Problem Of Poverty Research Articles

Сценарії реформування ПДФО в контексті зменшення нерівності доходів в Україні

Introduction. The aggravation of the problem of inequality and poverty in the conditions of Russia’s full-scale war against Ukraine determines giving priority to its mitigation in the period of post-war reconstruction. At the same time, ensuring the reduction of income inequality in the period after the termination or abolition of martial law is expected to be achieved by using the redistributive role of taxes, primarily personal income tax. Problem Statement. Although a progressive income tax is considered to be one of the main tools for reducing inequality, a proportional personal income tax can also increase the progressivity of taxation through a well-designed mechanism of tax-exempt amount. The purpose of the article is to analyze the state of fulfillment of the function of reducing income inequality by the personal income tax in Ukraine and ways to increase its redistributive properties. Methods. The redistributive properties of personal income tax were studied by determining the impact of the tax social benefit before and after its reform on the tax burden at different levels of income, which was calculated on the basis of effective personal income tax rates. The assessment of the fiscal consequences of the proposed reforms was carried out using information from the Pension Fund of Ukraine on the number of people receiving wages in a certain income range. Results. It was established that the flat personal income tax in Ukraine does not fulfill the function of reducing income inequality due to existing restrictions on the right to apply the tax social benefit, which cannot be used even by the recipients of the minimum wage. This creates the problem of a high tax burden on people with low incomes. In order to increase the impact of the tax on income redistribution, the feasibility of introducing in Ukraine a differentiated tax social benefit for the taxpayer, as well as a tax social benefit for dependents (wife/husband and children) is substantiated. Another option for increasing the progression in personal income taxation was considered – the introduction of a low-progressive/progressive tax model in combination with the existing and differentiated tax social benefit. Conclusions. An assessment of the impact of the proposed personal income tax reforms on the tax burden at different levels of income, as well as their fiscal consequences, was carried out. Possible risks, as well as the procedure for reforming the tax, are substantiated.

ANALISIS KETAHANAN PANGAN RUMAH TANGGA PETERNAK SAPI PERAH DI KECAMATAN GETASAN KABUPATEN SEMARANG

Food security is a problem that cannot be ignored, because food security is closely related to the problem of hunger and poverty, which is a problem for all countries in the world. One way to end hunger is to achieve food security from each individual. Food security status of a region depends on the food security of households in the region. This study was aim to analyze the status of food security of dairy farmers' households in Getasan District, Semarang Regency. The method used was a survey method with multiple stage sampling with cluster sampling as a determination of the location of research. The determination of respondents was carried out randomly at a predetermined location. The total respondents taken in this study were 102 respondents who were households of dairy farmers and wives who had cattle 2-6 heads. The data analysis method used was quantitative descriptive analysis, using calculation formulas and cross classification tables between two food security indicators, namely the share of food expenditure and the level of household energy consumption per capita per day. The study result showes that the average percentage of per capita energy consumption per day was 78.7791% and the average percentage share of food expenditure was 62.6404%. While the results shows that the level of food security was dominated by households with food vulnerable status. The advice that can be given to overcome this situation is to increase counseling, training and assistance to the housewives regarding nutritious food information and how to fulfill food independently, such as home gardening.

Study on Human Capital Structure Assessment and Relative Poverty Governance

China has completed the target task of fully eradicating poverty among the absolute rural poor under the current standards on schedule, and the milestone victory in poverty alleviation means that the focus of poverty alleviation will shift from helping absolute poverty in the past to targeting relative poverty. Human capital is always a fundamental intrinsic factor in alleviating the problem of relative poverty. This paper completes action on the usual policy of shifting the focus of China's poverty alleviation strategy to comparative poverty management, and explores how the optimization of human capital structure affects the alleviation of comparative poverty, and what is its intrinsic influence logic? Using spatial vector theory and coupled synergy model, we construct a model to assess the level of human capital structure from the perspectives of both advanced human capital and high-low skill complementarity, and conduct regression analysis to examine the total effect of human capital structure optimization on relative poverty, and use methods such as mediating effect model to explore its intrinsic influence mechanism in depth, and conduct robustness test to conclude that human capital structure optimization has a positive effect on the alleviation of relative poverty. The results show that the optimization of human capital structure has a positive effect on the alleviation of virtual poverty. This study provides policy suggestions and paths to reduce relative poverty through optimizing human capital structure in the post-poverty era.

Studi Kajian Tingkat Kemiskinan di Kota Medan

This study aims to determine the level of poverty in the Medan city area and how the government's efforts or solutions in handling it. A descriptive qualitative study with a literature method through literature studies from journals of previous research results related to poverty-level studies. The data used in this study is secondary data obtained from the Central Bureau of Statistics of Medan City. The study results explain that Medan City has always tried to overcome the problem of poverty to the maximum; in fact, poverty is still a severe problem. Overcoming poverty requires integrating various development policies and programs in multiple sectors. The best way to fight poverty is to promote policies strengthening economic messages and positions. The driving factor of poverty in Medan City is uneven development.

Poverty Reduction Evaluation Through the Program Looks Down on Poverty Problems (Gertak) in Trenggalek District, East Java

Poverty is a problem faced in all regions in Indonesia as well as in the Trenggalek district. To overcome this poverty problem, the Trenggalek district government has one breakthrough, namely by changing the paradigm from just a program to a poverty alleviation movement abbreviated as GERTAK. Because overcoming poverty cannot only be done by providing aid programs but the most important thing is to change the thinking of these poor people themselves so that they are willing and able to change. To research poverty reduction evaluation in the Trenggalek district, a qualitative descriptive approach was used. Data sources are obtained by direct observation of the field and interviews with predetermined sources. The validity of the data is obtained through the triangulation method. The results obtained that poverty reduction through the GERTAK program can be felt and accepted by the community. Although in its implementation there are still obstacles such as changing regulations and still low awareness of the poor themselves.

Membagun Tradisi dan Strategi Enterpreneur Melalui Bisnis dan Gaya Hidup Pada Masyarakat Indonesia

Entrepreneurship is considered as a way out in overcoming the problem of limited employment opportunities and poverty faced by almost all countries, including Indonesia. This phenomenon occurs due to the low motivation and interest of the community to develop an entrepreneurial spirit (entrepreneurship). Based on this, Indonesia still needs to prepare drivers for economic development. The government in each country is obliged to encourage its young generation to build an entrepreneurial spirit, so that they are free from dependence on other parties. Recognizing the importance of working hard with the initial goal of self-prosperity, the field of entrepreneurship is an option that can be realized by all levels of society. The research method used in this study is a literature review and the results of the researchers' thinking. The type of data used is secondary data with a qualitative approach. However, it is realized that the process of becoming a successful entrepreneur is not an easy thing. So the need for entrepreneurial traditions and strategies through business and lifestyle in.

Infrastructure and Poverty: State Budget Effect Analysis with Panel Model

The problem of poverty has an impact on various socio-economic problems such as high levels of illiteracy and unemployment, low levels of health and a bad environment. One strategy to reduce poverty can be done by building adequate infrastructure. The quality of advanced infrastructure is the main prerequisite needed by a country to accelerate its economic growth and development. This study focuses on the effect of infrastructure development that uses economic growth as a "bridge" in reducing the poverty rate that exists in Indonesia today. The contribution of this research is to find out how infrastructure budgeting affects poverty alleviation. The data used is panel data consisting of 32 provinces in Indonesia. The Fixed Effect model is the method used in this study, where the results show that the accelerated provision of priority infrastructure has a significant effect on poverty reduction. The availability of infrastructure services can encourage economic movement that reduces poverty. Partially, economic infrastructure, namely roads and clean water, has a significant effect on poverty alleviation, while social infrastructure DAU Education and DAU Health also have a significant negative effect . The results of this study have implications for the government where with the availability of adequate infrastructure it will be able to overcome poverty.

Book Review: The Myth of American Inequality: How Government Biases Policy Debate

Gramm, Ekelund, and Early demonstrate in _The Myth of American Inequality_ that the official statistics we rely on grossly misstate poverty, income inequality, and other measures of well-being. They ignore two thirds of welfare benefits as income, omit the income lost due to taxes that people pay for such programs, and use outmoded price indices that magnify price inflation and thereby understate growth in real income, employer-paid benefits and other variables over time. The result is grossly over-hyped problems of poverty, income inequality, and stagnation in living standards.

Juxtaposing Sub-Sahara Africa’s energy poverty and renewable energy potential

Recently, the International Energy Agency (IEA) released a comprehensive roadmap for the global energy sector to achieve net-zero emission by 2050. Considering the sizeable share of (Sub-Sahara) Africa in the global population, the attainment of global energy sector net-zero emission is practically impossible without a commitment from African countries. Therefore, it is important to study and analyze feasible/sustainable ways to solve the energy/electricity poverty in Africa. In this paper, the energy poverty in Africa and the high renewable energy (RE) potential are reviewed. Beyond this, the generation of electricity from the abundant RE potential in this region is analyzed in hourly timestep. This study is novel as it proposes a Sub-Sahara Africa (SSA) central grid as one of the fastest/feasible solutions to the energy poverty problem in this region. The integration of a sizeable share of electric vehicles with the proposed central grid is also analyzed. This study aims to determine the RE electricity generation capacities, economic costs, and supply strategies required to balance the projected future electricity demand in SSA. The analysis presented in this study is done considering 2030 and 2040 as the targeted years of implementation. EnergyPLAN simulation program is used to simulate/analyze the generation of electricity for the central grid. The review of the energy poverty in SSA showed that the electricity access of all the countries in this region is less than 100%. The analysis of the proposed central RE grid system is a viable and sustainable option, however, it requires strategic financial planning for its implementation. The cheapest investment cost from all the case scenarios in this study is $298 billion. Considering the use of a single RE technology, wind power systems implementation by 2030 and 2040 are the most feasible options as they have the least economic costs. Overall, the integration of the existing/fossil-fueled power systems with RE technologies for the proposed central grid will be the cheapest/easiest pathway as it requires the least economic costs. While this does not require the integration of storage systems, it will help the SSA countries reduce their electricity sector carbon emission by 56.6% and 61.8% by 2030 and 2040 respectively.

The state of global research on poverty after SDG declaration

AbstractBackgroundPoverty is a significant global problem which can hinder the attainment of the United Nations’ (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Poverty reduction or elimination requires adequate scientific or research contributions, creating socio‐scientific frames that could inform relevant stakeholders in policy planning, implementation and evaluation. This study aims to review the state of global research on poverty (2016 and upwards), since the UN's declaration of SDGs in 2015.MethodsThis study adopted a bibliometric review design. On 31 May 2022, a systematic SCOPUS‐based search was conducted to retrieve all journal papers published on poverty (2016 till 31 May 2022). The bibliometric data of the retrieved papers were analysed using Microsoft Excel and VOSviewer software.ResultA total of 15,143 journal papers on poverty were retrieved, of which 91.2% were published in English, whereas slightly more than half (52.9%) were published in the social sciences. Although all regions of the world sourced journal papers on poverty, however, countries from the Global North, particularly the USA and the United Kingdom, dominated other countries in terms of authorship, funding and institutional affiliations. Among Global South countries, China leads in terms of authorship, funding and institutional affiliations. South America and Africa contributed the smallest volume of journal papers on poverty.ConclusionThere exist global inequalities in research productivity on poverty. The global poverty problem skews to the Global South, but the scientific contributions flow from the Global North. There is a need to narrow the existing inequality gaps in the research productivity on poverty through North–South synergetic research collaborations.

Religious dialogue and the challenges of sustainable development (The problems of poverty and hunger as a model)

Purpose: The research aims to evaluate the prevailing concept of development, and it also aims to clarify the components of religion in achieving sustainable development goals in general, and the problem of poverty and hunger in particular. Findings: The research concluded that religions have an original and comprehensive view of development, that they have intrinsic capabilities and a strong civilizational experience in facing the dilemma of poverty, and that the way to activate this is cooperation through the means of development dialogue. Keywords: religion -Sustainable development, interfaith dialogue, poverty, hunger.

The Role of Business Incubators in Promoting Entrepreneurship of Higher Education Institutions

This study aims to measure the influence of university incubators on promoting the culture of entrepreneurship and to what extent these incubators guide and motivate students, teaching staff, and university employees to achieve entrepreneurial achievements in various disciplines and fields. The questionnaire was used as a tool to collect the required data. The study population consists of students, teaching staff, administrators, and employees from almost all Jordanian universities, which are estimated to be more than tens of thousands. We distributed the questionnaire among 14 universities, and only 310 responses were collected. Based on the results of the questionnaire that were statistically analyzed, presented, and processed we believe that business incubators are like any existing project. Universities must pay attention to all matters that may lead to their success, including attention to all administrative, financial, and marketing matters, in addition to paying attention to all work they carry out, including the mechanism of helping small projects. It is necessary to introduce an entrepreneurship course within the compulsory requirements at the university level and for first or second-year students, because of its importance in spreading the culture of entrepreneurship among students. We hope that our recommendations will change the horizons of the university community and intellectual level and convert graduate students from “job seekers” into “job creators” which strongly contribute to solving unemployment and poverty problems.

Intervensi Nutrisi-Sensitif Dan Nutrisi-Spesifik Untuk Mengatasi Masalah Anak Stunting Di Aceh

Public health policy is important for reducing poverty as implemented by investing human capital such as in nutritional-sensitive and nutritional-specific programs. Indonesia is one of developing countries that has severe problems with stunted children, especially in the province of Aceh which currently has the highest percentage of stunting children. Thus, investment in human capital in nutritional intervention (specific and sensitive nutritional program) can be a solution to reduce a high percentage of stunting. According to many literature, the problem of poverty and malnutrition or stunted children can be overcome by nutritional and non-nutritional programs that should be carried out together so that nutritional problems can be addressed sustainably.

Analysis of The Influence of Muslim Sandwich Generation Technology Philanthropy on Poverty

This study aims to determine the effect of Muslim sandwich generation philanthropic technology on poverty. One of the problems that is still being faced by the Indonesian state is the problem of poverty. Poverty alleviation efforts are carried out to realize the ideals of the nation, namely, the creation of a just and prosperous society. The sandwich generation has the hope of living a just and prosperous life. The sandwich generation is like a slice of a sandwich. Those who have reached adulthood are "sandwiched" between responsibilities for children and their parents who have entered old age to care for, provide for, and meet the needs of clothing, food, and shelter. Becoming the sandwich generation may not be everyone's dream. The responsibility that is carried is not easy because you have to support two generations at once. Sandwich situations require an open attitude among family members to help ensure that money is managed wisely, effectively, and cooperatively. In addition to such a position, the Muslim sandwich generation must be aware that there are still other people's rights in their wealth. This means that this generation must issue obligations such as zakat, infaq, alms, and endowments. According to Marts (2013), this generation is very dependent on technological sophistication because it is required to have fast performance, so it tends to be more practical. This type of research is a quantitative research using the SEM (structural equation modeling) method. The research sample is the sandwich generation of Muslims in Indonesia with a probability sampling technique. This study's results indicate the influence of philanthropic technology used by the Muslim sandwich generation on poverty reduction. In addition, this research is useful for the government and formal charitable institutions to reduce poverty. However, this will be realized if the government protects formal charitable institutions thereby increasing philanthropic behavior by the Muslim sandwich generation. The government must also take a role, namely to regulate the distribution of benevolent funds to areas in need. For example, the centralization of benevolence funds to create a fair distribution. Sandwich generation competence using financial planning technology needs to be developed by the government so that it can build a mindset of people who are aware of managing finances. This can be done by increasing the number of charitable institutions engaged in financial planning technology. Charitable institutions also have a role, namely they must be able to maintain public trust and cooperate with other formal charitable institutions. Every formal charitable institution must be able to distribute all benevolent funds proportionally.

PERAN KELEMBAGAAN SOSIAL DALAM MENINGKATKAN KESEJAHTERAAN MASYARAKAT MELALUI INOVASI PROGRAM RASAILAHDAKU DI KOTA PADANG

The RASAILAHDAKU program is an innovative program that aims to improve people's welfare through the use of social institutions. This program is implemented in the city of Padang, which is the capital of the province of West Sumatra in Indonesia. The background of this program is the need to overcome the problem of poverty and social inequality in the city of Padang. Even though this city has great economic potential, there are still many people who live below the poverty line and do not have adequate access to the resources needed to improve their welfare. Researchers will describe the information and research findings related to the Implementation of the Rasailah Daku Program for Street Children in the City of Padang, using the results of the information and findings from the process of observation, interviews and library research. The data and results of the research will be broken down into 2 parts of the review, namely the process of the feel me program as a prosecution of street children and the results of the feel me program. In the RASAILAHDAKU program for the further development of street children in the city of Padang, there is an important role for various social institutions. These institutions work together in order to provide guidance, protection and services to street children in order to improve their quality of life. The expected results of this program are reducing the number of street children who are involved in wrong associations, increasing the value of social solidarity and a sense of child nationalism, as well as increasing the knowledge and skills of children as the next generation.

Peti Koin Bermantra: SDGs Instrument “No Poverty” Fisheries Sector in Wajak District

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are global action plans agreed upon by world leaders to end poverty, reduce inequality and protect the environment as part of efforts to achieve the national Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Ideas related to the current national development model, based on Presidential Regulation No. 59 of 2017, concerning achieving sustainable national development goals. In this regard, the regional government of East Java province has made an acceleration policy in dealing with poverty through the Anti-Poverty Program (APP), which is currently renamed the Peti Koin Bermantra. The research was conducted to determine the program's success in dealing with the problem of poverty in the fisheries sector in The Wajak sub-district through the Mugi Mulya business group as a group of beneficiaries. The research was conducted using the Descriptive Qualitative method, primary data from observations and interviews and secondary data from written documents at the Malang Regency Bappeda. Based on the research conducted, it is known that the program’s sustainability can increase catfish productivity by increasing daily sales by 450% within six years of first receiving assistance. The income of group members also increased, where it was only around Rp. 20,000 before the assistance per day, and gross profit reached Rp after the assistance. 600,000 per day. Based on this, the sustainability of the program can improve the economy of the productive poor, supporting the Sustainable Development Goals “No Poverty”. In the future, it is hoped that the success of the Peti Koin Bermantra program can be felt by various sectors so that it can improve the welfare of the wider community through improvements to the publication of program information itself.

ПРОБЛЕМА БІДНОСТІ В УМОВАХ ЗБРОЙНОГО КОНФЛІКТУ: ПРИКЛАД УКРАЇНИ

The article examines the problem of poverty in Ukraine under the conditions of the Russian invasion. By the invasion of Russia, the author understands the large-scale war that has covered the entire territory of Ukraine since February 2022, since hostilities on the territory of Ukraine have been ongoing since 2014. The problem of poverty is especially relevant today, because in the conditions of armed conflicts, impoverishment affects the absolute majority of people. In the case of Ukraine, even people who, according to their social and economic characteristics, were confidently in the middle class, became poor. The article emphasizes that at the time of the beginning of the invasion, the Ukrainian economy did not have the necessary «strength margin». The standard of living in Ukraine throughout the period of independence has remained relatively low, which is proven by statistical data. So, Ukrainians had rather small amounts of savings, which adversely affected their lives after the beginning of the Russian invasion. A number of consequences of the armed conflict were identified, which directly or indirectly affected the level of poverty. Thus, the destruction of housing, by definition, determines the transition of a person to the category of citizens who are in a state of poverty. Given the number of people whose homes have been destroyed or significantly damaged, quick recovery is impossible given Ukrainian realities. The destruction of industrial facilities, road infrastructure, shopping areas, etc. is significant. Accordingly, citizens were left without work and the means of livelihood. A significant reduction in the territory controlled by Ukraine led to the loss of a significant part of the coastline and the complete loss of access to the Sea of Azov. It is emphasized that Russia gained control over a significant part of Ukraine’s natural resources. Special attention is paid in this article to Russia’s appropriation and smuggling of grain from Ukraine. Loss of life, health of citizens, mass evacuation and mobilization negatively affected the economic situation, which is discussed in detail in the work. The claim is made that evacuated citizens pay taxes, buy goods and services in host countries, supporting the economies of other countries. It has been proven that a decline in the level of education can have a long-term impact on economic development and the level of poverty. Peculiarities of the impact of the Russian invasion on the development of human capital in Ukraine have been studied. The thesis is expressed that the state and business bear an obligation to observe social responsibility. Special attention is paid to the impact of the war on the energy infrastructure. It has been demonstrated that Russia’s targeted attacks on the Ukrainian electricity industry are significantly harming the country’s economy. The list of consequences of Russia’s armed aggression against Ukraine given in the article is not complete. Moreover, a complete list with an exhaustive classification cannot be created by definition, because a significant number of facts have not yet become known. In addition, some effects will manifest only after a certain time. But it is already possible to state the need to involve the entire civilized world in order to restore the economy of Ukraine. The article uses the achievements of economic, political, sociological, psychological and other sciences, taking into account the interdisciplinary synthesis and pluralism of approaches. Modern trends in the interpretation of the consequences of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine are analyzed.

Comprehensive evaluation framework building for integrated development program

The integrated development program, a cross-sectional development approach targeting a specific region or village, is receiving increasing attention as the 2030 agenda emphasizes a holistic approach in solving the poverty problem. The conventional evaluation designed for a causal inference of project-level outcome is incapable of reflecting the characteristics of the integrated development program. In this regard, we analyzed the unique features of the integrated development program by applying policy design theory to identify the challenges of evaluating this type of program. We then derived the logic of causal inference from the generative causation approach to resolve these challenges and developed practical evaluation tools, including causal maps and the evaluation matrix. These tools can be applied to respond to the evaluation questions related to the characteristics of the integrated development program, such as chain of causality, interactions between the outcomes, and many-to-many correspondence between aid-providers and recipients.

RECONSTRUING URBAN MUSLIM ENTREPRENEUR PROGRAM ON VOLUNTARY ALMSGIVING: Deconstruction, Social Theology and Plurality

In social realm, the experience of religious communities has created diverse pious space in response to the elevating number of the urban poverty. Religious expression reduces the problem of poverty. The acts gave responses to modernity challenge, as pointed out in Weberian view, that characterized in selfish individualism and egocentrism. Sedekah as a concept of almsgiving sometimes correlated to the charity and philanthropy, but it also serves as complementary vision. This article seeks to employ the deconstruction of almsgiving program among the representative of Muslim urban entrepreneur. It aims at uncover the inspiration of voluntary almsgiving program in urban setting. Applying qualitative method, the article uses empirical secondary data found in both literature and netnography. Applying social theology approach that combined the hybrid theological and sociological ones, the argument exemplifies the alternative reading on sedekah program initiated by Jusuf Hamka, one of urban Muslim entrepreneurs. The article suggests the praxis of voluntary almsgiving program gave a way to inspiration that akin to active and equal traits amid diverse socio-religious practice and social classes. The deconstruction of sedekah program constitutes the pluralist view which is needed in a more democratic and diverse type of society in urban setting.

THE PROBLEM OF POVERTY IN THE WORLD, ITS ELIMINATION AND PEOPLE'S LIVELIHOOD WAYS TO IMPROVE WELL-BEING

Having deeply studied the problem of poverty in the world, its causes and economic consequences, at the same time, analyzing foreign experiences in reducing poverty and achieving economic stability, scientific-methodical and practical suggestions and recommendations are presented for reducing poverty and improving the living conditions of the population in our country.