Problem-Solving Scale Research Articles

Validation and short-form development of Conflict and Problem-solving Strategy Scales

ABSTRACT The Strategy scales from the Conflicts and Problem-solving Scales is widely used and meaningfully distinguishes between conflict behaviours characterized by Cooperation, Avoidance, Child Involvement, Stalemating, and Verbal and Physical Aggression. The aim of this study was to validate the scale and develop a short-form for use across family structures. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) showed an unsatisfactory fit of the original Strategy scales in a sample (n = 794 parents) from the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child cohort study. Less than half of the items were included in the new Strategy short-form, which supported the original six-factor structure, had acceptable fit and comparable concurrent validity to the full-scale. CFAs also showed acceptable fit for the short-form across reporters and family structures in the more heterogeneous Sample 2, consisting of parents living together (n = 838) and apart (n = 902), recruited from family counselling centres across Norway. The short-form scales explained variance in parental wellbeing and relationship satisfaction over and above thebackground variables, supporting incremental validity. However, associations with child mental health were of minor size. Given that the trategy short-form has better fit and validity compared to the original scale, we recommend it for use in family research and practice. Further validation is called for.

Neurocognitive Disorder and Emotional Symptoms in HIV+ Brazilian Elderly: Influence of Gender, Income, Diet, and Sleep.

The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) and symptoms of anxiety and depression in HIV+ Brazilian elderly on antiretroviral treatments. The study included 112 HIV+ elderly who completed a questionnaire, tests for cognitive screening, attention, problem solving, processing speed, visual perception, memory, and anxiety and depression scales. The results showed presence of HAND (89.3%), pathological anxiety (48.2%) and depression (58%) in the sample. Higher income was a protective factor for HAND (OR = 0.33). Waking up well-rested (OR = 0.63) and better diet quality (OR = 0.62) reduced the chance of pathological anxiety. Higher education (OR = 0.74) and waking up well-rested (OR = 0.61) reduced the chance of depression. Being female (OR = 7.73) increased the chance of depression. It can be concluded that it is important to evaluate cognitive and emotional aspects of HIV+ elders and to consider social and educational status, diet, and sleep in interventions, paying special attention to elderly women.

Effectiveness of a Problem-Solving Program in Improving Problem-Solving Ability and Glycemic Control for Diabetics with Hypoglycemia.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a hypoglycemia problem-solving program (HPSP) on problem-solving ability and glycemic control in diabetics with hypoglycemia. This was a prospective, quasi-experimental study with two groups, using a pre- and post-repeated measures design. A total of 71 diabetic patients with hypoglycemia were purposively assigned to an experimental group (n = 34) and a control group (n = 37). The experimental group participated in an 8-week HPSP, and each weekly session lasted approximately 90 min, while the control group received usual care. Participants were assessed at baseline, 1, 3, and 6 months after intervention care. In the experimental group, 6 months after the HPSP intervention, HbA1c was superior to that before the intervention. In both groups, the score obtained using the hypoglycemia problem-solving scale (HPSS) was low before the intervention. In the experimental group, HPSS tracking improved at all stages after the intervention compared to before the intervention. In the control group, the HPSS score improved slightly in the first month and sixth months after usual care. There were significant differences between and within groups in HbA1c levels and HPSS score over time. The intervention based on the HPSP effectively improves HbA1c level and hypoglycemia problem-solving ability in patients with hypoglycemia.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF A PROBLEM-SOLVING PROGRAM IN SOLVING THE MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM AMONG 10TH GRADERS IN LIGHT OF THEIR VARIANCE OF THE MATHEMATICAL SELF-CONCEPT

This study aimed at investigating the impact of a problem-solving based program on mathematical problem-solving among 10th-grade students due to the variance of their mathematical self-concept. The purposive sample of this study consisted of (89) male and female students from Wadi Bani Kharous Basic Education School and Om Hakeem Basic Education School at Sultanate of Oman. The sample was divided into an experimental group, which consisted of (48) students, and the control group consisted of (41) students. The instructional materials of Polynomial and Algebraic Functions Unit and Trigonometric Functions Unit for Grade 10th were designed based on the problem-solving program. The problem-solving test and mathematical self-concept scale were developed, and both were valid and reliable. The findings showed that: there were significant statistical differences in the mathematical problem-solving test in favor of the experimental group. The findings indicated that the significant statistical differences in the mathematical problem-solving test are due to the mathematical self-concept and the absence of statistically significant differences in the mathematical problem-solving test is due to the interaction between teaching methods and mathematical self-concept in light of the findings, the study suggested some crucial recommendations including the importance of enriching mathematics curricula with mathematical problem-solving strategies and having professional development workshops to train teachers on how to use mathematical problem-solving strategies and urge them to use these strategies in teaching Mathematics

Religious Problem-Solving Styles and Life Satisfaction: Exploring God, the Will and the Way

A proliferation of empirical studies over the past few decades has examined the connection between religiosity and health; an extension of this literature has focused on the association between three styles of religious problem-solving-collaborative, self-directing and deferring-and psychological adjustment. Few studies, however, have examined variables that may mediate this association. The present study utilized a cross-sectional design to examine the pathways (means to attain goals) and agency (goal-directed energy and determination) components of hope as mediators in the association between religious problem-solving styles and psychosocial adjustment. Students (n = 91) at a midsize Southeastern university completed a demographic questionnaire, the Religious Problem-solving Styles Scale, Adult Hope Scale, and the Life Satisfaction Scale. Mediation analyses revealed that both the collaborative and deferring religious problem-solving styles were positively associated with life satisfaction through agency thinking, but the self-directing religious problem-solving style was negatively associated with life satisfaction through agency thinking. Contrary to expectations, there was no significant indirect effect of any of the religious problem-solving styles on life satisfaction via pathways thinking. These results suggest that approaching problems within a specific religious framework is associated with psychosocial adjustment, and that each religious problem-solving style may exert its effects by either amplifying or quelling goal-directed motivation and willpower. Future studies should utilize quasi-experimental designs in order to delineate cause-and-effect relationships among religious problem-solving styles, agency and pathways thinking, and psychosocial adjustment.

Problem-Solving Skills as a Mediator Variable in the Relationship between Habits of Mind and Psychological Hardiness of University Students

This study investigated the role of problem-solving skills as a mediator variable in the relationships between habits of mind and the psychological hardiness among university students, and to identify the difference between male and female students in each of the habits of mind, psychological hardiness, and problem-solving skills. The sample comprised of 285 male and female, third-year Faculty of Education, University students. The data collection utilized the habits of mind scale, the problem-solving scale, and the psychological hardiness scale (Mekhemer, 1996). SPSS v.25 and AMOS v.24 were used to process data. The findings revealed that problem-solving skills partially mediates the relationship between habits of mind and psychological hardiness, and the results also demonstrated that there are no statistically significant differences between male and female students in habits of mind, problem-solving skills, and psychological hardiness. Future research suggestions include planning stakeholders at the university stage should take into consideration the necessity to integrate habits of mind and problem-solving skills in curricula, and providing training for faculty members to enhance university students' psychological hardiness.

Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the Emotional Education Program EMO-ACTION within a Preschool Setting

The effectiveness of the Emotional Education Program EMO-ACTION (EMO-ACCIÓN) in the development of emotional skills and emotional strategies is evaluated, as well as empathy and problemsolving skills among preschool students. A sample of 123 children were enrolled in the 2nd year of preschool education, aged between 4 and 5 years old. A design of repeated pre-test/post-test measurements was applied to an experimental group (60 children) and a control group (63 children). The Recognition, Regulation, Empathy and Problem-Solving Scale (RRER) was administered before and after the educational intervention. The results confi rm that the program had a positive impact on the development of emotional skills in the children that took part in it. A significant increase was noted in emotional recognition, in emotional regulation, and in the identification, and resolution of problems.

فاعلية الذات وعلاقتها بحل المشکلات لدى مرضى التصلب العصبي المتعدد (التصلب اللويحي)

ملخص الدراسة: هدفت الدراسة بشکل عام إلى التعرف على العلاقة بين فاعلية الذات وأسلوب حل المشکلات لدى مرضى التصلب العصبي المتعدد، وفي سبيل تحقيق ذلک استخدمت الباحثتان المنهج الوصفي بشقية الارتباطي والمقارن، کما تم استخدام مقياس فاعلية الذات من إعداد تبتون وثنجتون Tipton & Worthington وترجمة عبد الرحمن (1998)، ومقياس حل المشکلات الذي قام بتطويره حميد (1998)؛ لجمع بيانات الدراسة من مجتمعها المتمثل في جميع مرضى التصلب المتعدد اللويحي في مدينة المملکة العربية السعودية لعام 2019/ 1441وهو العام الذي طبقت فيه الدراسة، والبالغ عددهم (100.000) مريض، وبلغت عينة الدراسة (383) مريض. وقد توصلت الدراسة للعديد من النتائج أبرزها: أن هناک علاقة طردية (إيجابية) ذات دلالة إحصائية عند مستوى (0.01) بين فعالية الذات وأسلوب حل المشکلات لدى مرضى التصلب العصبي المتعدد، کما بينت النتائج أنه لا توجد هناک فروقا ذات دلالة إحصائية في فعالية الذات وأسلوب حل المشکلات بين مرضى التصلب العصبي باختلاف متغير الجنس، کما کشفت النتائج أنه لا توجد هناک فروقا ذات دلالة إحصائية في فعالية الذات بين مرضى التصلب العصبي باختلاف متغير العمر، في حين أن هناک فروقا ذات دلالة إحصائية عند مستوى (0.01) في حل المشکلات بين مرضى التصلب العصبي باختلاف متغير العمر وذلک لصالح المرضى ممن عمرهم (41-50) سنه، إضافة إلى ما سبق فقد أوضحت النتائج أن هناک فروقا ذات دلالة إحصائية عند مستوى (0.05) في فعالية الذات وأسلوب حل المشکلات بين مرضى التصلب العصبي باختلاف متغير الحالة الاجتماعية، وذلک لصالح المرضى من المتزوجين. وفي ضوء تلک النتائج قدمت الباحثتان العديد من التوصيات أبرزها: التوعية المستمرة لمرضى التصلب العصبي المتعددة بأهمية فاعلية الذات لديهم، ودورها في تعزيز قدرتهم على مواجهة المشکلات، وکذلک تصميم برامج وورش عمل حول کيفية تنمية مستوى فاعلية الذات لدى مرضى التصلب العصبي المتعدد، وخاصة لغير المتزوجين والمطلقين. Abstract In general, this dissertationaimed at recognizingthe relationship between self-efficiencyand problem-solving manner of patients of multiple sclerosis (MS). In order to achieve this, the two researchers use the descriptive approach of its two types; the correlational and the comparative, besides the self-efficiency scale prepared by Tipton & Worthington, translation of Abdel Rahman (1998), and the problem-solving scale developed by Hamid (1998) have been also used to collect the data of the dissertation from its society represented in all patients of multiple sclerosis (MS) in cities of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for the year 2019 / 1441, that is the year in which the study has been applied. The number of patients of multiple sclerosis (MS) in the Kingdom equals 100,000 patients and the subjects of the study equal 383 patients. The dissertation reached several results, most notable of those are the following: there is a direct correlation (positive correlation) that has astatistically significant, at level (0.01), between the self-efficiency and problem-solving manner of patients of multiple sclerosis (MS). In addition, the results showed that there are no statistically significant differences in the self-efficiency and problem-solving manner of patients of multiple sclerosis (MS)with variable gender difference, while there are statistically significant differences, at level (0.01), for the patients who are (41 – 50) years old in problem-solving manner of patients of multiple sclerosis (MS) with variable gender difference. In addition to the above, the results showed that there are statistically significant differences, at level (0.05), for the married patientsin the self-efficiency and problem-solving manner of patients of multiple sclerosis (MS) with difference of variable social status. In the light of these results, the two researchers suggested several recommendations, most notable of those are the following: the continuous awareness about the importance of the self-efficiency for the patients of multiple sclerosis (MS) as well as and its role to strength the patients’ ability to face the problems. Also, the two researchers recommended to design workshops programs about how to develop the self-efficiency level at the patients of multiple sclerosis (MS), especially those are unmarried and divorced ones.

The Relationship between Self-Regulation and Proportional Reasoning: The Mediating Role of Reflective Thinking towards Problem Solving

The present study examines the mediating impact of reflective thinking on problem-solving among seventh-grade students, focusing on the link between self-regulation and proportional reasoning. A relational research model was used to provide the quantitative research design. The prediction model proposed in this study was tested with 279 seventh-grade middle-school students. Data were collected using the ‘Reflective thinking towards problem-solving scale’, the ‘Perceived self-regulation scale’ and the ‘Proportional reasoning skill test’. Correlation and mediation analyses were performed on the collected data. The results demonstrate that reflective thinking toward problem-solving is significantly related to self-regulation and proportional reasoning. The mediation analysis shows that seventh-grade students' reflective-thinking skills towards problem-solving partially mediate between their self-regulation levels and proportional-reasoning skills.

STEM Tutum ve Problem Çözmeye Yönelik Yansıtıcı Düşünme Becerisi Arasındaki İlişki

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between STEM attitudes of middle-school students and their reflective thinking skills on problem-solving. For this aim, a survey was administered to a total of 576 students, including between 5-8 grades. In this study, the “STEM Attitude Scale” and the “Reflective Thinking Skill on Problem Solving Scale” were used as the data collection tools. The results showed that significant differences were found for the students’ reflective thinking skills on problem-solving in terms of gender, questioning, and reasoning dimensions in favor of female students. Also, significant differences among grade-levels were found in the questioning and evaluation dimen-sions of the reflective thinking skill on the problem-solving scale. Besides, significant differences were found in the engineering and technology dimensions in favor of female students and also in the mathe-matics and 21st-century skills dimensions in terms of grade-levels. Based on the findings obtained from this study, implications for teaching are made.

A Research Study into the impact on Emotional Stability of a Transactional Analysis Training Programme intended to develop increased levels of Adult Ego State in Adolescents in Syria

A research study is described into the impact on Adult ego state and emotional stability of 36 adolescent students (with 36 in a control group) of a training programme based on transactional analysis concepts run in a school in Damascus. An experimental battery of instruments comprised existing and new instruments including an Ego-State Wheel, an Ego State Problem-Solving Scale, an Ego State Measure, the Emotional Stability Brief Measure, and the Geneva Emotion Wheel. Results showed differences in Adult and Free Child ego states and emotional stability, and some differences between boys and girls on Nurturing Parent and Adapted Child ego states.

Problem Solving Skills of Students at the Faculty of Sports Sciences

The aim of this study is to determine the problem-solving skills of students studying at the Faculty of Sports Sciences of Uşak University and to examine individuals in terms of their personal variables. 290 students, 85 female and 205 male, participated in the study voluntarily at Uşak University Faculty of Sport Sciences. As a data collection tool in the research; “Personal Information Form” and “Problem Solving Inventory (PSI)” developed by Heppner and Peterson were used to determine problem solving skills.According to the normality test results performed to determine the appropriate analysis method for the data, the p-value for the problem solving scale was greater than 0.05. The total scores of the problem-solving scale match the normal distribution. For this reason, while investigating the significant differences, the parametric tests; t-test and ANOVA were used.No significant difference was found between the gender, age variable, monthly income level, monthly income level of families, education level of the parents, the region where the students live, the high school variable that the students graduated from, and the total scores of these students’ problem solving skills (p>0.05). As a result, according to the findings; it has been determined that sports have positive effects on the problem solving skills of the students at the Sport Sciences Faculty.

Movie in Guidance and Counseling Service: Could it help students to Improve their Problem-Solving Skill?

Students’ inability to solve their problems hampers their personal development and growth. The present study utilizes movie that provides a positive stimulus for students to develop self-confidence and autonomy in solving their daily life problems related to personal, social, academic, and career. The use of movie in group guidance aims to improve the students’ problem-solving skill. This experimental study employed one group pretest-posttest design. The participants were ten junior high school students with low level of problem-solving skill. They were selected using purposive sampling technique. Problem-solving skill scale was employed as the instrument of the study. The data were analyzed using Wilcoxon Sign Rank Test. This study found that movie is effective to improve student’s problem-solving skill. Based on the finding of the study, the counselors and future studies are suggested to consider effective media to help students to improve their problem-solving skill

Investigation of the Problem Solving and Excellence Levels of the Secondary School Students Who Do Sports and Does Not

In this study, it was aimed to compare the problem solving and perfectionism levels of the students who do sports and do not sports in terms of various variables, and to determine the correlation between problem solving and their perfectionism. In the province of Among the competitions between secondary schools in the 2018-2019 academic year, Milas district of Muğla province, 171 sports students between the ages of 13-15, whose sports age is at least 2 years, were randomly selected among the sports students. SPSS 22.0 statistics program was used in the analysis of the data. After the descriptive analyzes were made on the data, as the results of the Kolmogorov-Simirnov normality test performed by comparing the scores of the participants were not normal, the difference between the groups was examined by applying the Mann-Whitney test, which is one of the non-parametric tests. The "Mann-Whitney U" test was used to determine the differences between the groups. Statistical analyzes were tested at 95% confidence level, p<0.05 values were considered statistically significant. Under the "spearman's rho" test for the correlation between perfectionism and problem-solving scale. As a result, although the perfectionism and problem solving levels of the students who do and do not do sports have a meaningful result, the effect of doing sports varies according to gender; We can say that there is a positive correlation in the sub-dimensions of perfectionism and problem solving skills.

Attitudes and perceptions towards hypoglycaemia in patients with diabetes mellitus: A multinational cross-sectional study.

BackgroundPreventing hypoglycaemia is an essential component of diabetes self-management that is affected by patients’ attitudes and perceptions. This study aimed to explore the hypoglycaemia problem-solving ability of patients who have diabetes mellitus and factors that determine their attitudes and perceptions towards their previous events.MethodologyA cross-sectional study was conducted between October 2017 and May 2018 in three Arab countries (Jordan, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait) in patients with diabetes mellitus, who were prescribed antidiabetic therapy and had experienced hypoglycaemic events in the past six months. The Hypoglycaemia Problem-Solving Scale was used in this study. This scale contains two subscales, problem orientation (six questions) and problem-solving skills (eighteen questions), using a five-point Likert scale (range 0–4). Multiple linear regression analysis was used to identify predictors of hypoglycaemia problem-solving abilities.ResultsA total of 895 patients participated in this study from the three countries (300 in Jordan, 302 in Saudi Arabia, and 293 in Kuwait). The average age of the patients was 53.5 years (standard deviation = 13.7) and 52.4% (n = 469) were males. Patients had moderate overall problem-solving ability with a median score of 63.00 (interquartile range = 13.00). Patients’ problem-solving skills score (68.1%) was better than their problem-orientation skills score (58.3%). The highest sub-scale scores were for detection control, setting problem-solving goals, and evaluating strategies, 75.0%. The lowest sub-scale score was for problem-solving perception and immediate management, 50.0%. Older age, being educated, being married, having T2DM, prescribed insulin therapy, and not having been admitted to hospital for hypoglycaemia were important predictors of patients’ problem-solving ability (p < 0.05).ConclusionsHealthcare professionals are advised to provide more education to patients on how to self-manage hypoglycaemic events. Specifically, they should focus on the overall problem-solving perception of hypoglycaemia and its immediate management.

Exposure to marital conflict: Gender differences in internalizing and externalizing problems among children.

PurposeMarital conflict is integral to children’s psychosocial well-being. Extant research has shown that the effects of marital conflict on children are likely to vary by gender, indicating that gender plays a significant and complex role in the relationship between marital conflict and child adjustment. Focusing on gender, this study investigates the link between specific marital conflict tactics and children’s mental health symptoms in families in which the parents live together.MethodsThis study gathered data from 799 children and their parents in Japan by means of a questionnaire focusing on marital conflict and child behavioral problems. Marital conflict (verbal aggression, physical aggression, stonewalling, avoidance-capitulation, child involvement, and cooperation) was assessed using a Conflict and Problem-Solving Scale. Children’s behavioral problems (externalizing and internalizing symptoms) were assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire.ResultsThe findings highlight the significant impact of specific interparental conflict on children’s behavioral problems, demonstrating that there are differences according to the child’s gender. More specifically, multivariate analyses targeting boys revealed that cooperation was significantly inversely associated with externalizing problems and internalizing problems, while avoidance-capitulation and verbal aggression were significantly positively associated with externalizing problems. In contrast, multivariate analyses targeting girls revealed that cooperation was significantly inversely associated with externalizing problems and internalizing problems, while avoidance-capitulation and stonewalling were significantly positively associated with internalizing problems.ConclusionThis study reveals that interparental conflict is associated with children’s behavioral problems. Constructive marital conflict was significantly inversely associated with externalizing and internalizing problems in both boys and girls. Meanwhile, destructive marital conflict (i.e., avoidance-capitulation and verbal aggression) was significantly positively associated with externalizing problems in boys and significantly positively associated with internalizing problems in girls. These findings contribute to the substantial literature demonstrating the relationship between family processes and the development of disruptive behavior disorders in children.

Peran Regulasi Emosi dan Perhatian Orang Tua pada Social Problem-Solving Remaja yang Bersekolah Asrama

THE ROLE OF EMOTION REGULATION AND PARENTAL ATTENTION ON SOCIAL PROBLEM-SOLVING OF BOARDING SCHOOL'S ADOLESCENT. This study aimed to know the correlation of emotion regulation and parental attention to social problem solving of boarding school adolescents. The research subjects were 65 students of SMAN CMBBS who were selected by simple random sampling method. The instruments used are social problem-solving scale, emotion regulation scale, and parental attention scale. Data were analyzed by multiple regression analysis. The results showed that there was a significant correlation between emotion regulation and parental attention with social problem solving for SMAN CMBBS adolescents, with p = 0.00 (R = 0.699). Partial correlation test proves that there is a significant correlation between emotional regulation and social problem solving for SMAN CMBBS adolescents (p = 0.00; rx1y = 0.549). Partial correlation also proves that there is a significant relationship of parental attention to social problem solving for adolescent CMBBS (p = 0.032; rx2y = 0.268). This study concludes that there is a significant correlation between emotion regulation and parental attention to social problem solving of SMAN CMBBS adolescents.

A tool to support the professional learning of problem-solving teams: a pilot study on the problem-solving team effectiveness scale

ABSTRACT This study focused on the development of the Problem-Solving Team Effectiveness Scale, a measure used by practitioners to assess the professional learning of a problem-solving team (PST) engaging in the technical aspects of intervention selection, implementation, and evaluation. Several best practices by PSTs were initially identified through a review of the literature: knowledge of interventions and intervention effectiveness, data-based decision-making, intervention integrity, social validity, follow-up consultation with a problem identifier, and support for the PST. Together, these practices constitute an intervention technology for PSTs. After content validation, completion of the 25-item measure by PST members in four states from the Midwest United States yielded a five-factor solution via exploratory analysis, and subsequent parallel analysis reduced the solution to three factors: social validity, knowledge of interventions and intervention integrity, and follow up with problem identifiers. These subscales consistently differentiated PSTs with high meeting integrity, defined as use of a timekeeper and agenda, from those with lower meeting integrity. Additionally, a pattern of statistically significant correlations emerged between the subscales and typical PST activities, thereby contributing to the instrument’s convergent and discriminant validity. Discussion focuses on refinement of the scale as a professional development tool to enhance intervention technology with practising PSTs.

The Effect of Peer Instruction on Conceptual and Operational Approaches Preferred in Problem Solutions

The level of using conceptual and operational knowledge is of great importance in the problem-solving process. The previous studies on the measurement of conceptual and operational knowledge, have been, especially examining the problem solutions or in discussing the views. On the other hand, rich learning environments should be established to overcome such difficulties in teaching mathematics in general and analytical geometry in particular. In this study, the researchers provide useful information to the literature since this study aimed to examine quantitatively, whether the peer instruction in analytic geometry has any effect on the conceptual and operational approaches of secondary school mathematics teacher candidates in problem solving. The sample of the research is composed of (including 22 females, and 1 males) secondary school mathematics teacher candidates. Considering the advantages of technological resources on learning, the learning management system (LMS) designed by the second author, was used during the question-answer process. Before the application, the course content was integrated into the online learning management system (LMS). The teacher candidates were divided into groups before the application. In this research, the first group will be presented in the context of the research problem. In the first group, the scores of the prospective teachers who wanted to use the second right to answer were not reduced. Conceptual &amp; Operational Approach towards Problem-Solving scale, developed by Özyıldırım Gümüş and Umay (2018) was used as the data collection tool. One of the two options is conceptual and the other one is the operational. Thus, it is possible to decide on approaches from the responses. Since the value of this approach could be related with the data set, the cut-off point was determined by the ROC curve method in SPSS program and the data were analyzed descriptively by the reference to this cut-off point. It has been determined that the secondary school mathematics teacher candidates display a conceptual knowledge-based approach through peer instruction.

Examination of Undergraduate and Associate Degree Students’ Computer Programming Attitude and Self-Efficacy According to Thinking Style, Gender and Experience

This study aimed to determine undergraduate and associate degree students’ computer programming attitude and self-efficacy levels, and compare them according to thinking style, gender, department, weekly study time, and programming experience variables. The study employed the correlational research model. The researcher attempted to reach all associate and undergraduate students who had received the computer programming course at a state university. The computer programming self-efficacy scale, the computer programming attitude scale, and the holistic and analytic thinking in problem-solving scale were used to collect research data. Results suggested that the participants with different thinking styles showed significant differences regarding programming attitude and programming self-efficacy. Programming attitude and thinking style were significant predictors of programming self-efficacy. No difference was observed between genders in terms of the common effect and the partial effect of programming attitude and programming self-efficacy. However; differences were observed between participants from different departments and with different weekly study time. There was also a significant difference between the participants with different programming experience levels in terms of the common effect of programming attitude and self-efficacy, whereas no difference was found in terms of attitude alone.