Problem Of Copyright Protection Research Articles

Method for Protection of Copyright on Vector Data

The paper proposes a method of copyright protection for vector maps, based on the embedding of raster digital watermarks. The method combines original ideas, namely, a vector data watermarking approach that does not distort the coordinate information of vector objects and embedding of noise-like images that encode a binary sequence. The use of noise-like carrier allows to simplify the verification procedure, and also to ensure the resistance of the hidden bit sequence to distortions, including interpolation errors. In comparison with previous investigations made by the authors when solving problems of vector data protection, the robustness of the embedded noise-like digital watermarks has been significantly increased by developing a new algorithm for detection of the binary sequence hidden in the spectrum of a noise-like image. The purpose of the experimental studies was to assess the attainable probability of correct sequence extraction for various parameters and embedding conditions. The study of information capacity showed that the potential amount of information embedded in each polygon without distorting the watermark sequence depends on the type of a map, namely on the number of vertices that make up each polygon. An experimental study on robustness against potentially possible transformations aimed at maliciously deleting the digital watermark from the vector map is performed. The developed method demonstrates resistance to affine transformations, cropping, addition, removal and reordering of vertices / objects, and, thus, seems to be the optimal solution to the problem of copyright protection for vector data. The analysis of the method quality according to the criteria of accuracy, durability, information capacity, and computational complexity is performed. The results of all conducted studies confirm the efficiency and the effectiveness of the proposed method for vector map protection, as well as its distinct advantage over the prior art.

A blockchain-based code copyright management system

With the increasing number of open-source software projects, code plagiarism has become one of the threats to the software industry. However, current research on code copyright protection mostly focuses on the approach for code plagiarism detection, failing to fundamentally solve the problem of copyright confirmation and protection. This paper proposes a blockchain-based code copyright management system. Firstly, an Abstract Syntax Tree-based code originality verification model is constructed. The originality of the uploaded code is determined through its similarity to other original codes. Secondly, the Peer-to-Peer blockchain network is designed to store the copyright information of the original code. The nodes in the blockchain network can verify the originality of the code based on the code originality verification model. Then, through the construction of blocks and legitimacy validation and linking of blocks, the blockchain-based code copyright management structure is built. The whole process guarantees that the copyright information is traceable and will not be tampered with. According to the experiments, the accuracy and processing time of the code originality verification model are shown to meet code originality verification requirements. The experiment also shows that the best storage type of the code copyright information is the code fingerprint which is a 256bits hash value converted from code eigenvalues. It performs better in both response speed and storage efficiency. Moreover, because of the uniqueness and irreversibility of the result from the SHA256 algorithm, the code fingerprint storage yields a better level of storage security. In summary, this paper proposes a blockchain-based code copyright management system which provides better response speed and storage efficiency.

Recognition and protection of copyright objects under the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights

The article is devoted to the problem of copyright protection under the existing agreements of the World Trade Organization. The analysis of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) which occupies the central place in the system of WTO normative legal acts is presented in the study. The paper reveals certain categories of intellectual property rights subject to protection under this Agreement, procedural aspects of the acquisition and preservation of copyrights, as well as minimum standards for the intellectual property rights protection adopted by WTO member states. It is concluded that copyright protection depends not only on substantive rules that provide for minimum standards of protection, but also on procedural and legal mechanisms that provide effective ways to ensure compliance with these rules. The article highlights the unique role of the TRIPS Agreement in the sphere of copyright and intellectual property rights protection in international trade.

A fusion-domain color image watermarking based on Haar transform and image correction

The leapfrog development of computer technology has greatly enhanced the breadth of information dissemination. As a larger information carrier, color image becomes more and more popular, but the copyright protection problem becomes more and more serious. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a fusion-domain color watermarking based on Haar transform and image correction. Firstly, the maximum energy coefficient of Haar transform is directly obtained in spatial domain. Then, the coefficient is quantified with the help of variable quantization steps to embed the color watermark that encrypted by affine transform. If the watermarked image is processed by geometric attack, then the attacked image can be corrected by using of the geometric properties. Finally, the inverse embedding process is performed to extract the watermark. The performances of the proposed method are shown as follows: 1) all PSNR (Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio) values are greater than 40 dB; 2) all SSIM (Structural Similarity Index Metric) values are greater than 0.96; 3) most NC (Normalized Cross-correlation) values are more than 0.9; 4) the key space is more than 2432; 5) the maximum embedded capacity is 0.25bpp; 6) the running time is about 6 s. Compared with the related methods, the experimental results show that the proposed method is feasible and has good performance.

Fast and robust image watermarking method in the spatial domain

To solve the copyright protection problem of a colour image, a new blind colour image watermarking method combining a discrete cosine transform (DCT) in the spatial domain is presented in this study. The advantages of the spatial-domain watermarking algorithm and frequency-domain one are made full use in this scheme. Based on the different quantisation steps in red, green, and blue three-layer images, the processes of watermark embedding and blind extraction are completed in the spatial domain without a real DCT domain. The scheme is realised by using the unique features of the direct current (DC) coefficient and the relativity of DC coefficients between adjacent pixel blocks. This scheme can effectively solve the problems of the large-capacity colour image watermarking algorithm, such as long-running time and weak robustness. Comparing with other advanced watermarking algorithms, the presented scheme has better invisibility, stronger robustness, and higher real-time performance.

A color watermarking scheme in frequency domain based on quaternary coding

With the continuous development of the computer network information technique, the problem of copyright protection of color images is increasingly getting prominent. Based on above issue, this paper presents a quaternary watermarking of color image using Schur decomposition. The superiorities of the presented scheme contains three points: Firstly, the algorithm obtains the maximum eigenvalue of the pixel block using Schur decomposition that have a high efficiency, and accomplishes the hiding and blind detection of color watermark by quantifying the maximum eigenvalue to four intervals. Secondly, the algorithm uses affine transform that have high security to encrypt the location of the color watermark pixels, which improves the security of the watermarking algorithm. Thirdly, the new idea of four intervals quantization is proposed to apply to this scheme. Simulation consequences indicate that the presented scheme can satisfy the needs of visual imperceptibility, and also has large watermark capacity, strong robustness and high security.

An anti-recompression video watermarking algorithm in bitstream domain

Following the popularity of digital video application, video copying and dissemination have become very easy; however, this makes video hacking and piracy a potential threat in video communication. Video watermarking technology can solve the problem of copyright protection, and thus, it has been extensively researched. The robustness of the video watermarking algorithm in the bitstream domain is poor, especially the anti-recompression ability, since the watermarked video may be compressed again before transmitting. Considering this, this paper proposes a video watermarking algorithm in the bitstream domain based on moving object detection. To increase the robustness of the watermarking scheme, the moving macroblocks that belong to the moving object in each P frame can be identified via the moving object detection algorithm. Then, watermark embedding in the moving macroblocks is performed using codeword substitution to ensure the consistency of the bitstream. Moving object detection and watermark embedding are independent and are both carried out in the bitstream domain by partially decoding the bitstream; this avoids the complete decoding and reconstruction of the video, making the method to be highly efficient. The simulation results confirm that the proposed method is robust against recompression and has little impact on the video visual quality and no influence on the bit rate.

Research on Digital Copyright Infringement Based on Cloud Computing Environment

Since the popularity of the Internet, more and more people have chosen to look for the information and resources they need on the Internet. People’s lives have gradually been changed by the Internet. Cloud storage brings new development opportunities, and the copyright protection issues involved in cloud storage are gradually emerging. Cloud storage has changed the original pattern among traditional information owners, disseminators and users, causing conflicts among copyright owners, cloud storage servers and information acquirers, and the problem of copyright protection has become increasingly prominent. The rapid development of network file sharing platforms such as cloud storage brings unprecedented challenges to copyright protection. The application and development of cloud storage also challenges the recognition of traditional copyright system, object and content, so we must balance the contribution of cloud storage to the exchange of information resources and protect the legitimate rights and interests of copyright holders.

Деякі особливості та правові обмеження використання авторських прав у цифровому середовищі

This article analyzes the problem of copyright protection in the digital environment, as copyright protection is not limited to the protection of print media. The latest technologies have provided new digital means of storing and transmitting information to which legislative acts should be applied in order to promote their protection. It is worth noting that much of the

Some aspects of protection of the right to the image of an individual as a personal non-property right

The article devoted to the analysis of the institute of protection of the right to the image of an individual as a personal intangible right. The paper examines the features of protection of the right to the image of an individual, the features of the image itself as an object of intellectual property rights, its main features, and so on. Interest in the chosen topic arose due to the fact that in modern times is gaining popularity photos and videos (personal photo shoots, professional photo shoots, the use of video clips for advertising, to promote certain content or use in social networks). However, in the process of exercising the right to an image of an individual, it is necessary to determine what opportunities an individual has in case of violation of his right to image, use and disclosure without his permission, and what actions an individual can take to protect his personal non-property right. At the same time, civil legislation, which should regulate the protection of the person and contain effective means of protecting the rights of persons to their image, does not sufficiently provide for this. Therefore, the main purpose of this article was first: to identify the features of the right to an image as an object of intellectual property rights; secondly: to analyze the legislation governing copyright in images; thirdly: to analyze domestic and international practice of protection of the right to images; fourthly: to identify ways to protect the right to depict an individual as a personal non-property right. When studying and analyzing both legal acts and works of legal scholars dealing with the problem of copyright protection, including the right to images, it became clear that the right to images contains several powers that may need protection, namely: the right to conduct photo, film, television or video shooting; the right to use the image; the right to distribute the image; the right to individuality, etc. Therefore, the right to an image is a set of powers, each of which may need protection in case of violation. Thus, in this paper we try not only to identify and outline the problem of application of remedies for the right to the image of an individual, but also to provide recommendations for the implementation of such a right.

Research on Copyright Protection Method of Material Genome Engineering Data Based on Zero-Watermarking

In order to effectively solve the problem of copyright protection of materials genome engineering data, this paper proposes a method for copyright protection of materials genome engineering data based on zero-watermarking technology. First, the important attribute values are selected from the materials genome engineering database; then, use the method of remainder to group the selected attribute values and extract eigenvalues; then, the eigenvalues sequence is obtained by the majority election method; finally, XOR the sequence with the actual copyright information to obtain the watermarking information and store it in the third-party authentication center. When a copyright dispute requires copyright authentication for the database to be detected. First, the zerowatermarking construction algorithm is used to obtain an eigenvalues sequence; then, this sequence is XORed with the watermarking information stored in the third-party authentication center to obtain copyright information to-be-detected. Finally, the ownership is determined by calculating the similarity between copyright information to-be-detected and copyright information that has practical significance. The experimental result shows that the zero-watermarking method proposed in this paper can effectively resist various common attacks, and can well achieve the copyright protection of material genome engineering database.

A multiparty watermarking protocol for cloud environments

The advances in multimedia and networking technologies together with the wide spread of social networks and user generated content platforms have turned ordinary web users into actual multimedia content generators. This has given rise to the copyright protection problem of multimedia contents published or distributed on the Internet. In fact, dishonest web users or administrators of networks and platforms can easily duplicate the digital images and videos they host without reducing their perceptual quality. Then, such contents can be maliciously modified and/or re-distributed, thus damaging the reputation of their legitimate owners, or revealing their private information, or causing economic loss. A possible solution to such a problem consists in protecting digital content by adopting mechanisms of copyright identification and content tracking by fingerprinting based on digital watermarking technologies used in conjunction with watermarking protocols. However, most of the watermarking protocols documented in the literature have been designed as two-party protocols between classic buyers and sellers. On the contrary, the complexity of the distribution models of digital contents on the Internet needs new watermarking protocols based on multi-party approaches, which should make it possible to securely involve actors different from buyers and sellers, such as, for example, cloud computing operators. The paper presents a multi-party watermarking protocol that enables content owners to exploit cloud computing environments to protect the digital contents that they want to publish or distribute on the Internet. Such a result is achieved by enabling the different actors involved in the online transactions needed to support web content protection and distribution to securely interact according to a protocol that can mediate among conflicting interests.

High-capacity, transparent and robust audio watermarking based on synergy between DCT transform and LU decomposition using genetic algorithm

Digital watermarking technology is countered as one of the best solutions for solving the problem of copyright protection, content identification, duplication, data authentication and distribution of the digital media due to the great developments in Internet technology. Lately, protection of digital audio signals has fascinated the attention of researchers in watermarking area. In this paper, we propose a new high-capacity, transparent and robust audio watermarking scheme based on synergy DCT transform and LU decomposition using genetic algorithm (GA) for embedding watermark data into an audio signal. In the proposed scheme, the original audio signal is first split into set of segments, and then each segment is taken DCT transform. After then, DCT coefficients are framed and finally decomposed by LU factorization to obtain upper and lower-triangular matrices. GA is applied to optimally select frequency sub-band and frame length. The watermark data is embedded into upper-triangular matrices based on Fibonacci sequence. The watermark can be blindly drawn out without knowledge of the original audio signal. Experimental results show that the transparency and robustness of the proposed scheme is satisfied, and that high watermarking payload capacity (2002 bit per second) is obtained through the proposed watermarking scheme.

Watermarking as a service (WaaS) with anonymity

With rapid increase in Internet usage, it has become quite easy to produce illegal digital contents. As a result, copyright protection and authentication problems have risen. Besides audio, video and image, protection of database integrity is now a very active research in digital watermarking. Watermarking for databases has been introduced, however, most of the existing schemes produce distortion in the original content during watermark insertion phase. As a result of distortion to underlying data, the quality of watermarked content reduces. Moreover, most of the existing schemes provide watermarking techniques to protect specific data types, such as categorical or numeric. Furthermore, anonymity is also a critical challenge in prior watermarking techniques. In the said perspective, we propose watermarking as a service with anonymity for database integrity using zero watermarking schemes. Our proposed technique does not add any extra information, and neither any physical change is made to the database content. We also performed the security and performance analysis of our proposed scheme. For security analysis, we have evaluated against tuple insertion, tuple deletion, and attribute value tempering attacks. We can extract watermark with high probability, which shows resilience against the said attacks. Experiments are conducted to yield the satisfactory performance.

A Robust Image Watermarking Scheme Using Z-Transform, Discrete Wavelet Transform and Bidiagonal Singular Value Decomposition

Watermarking is a widely used solution to the problems of authentication and copyright protection of digital media especially for images, videos and audio data. Chaos is one of the emerging techniques adopted in image watermarking schemes due to its intrinsic cryptographic properties. This paper proposes a new chaotic hybrid watermarking method combining Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), Z-transform (ZT) and Bidiagonal Singular Value Decomposition (BSVD). The original image is decomposed into 3-level DWT, and then, ZT is applied on the HH3 and HL3 sub-bands. The watermark image is encrypted using Arnold Cat Map. BSVD for watermark and transformed original image were computed, and the watermark was embedded by modifying singular values of the host image with the singular values of the watermark image. Robustness of the proposed scheme was examined using standard test images and assessed against common signal processing and geometric attacks. Experiments indicated that the proposed method is transparent and highly robust.

HISTORY OF EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF COPYRIGHT IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES

The article discusses the history of the origin and development of copyright in the Russian Federation and in foreign countries: the United States, Great Britain, France, Switzerland, Belgium. International legal acts in the field of copyright protection are analyzed. The author compares the periods of formation and development of the Institute of copyright in different countries, highlights the features inherent in each country in the field of copyright protection. The main provisions and principles of international conventions are studied in detail. In the study of the formation of the Institute of copyright in Russia, considered legal acts of the pre-revolutionary Russia since 1828, such as Regulations on the rights of Writers and other documents, including legal acts of the Soviet Union. Attention is paid to the current state of legislation on copyright protection in the Russian Federation. The problems of copyright protection on the Internet are also touched upon. This issue is relevant, because every year the number of violations of copyright and other rights holders on the Internet. On the basis of the study, the authors conclude that in order to fully protect the rights of creators of works, the Institute of copyright should be further reformed, guided by the norms of international law.

A Hybrid Domain Color Image Watermarking Based on DWT–SVD

In recent years, digital image watermarking has been emerged as a promising solution for copyright protection and authentication problem of digital images. Among several existing watermarking schemes, very few have been designed for the authenticity and copyright protection problem of color images. To protect the copyright and validate the authenticity of color images, in this paper a hybrid robust image watermarking scheme based on discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and singular value decomposition is proposed and simulated. Initially, RGB color image is switched to YCbCr color space from which only Y achromatic component is considered for watermark data insertion. In the next step, Y component of the YCbCr color model is decomposed into non-overlapping blocks and subsequently DWT are applied to each block. In this work, non-overlapping decomposed gray watermark image blocks are embedded into singular values of DWT-transformed cover image blocks. Proposed technique’s simulation result established the robustness by extracting adequate watermark data from the restructured cover image after applying common geometric transformation attacks (like rotation, flip operation, cropping, scaling, shearing and deletion of lines or column operation), common enhancement technique attacks (like lowpass filtering, histogram equalization, sharpening, gamma correction, noise addition), JPEG compression attacks and combinational attacks (like combination of geometric transformation attacks and common enhancement technique attacks, combination of geometric transformation attacks and JPEG compression attacks, combination of common enhancement technique attacks and JPEG compression attacks, and combination of geometric transformation attacks and geometric transformation attacks).

О некоторых проблемах защиты авторских прав лиц, занимающихся научной деятельностью

О некоторых проблемах защиты авторских прав лиц, занимающихся научной деятельностью

Decreasing the spotlights level of vector images after installation digital watermarks

Today, steganographic methods are widely used to solve the following tasks: protecting confidential (official) information from unauthorized access; protection of copyright in intellectual property. The most widely used are methods of concealing information used as an image container, in particular a vector. This is due to the following reasons: relatively large amount of digital representation of images; lack of restrictions imposed by real-time requirements; the presence in most real images of areas of textures that have a noise structure and correspond to the embedding of information; the necessity of protecting photographs, pictures, videos from illegal copying and distribution.In the world there is an incredible number of projects, including advertising, design, website design and presentations, architectural design drawings, geographic maps, etc. The risk associated with the use of images from the Internet is enormous. However, given the high degree of anonymity, the ease of dissemination of information, a significant audience, there is a problem of copyright protection of electronic documents.For their protection, steganographic methods of embedding digital watermarks are used. An analysis of existing methods shows that for most of them, the problem of impairment of image quality in the embedded DVB is relevant. When displaying real objects on a scale (architectural structures, geographic maps, etc.), this problem is especially relevant, since a significant change in the coordinates of the points can significantly impair the quality of information about existing objects or affect their creation. Therefore, the method optimizes the method of embedding the central digital output vector in the vector image, by reducing the distortion of the image-container.

Adaptive Digital Watermarking Scheme Based on Support Vector Machines and Optimized Genetic Algorithm

Digital watermarking is an effective solution to the problem of copyright protection, thus maintaining the security of digital products in the network. An improved scheme to increase the robustness of embedded information on the basis of discrete cosine transform (DCT) domain is proposed in this study. The embedding process consisted of two main procedures. Firstly, the embedding intensity with support vector machines (SVMs) was adaptively strengthened by training 1600 image blocks which are of different texture and luminance. Secondly, the embedding position with the optimized genetic algorithm (GA) was selected. To optimize GA, the best individual in the first place of each generation directly went into the next generation, and the best individual in the second position participated in the crossover and the mutation process. The transparency reaches 40.5 when GA’s generation number is 200. A case study was conducted on a 256 × 256 standard Lena image with the proposed method. After various attacks (such as cropping, JPEG compression, Gaussian low-pass filtering (3,0.5), histogram equalization, and contrast increasing (0.5,0.6)) on the watermarked image, the extracted watermark was compared with the original one. Results demonstrate that the watermark can be effectively recovered after these attacks. Even though the algorithm is weak against rotation attacks, it provides high quality in imperceptibility and robustness and hence it is a successful candidate for implementing novel image watermarking scheme meeting real timelines.