. 298-1 of the Criminal Procedure Code provides for new, compared to the ordinary procedural order, sources of evidence (explanations of persons, results of a medical examination, a specialist's opinion, indications of technical devices and technical means that have the functions of photo and film shooting, video recording, or means of photo and film shooting, video recording). In addition, the CPC established that the procedural sources of evidence collected during the inquiry cannot be used in criminal proceedings regarding the crime, except on the basis of the decision of the investigating judge, which is issued at the request of a prosecutor. The lack of a legal definition in the given provision of the article led to the lack of uniformity in the practice of considering prosecutors’ requests regarding the possibility of using sources of evidence collected during the inquiry. Based on the conducted generalisation of the practice of examining motions of investigative judges, the authors of the article came to the conclusion of the need to interpret the considered article in its unity, not allowing two different approaches regarding the possibility of creating a separate procedural regime in relation to traditional evidence (Article 84) and those inherent only to misdemeanour proceedings (Article 298-1 of the CPC). In addition, in the article, the authors draw attention to the violation of the norms of the current legislation regarding the improper subject of petitioning the investigating judge, provide recommendations regarding the subject of judicial control in accordance with Art. 298-1 of the СPC, draw attention to problematic points related to the implementation of the provisions of Art. 298-1 of the Criminal Procedure Code in the case of combining materials of criminal proceedings regarding a crime and a misdemeanour, propose the content of the prosecutor's request to the investigating judge, and consider other issues relevant to judicial practice. Key words: investigative judge, judicial control, judicial review proceedings, due legal procedure, criminal misdemeanour, crime, evidence, procedural sources of evidence, inquiry, pre-trial investigation, prosecutor’s request.

The works of Professor A. S. Smykalin on canon law and state-confessional relations: ad deliberandum.

The object of the study is the state-confessional relations in Russia at the present stage. The subject of the research is state (secular) legal acts regulating the legal status of religious organizations, the norms of canonical (church) law, as well as the works of Professor A. S. Smykalin, in which the scientist explores the stated topics and gives a legal assessment of both public relations in which the state and religious organizations interact, and intra-church legal phenomena (internal the institutions of religious organizations). In preparing the work, the author sought to follow the principles of scientific objectivity and consistency, primarily using the formal legal method in analyzing the norms of secular legislation and the comparative method in comparing secular legislation and canonical (ecclesiastical) law. Since a significant part of the professor's work is interdisciplinary (at the intersection of jurisprudence and history), historical and functional methods of cognition were also used. The scientific novelty of the undertaken research is the theoretical understanding of modern state-confessional relations through the prism of the works of Professor A. S. Smykalin. The reference ad deliberandum ("to reflection") in the title of the article is made in order to formulate the author's opinion on particular issues. The author considered it possible not to limit himself to references to the research results of a prominent scientist, but also to express his own point of view on the phenomena under consideration, focusing on the most problematic points.

THE MAIN LIVERS OF A COMPANY EFFECTIVE STRATEGY TRADE TOOLS IMPLAMANTATION WITHIN FOREIGH TRADE ACTIVITY

By this currently issued article the ways for foreign market intrude and promotion were estimated. In focus the mission and target of a separate management decision were considered. It was a chance for any separate enterprise to be involved into international trade activity. Within a way of decision making could be deeply concerned about foreign trade activity strategy at a beginning. The main issue of the article is strategy development direction of the Company that provides any types industrial or trade activity targeting to foreign of overseas markets The most problematic point of this article concerns the main strategy issues for an enterprise within first steps and further development its international trade activity. All type of publishing and posted information about main livers for foreign trade activity is fruitful and respected within analyzing and be implemented for a practical side of trade promotion activity to overseas. The main reason for the present publication is new ways for successful foreign trade activity for all kinds of enterprises within its upgrading, first steps, either promotion their activity overseas. All kind of proposed points can be a separate subject for discussion or practical implementation depended from the terms and conditions of the foreign market or special type of enterprise behaving within intruding into foreign market. For companies and individuals not fully acquainted with export operations (however familiar they are with business practices in general and domestic operations in particular), this article offers a basic introduction to the «tools of trade»: export terminology survey, equipment, procedures, administrative backup, and essential sources of information. In the first step of your strategy decision you need to know that some office procedures apply to overseas trade in particular, such as the terminology used in business exchanges, the calculations necessary for making offers, and the system used to keep of quotation and transactions.

The mechanism for ensuring human rights and freedoms during police custody

The scientific article was written with the aim of determining the mechanism of ensuring human rights and freedoms during police custody and the problem of its implementation in practice.
 Under the mechanism of ensuring human rights and freedoms during police custody, it is proposed to understand the system of guarantees for ensuring human rights and freedoms, defined by international and domestic normative legal acts. Attention is focused on the constituent elements of the mechanism for ensuring human rights and freedoms during police custody.
 The work defines ways of ensuring human rights by the police during police custody. The author singles out some problems of the implementation of police care in practice and offers ways to solve them.
 The question of the use of force and special means by policemen during police custody is defined as debatable. Police custody is proposed to be understood as a measure that has a transitional nature from preventive to coercive. The question of whether police custody belongs to the types of police measures is considered open.
 As a problematic point, the lack of numbering of police custody protocols is highlighted. It is proposed to supplement section II of the Instructions for the preparation of materials on the application of police custody with paragraph 1-1, which would provide for the presence of a protocol series and number.
 Emphasis is placed on the lack of a clear definition of the appeal stage during the implementation of police custody. It is proposed to supplement the Instructions for the preparation of materials on the use of police custody with section IV "Appeals of Protocols".
 The author emphasizes that the technical recording of a policeman's actions should become a mandatory element of his activity. It is proposed to delete the words "if technically possible" in Clause 6 of Chapter II of the Instructions for the preparation of materials on the use of police custody.
 Outlined in the scientific article, the problems of the registration of police care are only the basis for further scientific research, which should clearly define the type of police measure of police care, the problems of its implementation taking into account the people-centered approach in the activities of the National Police, as well as ways to solve the identified problems by making changes to normative legal acts.

(Not)New Questions in New Contexts (Methodological and Ethical Problems in the Studies of Refugees From Ukraine)

The article is devoted to reflection on the experience of field research of refugees from Ukraine. It examines methodological and ethical issues and problems. The article aims to identify problematic points and to demonstrate how methodological sensitivity and reflexivity can help to find relevant research focuses and interpretative frameworks. The first section of the article is devoted to research strategies, in particular the problems of “fast” and “slow” research, as well as issues of observations and specifics of interviewing of refugees. The use of mosaic methodology, research strategies of “fast” and “slow” sociology, different sources, etc. allows researchers to find non-trivial research focuses.The second section of the article is devoted to the relationship between the researcher and the research subject. On the one hand, the humanitarian perspective universalizes suffering, on the other hand, it allows establishing trusting and personalized relationships and working with the sensitive topics. The section also raises the questions of the interviewer’s emotional empathy and trust issues.

Thermomechanical loads of powerful turbogenerator stator winding insulation in the presence of water cooling defects

Introduction. An analysis of incidents linked to power units’ emergency disconnecting from network as a result of turbogenerators’ malfunction on the NPP of Ukraine is conducted. It is identified, that the reason of the majority of incidents is an insufficient reliability of the stator winding’s direct cooling system. Problem. The most problematic point in winding for today is the frontal parts, where, while cooling is reduced, there are not only thermal, but also thermomechanical loadings on an insulation appearing. The level of these loading depends on structural design of frontal parts and a character of violation of coolant agent circulation in a bar. In some cases they can exceed limit values. The spread and the quality of research on this issue for today are insufficient. Goal. The aim of the completed research is to determine the thermomechanical loading of insulation of stator winding bar in a powerful turbogenerator with a direct liquid cooling under condition when coolant circulation is malfunctioned. Methodology. A complex mathematical model of thermomechanical processes in an insulation of stator winding bar of a powerful turbogenerator is developed. It takes into account the real geometry of the winding bar, variable thermal loading of core elements in radial and axial directions, as well as ways of fixation of slot and frontal winding parts. Studies of thermomechanical processes in an insulation of stator winding bar of turbogenerator are conducted. Results. Values of mechanical displacement and stress for the different modes of malfunction are obtained. Areas of bar, where mechanical loading may exceed the boundaries of mechanical durability of material of insulation of stator winding are identified. With decline of coolant liquid consumption the radial displacement and stress in the winding insulation bar in the area, where the bar exits from the slot are increasing along with that the values of radial stress of insulation of the winding bar in places of frontal parts’ fixation exceed limit values. Practical significance. The offered mathematical models allow to realize calculation experiments and can be used in practice for development and validation of diagnostic systems, analysis, design and investigation of emergency situations during exploitation of turbogenerators on power stations of Ukraine.

Theoretical and legal characteristics of social protection of participants of combat actions in Ukraine

The article deals with the development of legislation protecting combatants in Ukraine. Recent achievements in the legal regulation of the social protection of combatants in Ukraine have been analysed. Countering and deterring the armed invasion of Russia affected the safety of the participants in the conflict; it created the necessary conditions for a decent standard of living. Despite the duration of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine - more than nine years, there is an imperfect regulation of social benefits for participants in hostilities. During the study of the normative-legal mechanism regulating the social protection of combatants, several problematic points were revealed outside the normative-legal field, particularly regarding missing persons and prisoners of war and the absence of generally accepted protocols (protocols). It has been found that the development of military medical rehabilitation and related infrastructure is becoming increasingly crucial in Ukraine as the country's war-related disability is on the rise. Under these circumstances, it is necessary to increase the investments of the state and local self-government bodies in the development of modern rehabilitation institutions to attract the participation of other subjects, and this is an important direction. Some recent achievements in the legal regulation of the social protection of combatants in Ukraine were noted. The necessity of expanding the possibilities of providing additional social benefits to the participants of hostilities at the level of united territorial communities has been demonstrated. As part of the theoretical and legal analysis of the legal basis of social protection of combatants in Ukraine, normative legal acts are catalogued, and their legal force is classified (legislative, sub-legal). The latest achievements in the legal regulation of social protection of combatants in Ukraine are mentioned, in particular, the law of the status of volunteers, the possibility of receiving monetary compensation for the purchase of housing, as well as the adoption by the government of a state program aimed at the physical, medical, psychological and social readaptation of combatants. These actions will continue until 2022. Several difficult moments of a non-legal and regulatory nature are indicated, particularly regarding the missing and prisoners of war - participants in the conflict and the lack of generally accepted protocols for the psychological and social rehabilitation of the participants in the competition. The necessity of expanding the possibilities of providing additional social benefits to the conflict participants is shown. To improve the regulatory and legal mechanisms of state administration in the social protection of combatants, it is proposed to involve such organisations as public and veteran associations, unions, and other social partnerships in the development of legislative acts.

Grammar Podcast for ESL College Students in Distance Learning

Podcasts are audio files that are automatically delivered to the student’s computer, smart phone, iPad or MP3/MP4 player. They can be automatically updated. Students typically subscribe to podcasts using "podcatcher" software such as iTunes. The present study proposes a model for integrating grammar podcasts in teaching English grammar to EFL/ESL college students. It gives examples of English grammar podcasts that can be integrated in in-class grammar instruction. It shows how grammar podcasts can be downloaded and used and some of the grammatical structures and topics are covered by those podcasts. Grammar podcasts contain 2-5-minute-long audio explanations of a particular grammatical point or structure. They include a lesson script, exercises, quizzes with an answer key, and/or an English grammar help where answers are given to students’ questions about problematic grammatical points. Students can download podcasts, print the script, do the exercises and score their answers themselves. Elementary, intermediate, and advanced level grammar podcasts can be downloaded depending on the students’ needs and proficiency level. Unlike face-to-face classroom lectures, students can listen to grammar podcasts anywhere, anytime and as many times as they need. Classroom discussions on a grammar podcast can be performed in pairs, small groups or even whole class. End-of-semester grammar tests can be given to find out improvements in the students’ grammatical knowledge/achievement as a result of integrating grammar podcasts in EFL grammar courses. Recommendations for the effective use of grammar podcasts are given.

The Financial Component of the Economic Security of the Countries of the Eurasian Economic Union

Relevance. The deepening of integration processes within the EEU requires new approaches to managing economic security. The economic interdependence of the EEU countries no longer allows ignoring each other's problems. The unstable state of one economy negatively affects others and the whole Union. Financial security, as part of economic security, is determined by the directions of budget policy and the degree of budget execution.The purpose of the study is to assess the financial security of the member countries of the Eurasian Economic Union, which is part of their economic security.Objectives: to substantiate the need to assess the financial security of the EEU countries; analyze the execution of the consolidated budget of the EEU countries; assess the income and expenditure of the consolidated budget of the EEU countries; to identify problematic points in the implementation of the budgetary policy of the EEU countries.Methodology. In the course of the research, such scientific methods as the empirical method, comparative analysis, vertical and horizontal analysis, induction and deduction methods, the method of a systematic approach, as well as other methods allowing for a comprehensive study were used. The materials of the study were data from the EAIS, the Federal Customs Service of Russia, as well as Rosstat of Russia.Results. It is revealed that the EAEU countries have significant differences in budget policy. The analysis showed that the most financially weak countries are Armenia and Kyrgyzstan. The most balanced budget is in Belarus, and the most socially oriented is in Russia. Due to the unfavorable environment, Armenia spends a significant part of its expenditures on defense, which affects its development.Conclusions. The EEU countries need to stabilize the immediate environment of the association, and the second stage, to form an optimal model structure of the revenue and expenditure parts of the budget, which will ensure the comprehensive financial security of the association. The unification of the budget policy will have a positive impact on the development of the association and its members. A single budget policy will create a territory in which fiscal payments will be unified, and the vectors for the development of the national economies of the Union will be coordinated.

INTERNATIONAL POLICY OF CONTRACTUAL REGULATION OF THE PREVENTION OF THE USE OF NUCLEAR ROCKET WEAPONS

The article examines the political prerequisites, the history of the formation and features of the implementation of agreements on the production, use, and non-proliferation of nuclear missile weapons and their significance for international security policy. The main areas of research were: 1) the study of the main directions of the international policy of contractual regulation of preventing the use of nuclear missile weapons; 2) a discussion of scientists on the vectors of development of contractual and legal regulation of the studied social relations among domestic and foreign scientists.
 In the course of the study, methods in political science and legal sciences were used, in particular, the formal-dogmatic method provided an opportunity to analyze this problem from the point of view of the existing provisions of international treaties and the obligations of the participating countries to prevent the proliferation and especially the use of nuclear missile weapons, system-structural. the method provided an opportunity to analyze the role and importance of the United Nations in the formation of an international contractual framework in the process of implementing international security policy in the field of nuclear missile weapons.
 The use of these and other methods made it possible to distinguish two main directions of the international policy of treaty regulation of preventing the use of nuclear missile weapons: regulation of the production and use of nuclear weapons, as well as regulation of public relations to counter nuclear terrorism. The central place in the study of these areas is given to the analysis of the Treaty on the Non- Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons dated July 1, 1968. The article formulates the main problematic points of the provisions of this Treaty and substantiates the directions for the development of the contractual framework in the process of implementing international security policy aimed at preventing the use and proliferation of nuclear missiles. weapons

ПРАКТИЧНІ АСПЕКТИ ВИВЧЕННЯ ПОЛІГОНАЛЬНОГО 3D МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ

An article describes the practical aspects of studying polygonal modeling. To substantiate the topic's relevance, the author points out the importance of modernization in the education sphere. In particular, the using three-dimensional graphics and virtual and augmented reality technologies are one of the significant trends of today. That is why the studying of approaches to the creation and use of digital three-dimensional educational content is necessary for the training of future teachers and lecturers. The author considers the works of both Ukrainian and English-speaking researchers. His analysis of scientific research shows that scientists mainly describe the general issues of implementing 3D graphics, as well as VR and AR, in the educational process. However, they don't sufficiently reveal the topics that are related to the vital problematic moments of studying the process of creating 3D content. Usually, students master them very hard. These include polygonal three-dimensional modeling, animation, and rendering. That is why the author focuses his attention on one of such problematic points - the studying of polygonal modeling. In particular, he aimed to reveal practical aspects of learning based on the analysis of polygon modeling rules, which are directed at helping students to improve their skills in creating surfaces of virtual digital objects. In the main part of the article, the author notes the importance of observing the rules of high-quality construction of the polygon mesh on the object, which is modeled in the three-dimensional editor. Based on the analysis of the presented rules, he gives examples of educational tasks. They allow students to improve their skills in polygonal 3D modeling. The presented tasks can also be used by other teachers to create their system of practical tasks for studying 3D modeling. The article contains the necessary images of three-dimensional models that complement the text material. The models presented in the images are made in the freely distributed 3D graphics editor Blender. This choice is due to the fact that this program is used for teaching three-dimensional graphics both in the study of informatics in schools and institutions of higher and professional education. The conclusions summarize the presented material and point to further prospects for scientific research.

THE ABILITY TO CONTROL SPACE AND PROPERTY IN A MUNICIPALITY

The author's research is based on the need for control over the development of the public space of the municipality by its residents. The article is devoted to the study of the processes of formation of the public space of the city of Perm. The author shows that with today's approach to the processes of forming public space, a number of documents are mainly executed, but attention is not paid to the needs of city residents. Proposals have been formed for the development of urban public space and control over municipal property within the framework of the Strategy of Socio-economic Development o. In practice, the author presented a decision on the need to “digitize” municipal property, which was included in the draft Strategy for the socio-economic development of the municipality and in the plans (road maps) of subordinate institutions. The development of information systems, the growth of infrastructure services, an increase in the amount of processed and stored information in databases shows the need to increase the working capacity of service equipment and the volume of data storage systems, which in turn will lead to the need to determine a single method for assessing the result of using digital technologies, which in turn the queue will lead to the need to protect the results obtained f the city of Perm. It is presented in the analysis of materials characterizing the use of methods of analysis and systematization of theoretical fundamental research, applied developments and documentation. An analysis of the practice of project management and the specifics of the regulatory framework can make it possible to identify problematic points in the application of project management technologies at the municipal level: lack of synchronization of the processes of strategic socio-economic development, portfolio management and budget planning; lack of external expertise of the proposed results of government projects with justification of their effectiveness, sufficiency and necessity for local communities. The results of the study can be used in the development of public spaces of municipalities.

Millions of Living Dead: Fugitives, the Polish Border, and 18th-Century Russian Society

Millions of Living DeadFugitives, the Polish Border, and 18th-Century Russian Society Evgenii V. Akelev (bio) and Andrey V. Gornostaev (bio) In 1761, Mikhail Lomonosov astutely noted that among other causes of population loss in Russia—such as diseases, murders, and accidents—was the issue of the "living dead" (zhivye pokoiniki): "From border provinces, people leave for other countries, especially for Poland, and, as a result, the Russian Crown loses its subjects." He subsequently compared the Russo-Polish border to a "great hole [velikaia skvazhina] that was impossible to seal" to prevent ordinary people from slipping out of the country. Some fled because of seigniorial demands and conscription, while others, affected by the Schism, moved to the Polish town of Vietka. Finally, he proposed that the Russian government should alleviate the tax burden and eliminate conscription to make borderland residents less likely to flee and use troops to bring the "living dead" back to the empire.1 Lomonosov's concern with population loss was widely shared by his contemporaries and further accentuated by several official reports that mentioned "over a million people" [End Page 269] dwelling abroad.2 Thus in his comments, Lomonosov succinctly captures the essence of a problem that figured on the imperial agenda throughout the 18th century: the existence of a porous western border that created an opportunity for many thousands of Russian subjects to escape and begin a new life in the Commonwealth. From the 1720s onward, Russian rulers became continuously preoccupied with both the scale of emigration to Poland-Lithuania and the state of the western border. They viewed these issues as intertwined, because imperial subjects would not have been able to leave if the border had been sufficiently guarded. Considerable efforts hence were exerted to restrict departures. At the same time, the population flight abroad revealed the most oppressive features of Russia's social order and prompted government administrators to consider existing policies on noble-peasant relations and Old Believers. The most ambitious and problematic point on the agenda, nevertheless, was to discover ways to return fugitives to Russia. This article investigates these interrelated processes by focusing on interactions between the authorities and fugitives (peasants, town residents, Old Believers, soldiers), which took a number of forms—such as petitions, deployment of military force, and issuance of amnesties. Considered together, they allow us to understand the "imperial repertoire," the ruling strategies used by Russian central and provincial officials to deal with specific situations that arose because of the problematic border with Poland-Lithuania. As Jane Burbank and Frederick Cooper note, "an imperial repertoire" was not "a preset formula for rule" but improvisations and decisions often "shaped by past practices and constrained by context."3 Specifically, we argue that attention to the porousness of the Russo-Polish border and processes associated with it enables us to view the imperial state not as rigid and limited in its capacity to control the population but as experimenting with various approaches and constantly adapting to changing circumstances along the border and within the country.4 [End Page 270] Likewise, the examination of the western border complicates our understanding of cross-border migrations. Commonly, social historians tend to simplify this issue by presenting it as resistance to oppressive features of the imperial regime and ignoring fugitives' expectations for potential benefits in the receiving country.5 By contrast, historians of borderlands argue that we need to view borders "as historical constructs that empower some at the expense of others," and therefore our task is to understand the effect that borders exert on different people.6 This article demonstrates that ordinary people had motivations and considerations that went beyond resistance and were based on their knowledge of border conditions, advantages, and freedoms available in different places. For those living on the Polish-Lithuanian side, the border represented a bargaining chip that helped them interact with the Russian government at a different level, as independent parties that could make demands and concur with or disregard official orders when they so pleased. The exploration of the early modern Russo-Polish border also contributes to the growing field of borderlands studies, whose scholars actively research the significance of mapping, treaties, demarcations, negotiations, and violence...

USABILITY OF PROGRAM INTERFACES FOR TEACHING 3D GRAPHICS IN A SCHOOL COURSE OF INFORMATICS

The study of three-dimensional graphics is an important part of a school course of informatics. This is a consequence of the fact that in today's world it is impossible to imagine a sphere of human activity where 3D modeling and 3D printing technologies are not used. At the same time, issues related to the study of this field of information technology at school are unfortunately not sufficiently outlined. Students' perception of the complex interfaces of the corresponding graphic software is also a problematic point. At the same time, the degree of their impact on educational activity has not been studied at a sufficient level. Considering that the complexity of organizing the interaction between the user and the control elements is inherent in the vast majority of graphic 3D programs, the purpose of the exploratory research was to study this very issue only in the context of the educational learning process. When choosing software for testing, the following selection criteria were followed: the software must be distributed on the basis of the open GPL license, and online services must be able to be freely registered and used in work; it is necessary that graphic complexes of three-dimensional graphics satisfy sufficiently democratic system requirements of school computers; the presence of a large number of localizations is also important, and in terms of functionality, 3D programs should approach similar leading commercial software tools and corresponding online services. In the work, considerable attention was paid to the description of research planning. In particular, it was indicated how the sample of respondents was formed and the main approaches to testing program interfaces in the context of their use in the educational process were revealed. An online tool for testing - UsabilityHub.com - is described separately. The obtained data are described and supplemented by specialized graphic heat maps of clicks. As a result, the data is analyzed in detail, it is indicated that the obtained results of the exploration research are an important basis for conducting further scientific research related to this topic and will allow better investigation of problematic issues. The authors also formulate recommendations for the study of three-dimensional graphics editors in a school course of informatics and note methodological points that teachers should pay attention to when preparing for classes.